Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Spencer L James(University of Washington), Degu Abate(University of Washington), Kalkidan Hassen Abate(University of Washington), Solomón Mequanente Abay(University of Washington), Cristiana Abbafati(University of Washington), Nooshin Abbasi(University of Washington), Hedayat Abbastabar(University of Washington), Foad Abd-Allah(University of Washington), Jemal Abdela(University of Washington), Ahmed Abdelalim(University of Washington), Ibrahim Abdollahpour(University of Washington), Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader(University of Washington), Abebe Zegeye(University of Washington), Semaw Ferede Abera(University of Washington), Olifan Zewdie Abil, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Laith J. Abu‐Raddad(University of Washington), Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh(University of Washington), Manfred Accrombessi(University of Washington), Dilaram Acharya(University of Washington), Pawan Acharya(University of Washington), Ilana N. Ackerman(University of Washington), Abdu A. Adamu(University of Washington), Oladimeji Adebayo(University of Washington), Victor Adekanmbi(University of Washington), Olatunji Adetokunboh(University of Washington), Mina G Adib(University of Washington), José Carmelo Adsuar(University of Washington), Kossivi Agbélénko Afanvi(University of Washington), Mohsen Afarideh(University of Washington), Ashkan Afshin(University of Washington), Gina Agarwal(University of Washington), Kareha M Agesa(University of Washington), Rakesh Aggarwal(University of Washington), Sargis A. Aghayan(University of Washington), Sutapa Agrawal(University of Washington), Alireza Ahmadi(University of Washington), Mehdi Ahmadi(University of Washington), Hamid Ahmadieh(University of Washington), Muktar Beshir Ahmed(University of Washington), Amani Nidhal Aichour(University of Washington), Ibtihel Aichour(University of Washington), Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour(University of Washington), Tomi Akinyemiju(University of Washington), Nadia Akseer(University of Washington), Ziyad Al‐Aly(University of Washington), Ayman Al‐Eyadhy(University of Washington), Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi(University of Washington), Rajaa Al‐Raddadi(University of Washington), Fares Alahdab(University of Washington), Khurshid Alam(University of Washington), Shazia Alam(University of Washington), Alaa Alashi(University of Washington), Seyed Moayed Alavian(University of Washington), Kefyalew Addis Alene(University of Washington), Mehran Alijanzadeh(University of Washington), Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei(University of Washington), Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala’a Alkerwi(University of Washington), François Alla(University of Washington), Peter Allebeck(University of Washington), Mohamed M L Alouani(University of Washington), Khalid A Altirkawi(University of Washington), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of Washington), Azmeraw T. Amare(University of Washington), Léopold Ndemnge Aminde(University of Washington), Walid Ammar(University of Washington), Yaw Ampem Amoako(University of Washington), Nahla Anber(University of Washington), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of Washington), Sofia Androudi(University of Washington), Megbaru Debalkie Animut(University of Washington), Mina Anjomshoa(University of Washington), Mustafa Geleto Ansha(University of Washington), Carl Abelardo T. Antonio(University of Washington), Palwasha Anwari(University of Washington), Jalal Arabloo(University of Washington), Antonio Araúz(University of Washington), Olatunde Aremu(University of Washington), Filippo Ariani(University of Washington), Bahroom Armoon(University of Washington), Johan Ärnlöv(University of Washington), Amit Arora(University of Washington), Al Artaman(University of Washington), Krishna K Aryal(University of Washington), Hamid Asayesh(University of Washington), Rana Jawad Asghar(University of Washington), Zerihun Ataro(University of Washington), Sachin Atre(University of Washington), Marcel Ausloos(University of Washington), Leticia Ávila‐Burgos(University of Washington), Euripide Avokpaho(University of Washington), Ashish Awasthi(University of Washington), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Washington), Rakesh Ayer(University of Washington), Peter Azzopardi(University of Washington), Arefeh Babazadeh(University of Washington), Hamid Badali(University of Washington), Alaa Badawi(University of Washington), Ayele Geleto(University of Washington), Katherine E Ballesteros(University of Washington), Shoshana H. Ballew(University of Washington), Maciej Banach(University of Washington), Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub(University of Washington), Amrit Banstola(University of Washington), Aleksandra Barać(University of Washington), Miguel A. Barboza(University of Washington), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Washington), Till Bärnighausen(University of Washington), Lope H. Barrero(University of Washington), Bernhard T. Baune(University of Washington), Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi(University of Washington), Neeraj Bedi(University of Washington), Ettore Beghi(University of Washington), Masoud Behzadifar(University of Washington), Meysam Behzadifar(University of Washington), Yannick Béjot(University of Washington), Abate Bekele Belachew(University of Washington), Yihalem Abebe Belay(University of Washington), Michelle L. Bell(University of Washington), Aminu K. Bello(University of Washington), Isabela M. Benseñor(University of Washington), Eduardo Bernabé(University of Washington), Robert S. Bernstein(University of Washington), Mircea Beuran(University of Washington), Tina Beyranvand(University of Washington), Neeraj Bhala(University of Washington), Suraj Bhattarai(University of Washington), Soumyadeep Bhaumik(University of Washington), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(University of Washington), Belete Biadgo(University of Washington), Ali Bijani(University of Washington), Boris Bikbov(University of Washington), Ver Bilano(University of Washington), Nigus Bililign(University of Washington), Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed(University of Washington), Donal Bisanzio(University of Washington), Brigette F. Blacker(University of Washington), Fiona Blyth(University of Washington), Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm(University of Washington), Soufiane Boufous(University of Washington), Rupert Bourne(University of Washington), Oliver J. Brady(University of Washington), Michael Brainin(University of Washington), Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant(University of Washington), Alexandra Bražinová(University of Washington), Nicholas J. K. Breitborde(University of Washington), Hermann Brenner(University of Washington), Paul Svitil Briant(University of Washington), Andrew M. Briggs(University of Washington), Andrey Briko(University of Washington), Gabrielle B. Britton(University of Washington), Traolach Brugha(University of Washington), Rachelle Buchbinder(University of Washington), Reinhard Busse(University of Washington), Zahid A Butt(University of Washington), Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado(University of Washington), Jorge Cano(University of Washington), Rosario Cárdenas(University of Washington), Juan Jesús Carrero(University of Washington), Austin Carter(University of Washington), Félix Carvalho(University of Washington), Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(University of Washington), Jacqueline Castillo Rivas(University of Washington), Franz Castro(University of Washington), Ferrán Catalá-López(University of Washington), Kelly Cercy(University of Washington), Ester Cerin(University of Washington), Yazan Chaiah(University of Washington), Alex R. Chang(University of Washington), Hsing‐Yi Chang(University of Washington), Jung‐Chen Chang(University of Washington), Fiona Charlson(University of Washington), Aparajita Chattopadhyay(University of Washington), Vijay Kumar Chattu(University of Washington), Pankaj Chaturvedi(University of Washington), Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang(University of Washington), Ken Lee Chin(University of Washington), Abdulaal Chitheer(University of Washington), Jee-Young Jasmine Choi(University of Washington), Rajiv Chowdhury(University of Washington), Hanne Christensen(University of Washington), Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher(University of Washington), Flavia Cicuttini(University of Washington), Liliana G Ciobanu(University of Washington), Massimo Círillo(University of Washington), Rafael Moreira Claro(University of Washington), Daniel Collado‐Mateo(University of Washington), Cyrus Cooper(University of Washington), Josef Coresh(University of Washington), Paolo Angelo Cortesi(University of Washington), Monica Cortinovis(University of Washington), Megan Costa(University of Washington), Ewerton Cousin(University of Washington), Michael H Criqui(University of Washington), Elizabeth A. Cromwell(University of Washington), Marita Cross(University of Washington), John A. Crump(University of Washington), Abel Fekadu Dadi(University of Washington), Lalit Dandona(University of Washington), Rakhi Dandona(University of Washington), Paul I. Dargan(University of Washington), Ahmad Daryani(University of Washington), Rajat Das Gupta(University of Washington), José das Neves(University of Washington), Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa(University of Washington), Gail Davey(University of Washington), Adrian Davis(University of Washington), Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu(University of Washington), Barbora de Courten(University of Washington), Fernando de la Hoz, Diego De Leo(University of Washington), Jan‐Walter De Neve(University of Washington), Meaza Girma Degefa(University of Washington), Louisa Degenhardt(University of Washington), Selina Deiparine(University of Washington), Robert P Dellavalle(University of Washington), Gebre Teklemariam Demoz(University of Washington), Kebede Deribe(University of Washington), Nikolaos Dervenis(University of Washington), Don C. Des Jarlais, Getenet Dessie(University of Washington), Subhojit Dey(University of Washington), Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne(University of Washington), Mesfin Tadese Dinberu(University of Washington), M. Ashworth Dirac(University of Washington), Shirin Djalalinia(University of Washington), Linh Phuong Doan(University of Washington), Клара Докова(University of Washington), David Teye Doku, E. Ray Dorsey(University of Washington), Kerrie Doyle(University of Washington), Tim Driscoll(University of Washington), Manisha Dubey(University of Washington), Eleonora Dubljanin(University of Washington), Eyasu Ejeta Duken(University of Washington), Bruce Bartholow Duncan(University of Washington), André Rodrigues Durães(University of Washington), Hedyeh Ebrahimi(University of Washington), Soheil Ebrahimpour(University of Washington), Michelle Echko(University of Washington), David Edvardsson(University of Washington), Andem Effiong(University of Washington), Joshua R. Ehrlich(University of Washington), Charbel El Bcheraoui(University of Washington), Maysaa El Sayed Zaki(University of Washington), Ziad El‐Khatib(University of Washington), Hajer Elkout(University of Washington), Iqbal Elyazar(University of Washington), Ahmadali Enayati(University of Washington), Aman Yesuf Endries(University of Washington), Benjamin Er(University of Washington), Holly E Erskine(University of Washington), Babak Eshrati(University of Washington), Sharareh Eskandarieh(University of Washington), Alireza Esteghamati(University of Washington), Sadaf Esteghamati(University of Washington), Hamed Fakhim(University of Washington), Vahid Fallah Omrani(University of Washington), Mahbobeh Faramarzi(University of Washington), Mohammad Fareed(University of Washington), Farzaneh Farhadi(University of Washington), Talha Farid(University of Washington), Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha(University of Washington), Andrea Farioli(University of Washington), André Faro(University of Washington), Maryam S. Farvid(University of Washington), Farshad Farzadfar(University of Washington), Valery L. Feigin(University of Washington), Netsanet Fentahun(University of Washington), Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad(University of Washington), Eduarda Fernandes(University of Washington), João Carlos Fernandes(University of Washington), Alize J Ferrari(University of Washington), Garumma Tolu Feyissa(University of Washington), Irina Filip(University of Washington), Florian Fischer(University of Washington), Christina Fitzmaurice(University of Washington), Nataliya A Foigt(University of Washington), Kyle J Foreman(University of Washington), Jack T Fox(University of Washington), Tahvi Frank(University of Washington), Takeshi Fukumoto(University of Washington), Nancy Fullman(University of Washington), Thomas Fürst(University of Washington), João M. Furtado(University of Washington), Neal D. Futran(University of Washington), Seana Gall(University of Washington), Morsaleh Ganji(University of Washington), Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé(University of Washington), Alberto L. García‐Basteiro(University of Washington), William M. Gardner(University of Washington), Abadi Kahsu Gebre(University of Washington), Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin(University of Washington), Teklu Gebrehiwo Gebremichael(University of Washington), Tilayie Feto Gelano(University of Washington), Johanna M. Geleijnse(University of Washington), Ricard Gènova-Maleras(University of Washington), Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo(University of Washington), Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae(University of Washington), Keyghobad Ghadiri(University of Washington), Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani(University of Washington), Maryam Ghasemi‐Kasman(University of Washington), Mamata Ghimire(University of Washington), Rakesh Ghosh(University of Washington), Aloke Gopal Ghoshal(University of Washington), Simona Giampaoli(University of Washington), Paramjit Gill(University of Washington), Tiffany K Gill(University of Washington), Ibrahim Ginawi(University of Washington), Giorgia Giussani(University of Washington), E. V. Gnedovskaya(University of Washington), Ellen M Goldberg(University of Washington), Srinivas Goli(University of Washington), Hector Gómez‐Dantés(University of Washington), Philimon Gona(University of Washington), Sameer Vali Gopalani(University of Washington), Taren M Gorman(University of Washington), Alessandra C. Goulart(University of Washington), Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart(University of Washington), Ayman Grada(University of Washington), Morgan E. Grams(University of Washington), Giuseppe Grosso(University of Washington), H. C. Gugnani(University of Washington), Yuming Guo(University of Washington), Prakash C. Gupta(University of Washington), Rahul Gupta(University of Washington), Rajeev Gupta(University of Washington), Tanush Gupta(University of Washington), Bishal Gyawali(University of Washington), Juanita A. Haagsma(University of Washington), Vladimir Hachinski(University of Washington), Nima Hafezi‐Nejad(University of Washington), Hassan Haghparast‐Bidgoli(University of Washington), Tekleberhan B Hagos(University of Washington), Gessessew Bugssa Hailu(University of Washington), Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian(University of Washington), Arya Haj‐Mirzaian(University of Washington), Randah R Hamadeh(University of Washington), Samer Hamidi(University of Washington), Alexis J. Handal(University of Washington), Graeme J. Hankey(University of Washington), Yuantao Hao(University of Washington), Hilda L Harb(University of Washington), S Harikrishnan(University of Washington), Josep María Haro(University of Washington), Mehedi Hasan(University of Washington), Hadi Hassankhani(University of Washington), Hamid Yimam Hassen(University of Washington), Rasmus Havmoeller(University of Washington), Caitlin Hawley(University of Washington), Roderick J. Hay(University of Washington), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Akbar Hedayatizadeh‐Omran(University of Washington), Behzad Heibati(University of Washington), Delia Hendrie(University of Washington), Andualem Henok(University of Washington), Claudiu Herţeliu(University of Washington), Sousan Heydarpour(University of Washington), Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu(University of Washington), Huong Thanh Hoang(University of Washington), Hans W. Hoek(University of Washington), Howard J. Hoffman(University of Washington), Michael K. Hole(University of Washington), Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar(University of Washington), Hung Chak Ho(University of Washington), Seyed Mostafa Hosseini(University of Washington), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(University of Washington), Mihaela Hostiuc(University of Washington), Sorin Hostiuc(University of Washington), Peter J. Hotez(University of Washington), Damian G Hoy(University of Washington), Mohamed Hsaïri(University of Washington), Aung Soe Htet(University of Washington), Guoqing Hu(University of Washington), John J. Huang, Chantal Huynh, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Chad Ikeda, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal(University of Washington), Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami(University of Washington), Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Sudhir K. Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Mehdi Javanbakht(University of Washington), Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji(University of Washington), Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Rizwan Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Manoochehr Karami(University of Washington), Behzad Karami Matin(University of Washington), André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi(University of Washington), Seyed M Karimi, Amir Kasaeian, Dessalegn H Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Norito Kawakami, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Keighobadi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Laura Kemmer, Grant Rodgers Kemp, André Pascal Kengne(University of Washington), Andre Keren, Yousef Khader(University of Washington), Behzad Khafaei, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie(University of Washington), Alireza Khajavi(University of Washington), Ibrahim A Khalil(University of Washington), Ejaz Ahmad Khan(University of Washington), Muhammad Shahzeb Khan(University of Washington), Muhammad Ali Khan, Young‐Ho Khang(University of Washington), Mohammad Khazaei, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Ali Kiadaliri, Daniel N Kiirithio, Cho‐il Kim(University of Washington), Daniel Kim, Pauline T. Kim, Young‐Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Adnan Kısa, Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek(University of Washington), Mika Kivimäki, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jonathan Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Soewarta Kosen, Georgios A. Kotsakis, Parvaiz A Koul(University of Washington), Ai Koyanagi(University of Washington), Michael Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Burcu Küçük Biçer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu(University of Washington), Deepesh Lad(University of Washington), Sheetal D Lad(University of Washington), Alessandra Lafranconi, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Faris Lami, Van Charles Lansingh, Arman Latifi(University of Washington), Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Janet L Leasher, Jorge R Ledesma(University of Washington), Paul H. Lee(University of Washington), J. Paul Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Sonia Lewycka(University of Washington), Shanshan Li(University of Washington), Li Y(University of Washington), Yu Liao, Misgan Legesse Liben(University of Washington), Lee‐Ling Lim(University of Washington), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Shiwei Liu(University of Washington), Rakesh Lodha, Katharine J Looker(University of Washington), Alan D Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nicola Low(University of Washington), Rafael Lozano, Tim Lucas, Lydia R Lucchesi, Raimundas Lunevičius, Ronan A Lyons(University of Washington), Stefan Ma, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark T. Mackay, Fabiana Madotto(University of Washington), Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P Maghavani, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra(University of Washington), Hue Thi Mai, Marek Majdán(University of Washington), Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed(University of Washington), Reza Malekzadeh, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ana-Laura Manda, Helena Manguerra, Treh Manhertz, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, LG Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Wagner Marcenes, Ashley Marks, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo(University of Washington), Ira Martopullo(University of Washington), Winfried März, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Kunihiro Matsushita, Pallab K Maulik(University of Washington), Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez(University of Washington), Tesfa Mekonen, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Michele Meltzer, Peter Memiah(University of Washington), Ziad A. Memish(University of Washington), Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Meštrović, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Anoushka Millear, Ted R. Miller(University of Washington), Benjamin Miltz, GK Mini, Mojde Mirarefin, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Philip B. Mitchell, Habtamu Mitiku(University of Washington), Babak Moazen(University of Washington), Bahram Mohajer(University of Washington), Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Noushin Mohammadifard, Mousa Mohammadnia‐Afrouzi, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Modhurima Moitra, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Mahmood Moosazadeh(University of Washington), Ghobad Moradi, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh(University of Washington), Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Shane D. Morrison, Marilita M. Moschos, W Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Kalayu Brhane Mruts, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Müeller, Oumer Sada Muhammed, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Kate Muller, John Everett Mumford, Manoj Murhekar, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa(University of Washington), Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf Nabhan, Chie Nagata(University of Washington), Mohsen Naghavi(University of Washington), Aliya Naheed(University of Washington), Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Nitish Naik(University of Washington), Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Hae‐Sung Nam, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Nahid Neamati, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles R. Newton, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Nguyễn Quỳnh Anh, Ha Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Nam Ba Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Molly R Nixon, Nomonde Nolutshungu, Shuhei Nomura, Ole Frithjof Norheim(University of Washington), Mehdi Noroozi(University of Washington), Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Peter S. Nyasulu, Christopher M Odell, Richard Ofori‐Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo(University of Washington), In‐Hwan Oh(University of Washington), Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Bolajoko O. Olusanya(University of Washington), Sok King Ong(University of Washington), Sok King Ong, Eyal Oren(University of Washington), Alberto Ortíz, Erika Ota, Stanislav S Otstavnov(University of Washington), Simon Øverland, Mayowa Owolabi(University of Washington), P A Mahesh, Rosana Pacella, Amir H. Pakpour(University of Washington), Adrian Pană, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas(University of Washington), Andrea Parisi, Eun‐Kee Park, Charles Parry, Shanti Patel, Sanghamitra Pati, Snehal T Patil, Ajay Patle, George Patton, Vishnupriya Rao Paturi, Katherine Paulson, Neil Pearce, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, Michael Phillips, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay(University of Washington), М. А. Пирадов, Meghdad Pirsaheb(University of Washington), Farhad Pishgar, Oleguer Plana‐Ripoll, Dietrich Plaß(University of Washington), Suzanne Polinder, Svetlana Popova, Maarten J. Postma, Akram Pourshams(University of Washington), Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran(University of Washington), Swayam Prakash(University of Washington), V. Prakash, Caroline Purcell, Manorama Purwar(University of Washington), Mostafa Qorbani, D. Alex Quistberg, Amir Radfar(University of Washington), Anwar Rafay(University of Washington), Alireza Rafiei(University of Washington), Fakher Rahim(University of Washington), Kazem Rahimi(University of Washington), Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman(University of Washington), Rajesh Kumar, Fatemeh Rajati(University of Washington), Usha Ram, Prabhat Ranjan(University of Washington), Annemarei Ranta(University of Washington), Puja C Rao, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, K. Srinath Reddy, Robert C. Reiner, Nickolas Reinig, Marissa B Reitsma(University of Washington), Giuseppe Remuzzi, André M. N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Nicholas L S Roberts, Stephen R. Robinson, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel(University of Washington), Ali Rostami, Gregory A. Roth, Ambuj Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder S. Sachdev, Nafis Sadat, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam(University of Washington), Hosein Safari(University of Washington), Yahya Safari, Roya Safari‐Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Joseph S Salama, Payman Salamati, Komal Saleem, Zikria Saleem, Yahya Salimi(University of Washington), Joshua A. Salomon, Sundeep Salvi, Inbal Salz, Abdallah M Samy(University of Washington), Juan Sanabria, Yingying Sang, Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sâo José, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Arundhati R Sawant, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Mete Şaylan, Elke Schäeffner, María Inês Schmidt, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider(University of Washington), Ben Schöttker, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G. Scott(University of Washington), Mario Šekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván‐Mori, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Hosein Shabaninejad(University of Washington), Azadeh Shafieesabet(University of Washington), Mehdi Shahbazi, Amira Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh(University of Washington), Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi(University of Washington), Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Meenakshi Sharma, Rajesh Sharma(University of Washington), Jun She, Aziz Sheikh(University of Washington), Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya(University of Washington), Mika Shigematsu(University of Washington), Rahman Shiri(University of Washington), Reza Shirkoohi, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue(University of Washington), Farhad Shokraneh, Haitham Shoman, Mark G. Shrime(University of Washington), Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdóttir, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Narayana Sarma V. Singam(University of Washington), Ambrish Singh(University of Washington), Narinder Pal Singh(University of Washington), Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Eirini Skiadaresi, Erica Leigh Slepak, Karen Sliwa, David L. Smith(University of Washington), Mari Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Eugène Sobngwi, Samir Soneji, Moslem Soofi(University of Washington), Masoud Soosaraei, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Jeffrey D Stanaway(University of Washington), Dan J. Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Timothy J. Steiner, Mark A. Stokes, Lars Jacob Stovner, Michelle Subart, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno Sunguya(University of Washington), Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L. Sykes, Dillon O Sylte(University of Washington), Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Nikhil Tandon, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew(University of Washington), Mohammad Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Hugh R. Taylor, Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi, T. Tekalign, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin(University of Washington), Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan(University of Washington), Nihal Thomas, Binyam Tilahun(University of Washington), Quyen G. To, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topór-Mądry, Fotis Topouzis, Anna E Torre(University of Washington), Miguel Tortajada‐Girbés, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Jeffrey A Towbin(University of Washington), Bach Xuan Tran(University of Washington), Khanh Bao Tran, Christopher Troeger, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Derrick Tsoi, Lorainne Tudor Car, E. Murat Tuzcu, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah(University of Washington), Eduardo A. Undurraga, Jürgen Unützer(University of Washington), Rachel L Updike, Muhammad Usman, Olalekan A. Uthman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Pascual Valdéz, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Santos Villafaina, Francesco Saverio Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S Vujcic, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Stephen G. Waller, Yafeng Wang, Yuan‐Pang Wang, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs(University of Washington), Andrea Werdecker, T. Eoin West, Harvey Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Lauren B. Wilner, Shadrach Wilson, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Alison B. Wiyeh, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles Wolfe, Anthony D. Woolf, Shouling Wu, Yun-Chun Wu, Grant M. A. Wyper, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu(University of Washington), Simon Yadgir(University of Washington), Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada(University of Washington), Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano(University of Washington), Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin(University of Washington), Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M Yimer(University of Washington), Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok‐Jun Yoon(University of Washington), Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard(University of Washington), Chuanhua Yu, Vesna Zadnik, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman(University of Washington), Mohammad Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Kai Zhang, Zheng Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Sanjay Zodpey, Inbar Zucker, Theo Vos(University of Washington), Christopher J L Murray
Cited by 13,980Open Access
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. METHODS: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. FINDINGS: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). INTERPRETATION: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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