Xinwei Li

This cranio-morphometric study emphasizes a "two-layer model" for eastern Eurasian anatomically modern human (AMH) populations, based on large datasets of 89 population samples including findings directly from ancient archaeological contexts. Results suggest that an initial "first layer" of AMH had related closely to ancestral Andaman, Australian, Papuan, and Jomon groups who likely entered this region via the Southeast Asian landmass, prior to 65-50 kya. A later "second layer" shared strong cranial affinities with Siberians, implying a Northeast Asian source, evidenced by 9 kya in central China and then followed by expansions of descendant groups into Southeast Asia after 4 kya. These two populations shared limited initial exchange, and the second layer grew at a faster rate and in greater numbers, linked with contexts of farming that may have supported increased population densities. Clear dichotomization between the two layers implies a temporally deep divergence of distinct migration routes for AMH through both southern and northern Eurasia.

IntroductionIt is well known that Beurling [2] and Herz 11 introduced some new spaces that characterize certain properties of functions.These new spaces are called the Herz spaces.Many studies involving these spaces can be found in the literature.One of the main reasons is that Hardy space theory associated with Herz spaces is very rich.Actually, these new Hardy spaces are a sort of local version of the ordinary Hardy spaces; the former, sometimes, are good substitutes of the latter when considering, for example, the boundedness of non-translation invariant singular integral operators.This paper is motivated by previous work of Lu, Hernfindez and the second author (see 14] and 10]), and also by more applications, such as the boundedness ofbilinear operators and the regularity of solutions of the Laplacian and the wave equations on Herz-type spaces.See 12] and 16].Our main interest is to study the boundedness of some sublinear operators on these spaces under certain weak size conditions (see (2.1) and (2.2) below).These conditions are similar to those introduced by Soria and Weiss in 18], and are satisfied by most of the operators in harmonic analysis (see 18]).Let us first introduce some notations.Let Bk {x E ]n.Ixl _< 2k} and Ak B \ Bk-1 for k E Z. Let ) XA for k Z, where )e is the characteristic function of the set E.where Definitionl.1.LetotN, 0<p<cx3and0<q < (a) The homogeneous Herz space/'P (]1n) is defined by /,p(n) {f Loc(ln \ {0})" Ilfllzcg'') < 1, 2kaP P Ilfllt,(,)IlfxkllLq(n) < with the usual modifications made when p cx and/or q .(b) The non-homogeneous Herz space K' (n) is defined by K'P(Nn) {f Loc(Rn) IlfllKg'() < },

Playing music requires a strong coupling of perception and action mediated by multimodal integration of brain regions, which can be described as network connections measured by anatomical and functional correlations between regions. However, the structural and functional connectivities within and between the auditory and sensorimotor networks after long-term musical training remain largely uninvestigated. Here, we compared the structural connectivity (SC) and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within and between the two networks in 29 novice healthy young adults before and after musical training (piano) with those of another 27 novice participants who were evaluated longitudinally but with no intervention. In addition, a correlation analysis was performed between the changes in FC or SC with practice time in the training group. As expected, participants in the training group showed increased FC within the sensorimotor network and increased FC and SC of the auditory-motor network after musical training. Interestingly, we further found that the changes in FC within the sensorimotor network and SC of the auditory-motor network were positively correlated with practice time. Our results indicate that musical training could induce enhanced local interaction and global integration between musical performance-related regions, which provides insights into the mechanism of brain plasticity in young adults.