Richard J. Hocking

A map of 30,181 human gene-based markers was assembled and integrated with the current genetic map by radiation hybrid mapping. The new gene map contains nearly twice as many genes as the previous release, includes most genes that encode proteins of known function, and is twofold to threefold more accurate than the previous version. A redesigned, more informative and functional World Wide Web site (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap) provides the mapping information and associated data and annotations. This resource constitutes an important infrastructure and tool for the study of complex genetic traits, the positional cloning of disease genes, the cross-referencing of mammalian genomes, and validated human transcribed sequences for large-scale studies of gene expression.

The consequences of interactions between dendric cells (DCs) and either naive CD4+ T cells or regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells on the expression of proinflammatory IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in DC were examined over a period of 12 h, spanning the time frame during which stable T cell-DC interactions shape the development of tolerance and immunity in vivo. We demonstrate that the basal production of IL-6 and IL-10, which is initiated following DC stimulation with LPS, is modified in distinctly different ways by interaction with the two T cell populations. Naive CD4 T cells skew DC cytokine production toward IL-6 and suppress IL-10, whereas CD4+CD25+ T cells have the opposite effect. CD8 T cells or memory CD4 T cells do not influence basal cytokine production by stimulated DC. The effect of CD4+CD25+ T cells is dominant in coculture with naive CD4 T cells as long as inflammatory LPS is absent; the addition of LPS abrogates the suppression of IL-6. However, the modulating influence of CD4+CD25+ T cells remains evident in the enhancement of IL-10 production. Thus, mutual interactions between DC and CD4+ T cell subpopulations following contact with pathogens are likely to influence the strength and quality of incipient immune responses in the local microenvironment.

Due to continuing demand for concentrated parking supply in our urban areas, developers and public agencies must devote a significant amount of their resources and energies to providing these spaces. In the face of mounting capital costs, expensive O&M costs, and limited land or site space for new facilities, new concepts and techniques are needed. The authors propose that the application of shared parking concepts is one major step in satisfying this need.