Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

William M. Gardner(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Christian Razo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Theresa A. McHugh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hailey Hagins(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Victor M. Vilchis-Tella(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Conor Hennessy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Heather Jean Taylor(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nandita Perumal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kia Fuller(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kelly Cercy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Leo Zoeckler(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Catherine S Chen(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Stephen S Lim(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Amirali Aali(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kalkidan Hassen Abate(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sherief Abd‐Elsalam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ame Mehadi Abdurehman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Getachew Abebe(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hassan Abidi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Richard Gyan Aboagye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hassan Abolhassani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Girma Beressa Aboye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yonas Derso Abtew(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Manfred Accrombessi, Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tigist Demssew Adane(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Isaac Yeboah Addo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Miracle Ayomikun Adesina(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Daniel A Adeyinka(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Muhammad U. Afzal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saira Afzal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rina Agustina(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Aqeel Ahmad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sajjad Ahmad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sepideh Ahmadi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ayman Ahmed(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tarik A. Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Marjan Ajami(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hossein Akbarialiabad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Fares Alahdab(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ziyad Al‐Aly(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nazmul Alam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Astawus Alemayehu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Robert Kaba Alhassan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Muhammad Ashar Ali(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sami Almustanyir(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Rami H. Al‐Rifai(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Khalid A Altirkawi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saba Alvand(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yasser Sami Amer(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Edward Kwabena Ameyaw(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hubert Amu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tadele Fentabil Anagaw(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Robert Ancuceanu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ali Arash Anoushirvani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maxwell Hubert Antwi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Davood Anvari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jalal Arabloo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Aleksandr Y. Aravkin(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hany Ariffin(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Timur Aripov(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Asrat Arja(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Michael B. Arndt(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Judie Arulappan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Raphael Taiwo Aruleba(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tahira Ashraf(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Melash Belachew Asresie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Daniel Atlaw(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Avinash Aujayeb(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Andargie Abate Awoke(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mamaru Ayenew Awoke(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sina Azadnajafabad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammadreza Azangou‐Khyavy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), B B Darshan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alaa Badawi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ashish Badiye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nayereh Baghcheghi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nasser Bagheri(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sara Bagherieh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Atif Amin Baig(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maciej Banach(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Palash Chandra Banik(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abere Tilahun Bantie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ronald D. Barr(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Amadou Barrow(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Azadeh Bashiri(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saurav Basu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abdul‐Monim Batiha(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tahmina Begum(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Melaku Ashagrie Belete(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Luı́s Belo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Isabela M. Benseñor(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alemshet Yirga Berhie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nikha Bhardwaj(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Pankaj Bhardwaj(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ajay Nagesh Bhat(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Boris Bikbov(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sk Masum Billah(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Setognal Birara(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jessica Devin Bishai(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saeid Bitaraf(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Archith Boloor(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), João Silva Botelho Botelho(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Katrin Burkart(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Daniela Călina(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Francieli Cembranel(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Promit Ananyo Chakraborty(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Gashaw Sisay Chanie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vijay Kumar Chattu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ju‐Huei Chien(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Isaac Sunday Chukwu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Eunice Chung(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Michael H Criqui, Natália Martins(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Omid Dadras(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Gizachew Worku Dagnew(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Xiaochen Dai(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hadi Danawi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Lalit Dandona(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rakhi Dandona(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Aso Mohammad Darwesh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jai K Das(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saswati Das(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Fitsum Wolde Demisse(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Solomon Demissie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Desalegn Getnet Demsie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hardik Dineshbhai Desai(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Markos Desalegn Desalegn(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Gashaw Dessie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Meghnath Dhimal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sameer Dhingra(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Daniel Díaz(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mojtaba Didehdar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), M Ashworth Dirac(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mengistie Diress(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Saeid Doaei(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Milad Dodangeh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Paul Narh Doku(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Deepa Dongarwar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Bezabih Terefe Dora(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Haneil Larson Dsouza, Hisham Atan Edinur(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Michael Ekholuenetale(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ahmed Elabbas Mustafa Elagali(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Iffat Elbarazi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Muhammed Elhadi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Waseem El‐Huneidi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohamed A. Elmonem(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Daniel Berhanie Enyew(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Habitu Birhan Eshetu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Samuel B Ewald(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rana Ezzeddini(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ali Fatehizadeh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ginenus Fekadu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Bikila Regassa Feyisa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Florian Fischer(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ryan Fitzgerald(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Masoud Foroutan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kayode Raphael Fowobaje(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Muktar A Gadanya(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abhay Gaidhane(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Santosh Gaihre(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abduzhappar Gaipov(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yaseen Galali(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nasrin Galehdar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Priyanka Garg(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tushar Garg(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yosef Haile Gebremariam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Berhe Gebremichael(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yibeltal Yismaw Gela(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Urge Gerema(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Lemma Getacher(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kazem Ghaffari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mansour Ghafourifard(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad Ghasemi Nour(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ahmad Ghashghaee(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maryam Gholamalizadeh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sherief Ghozy(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abraham Tamirat Gizaw(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), James Glasbey(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mahaveer Golechha(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Pouya Goleij(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohamad Golitaleb(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alessandra C. Goulart(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Girma Garedew Goyomsa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Habtamu Alganeh Guadie(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zewdie Gudisa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Damitha Asanga Gunawardane(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rahul Gupta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rajat Das Gupta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sapna Gupta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vivek Gupta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alemu Guta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Parham Habibzadeh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Samer Hamidi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alexis J. Handal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Asif Hanif(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Md. Abdul Hannan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Harapan Harapan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mehdi Harorani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ahmed I Hasaballah(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Md. Mehedi Hasan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hamidreza Hasani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hadi Hassankhani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammed Bheser Hassen(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Simon I Hay(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Khezar Hayat(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Golnaz Heidari(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sonja Y. Hess(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Demisu Zenbaba Heyi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kamal Hezam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yuta Hiraike(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ramesh Holla(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sheikh Jamal Hossain(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kaveh Hosseini(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mihaela Hostiuc(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sorin Hostiuc(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Junjie Huang(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Salman Hussain(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Foziya Mohammed Hussien(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Irena Ilić(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mustapha Immurana(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Leeberk Raja Inbaraj(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Linda Merin J(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Elham Jamshidi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Manthan D Janodia(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Umesh Jayarajah(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Shubha Jayaram(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rime Jebai(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Bedru Jemal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Angeline Jeyakumar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ravi Prakash Jha(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jost B. Jonas(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nitin Joseph(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ali Kabir(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Laleh R. Kalankesh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rohollah Kalhor(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vineet Kumar Kamal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Himal Kandel(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tesfaye K Kanko(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ibraheem M. Karaye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Faizan Kashoo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Patrick DMC Katoto(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Joonas H. Kauppila(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Harkiran Kaur(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Gbenga A Kayode(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Adera Debella Kebede(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vikash Ranjan Keshri(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad Keykhaei(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yousef Khader(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Himanshu Khajuria(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nauman Khalid(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad Khammarnia(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Imteyaz Ahmad Khan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Moien AB Khan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Khaled Khatab(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zaher Khazaei(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Jagdish Khubchandani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yun Jin Kim(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ruth W Kimokoti(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sezer Kısa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Farzad Kompani(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Soewarta Kosen(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Barthélémy Kuate Defo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammed Kuddus(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), G Anil Kumar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Naveen Kumar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nithin Kumar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Om Kurmi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Oluwatosin Kuti(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Dharmesh Kumar Lal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Iván Landires(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Anders Larsson(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zohra S Lassi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kamaluddin Latief(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Avula Laxmaiah(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Caterina Ledda(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sang Hyuck Lee(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Samson Mideksa Legesse(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Xuefeng Liu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), László Lorenzovici(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Vanessa Machado(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Preetam Mahajan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Soleiman Mahjoub(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ata Mahmoodpoor(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Elham Mahmoudi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Elaheh Malakan Rad, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Déborah Carvalho Malta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sahar Masoudi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), John Robert C. Medina(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), José João Mendes(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Walter Mendoza(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Oliver Mendoza‐Cano(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Haftu Asmerom(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tomislav Meštrović(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tomasz Miazgowski(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mojgan Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Andreea Mirică(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Moonis Mirza(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Awoke Misganaw(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sanjeev Misra(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Dara K. Mohammad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Shadieh Mohammadi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Shafiu Mohammed(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Syam Mohan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nagabhishek Moka(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ali H. Mokdad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sara Momtazmanesh(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Lorenzo Monasta(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad Ali Moni(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Delaram Moosavi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maryam Moradi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abbas Mosapour(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ebrahim Mostafavi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Temesgen Muche(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Francesk Mulita(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Getaneh Baye Mulu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Christopher J L Murray, Ana-Maria Mușină(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ghulam Mustafa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Tapas Sadasivan Nair(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Hasan Nassereldine(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zuhair S. Natto(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Biswa Prakash Nayak(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Shumaila Naz(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ionuţ Negoi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ruxandra Irina Negoi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Georges Nguefack‐Tsague(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Josephine W Ngunjiri(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Robina Khan Niazi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maryam Noori(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ali Nowroozi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Dieta Nurrika(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Khan M Nuruzzaman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Bogdan Oancea(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rahman Md Obaidur(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammed Mohammed Suleiman Suleiman Obsa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Julius Nyerere Odhiambo(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Hassan Okati‐Aliabad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Osaretin Christabel Okonji(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Adeolu Oladunjoye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Olubunmi Omotola Oladunjoye(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Andrew T Olagunju, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Ahmed Omar Bali(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Abidemi Omonisi, Alberto Ortíz, Mayowa Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Reza Pakzad(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Tamás Palicz, Anamika Pandey, Apurva Kumar Pandya, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ashish Pathak(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Aslam Pathan, Rajan Paudel, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Gavin Pereira, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Brandon V. Pickering, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ibrahim Qattea(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Fakher Rahim(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mehran Rahimi, Azizur Rahman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mosiur Rahman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ivano Raimondo, Sathish Rajaa(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Pradhum Ram(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Juwel Rana(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Sina Rashedi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Salman Rawaf(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Lal Rawal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Rabail Zehra Raza, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Maryam Rezaei(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Toby Richards, Jennifer Rickard, Jefferson Antonio Buendía(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Leonardo Roever, Gholamreza Roshandel, Bedanta Roy, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Malihe Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Umar Saeed(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Senthilkumar Sankararaman, Rocco Santoro, Itamar S Santos(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Maheswar Satpathy, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Binyam Tariku Seboka, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Allen Seylani, Melika Shafeghat, Pritik A Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Purva Sharma, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Suchitra Shenoy, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Jeevan K. Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Jae Il Shin, Siddharudha Shivalli, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Mustafa Kamal Sikder, Ali Reza Sima, Wudneh Simegn, Ambrish Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Yordanos Sisay(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Yonatan Solomon(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Yi Song(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Reed J D Sorensen, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Parminder S. Suchdev, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Saima Sultana, Mindy D Szeto, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Zemenu Tamir(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ker‐Kan Tan(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Md. Tariqujjaman, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Nathan Y Tat, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Rekha Thapar, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Bereket Molla Tigabu, Amir Tiyuri(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Abdurezak Umer, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual Valdéz, Priya Vart(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Shoban Babu Varthya, Siavash Vaziri, Madhur Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Dominique Vervoort, Linh Gia Vu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Birhanu Wagaye, Fitsum Weldegebreal(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Melat Woldemariam, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Gedif Ashebir Wubetie, Xiaoyue Xu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Kheirollah Yari, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yiğit, Eshetu Yisihak(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Dong Keon Yon(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Naohiro Yonemoto, Melissa Young, Chuanhua Yu(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Leila Zaki, Burhan Abdullah Zaman(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nelson Zamora(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Iman Zare(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Zahra Zareshahrabadi(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Getachew Assefa Zenebe, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Peng Zheng, Mohammad Zoladl(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation), Nicholas J Kassebaum(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation)
The Lancet Haematology
July 31, 2023
10.1016/s2352-3026(23)00160-6
Cited by 528Open Access
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. METHODS: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. FINDINGS: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9-24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89-1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8-28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48-1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1-75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1-612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2-123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4-52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1-85·2) of anaemia YLDs. INTERPRETATION: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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