Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990–2023, and its attributable risk factors: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Patrick B. Mark, Lauryn K Stafford, Morgan E. Grams, Hasan Aalruz, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Ahmed A. Abdelgalil, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Hansani Madushika Abeywickrama, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Dmitry Abramov, Mohammed Mehdi Abrar, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Salahdein Aburuz, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Nurudeen A. Adegoke, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Khabir Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ayman Ahmed, Aram M. Ahmed, Nesredin Ahmed, Shahzaib Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Mohammadreza Akbari, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Salah Al Awaidy, Hanadi Al Hamad, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Yazan Al Thaher, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Shereen M. Aleidi, Ali M Alfalki, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Khalid Alhasan, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Syed Yusuf Ali, Samah W. Al‐Jabi, Mohammed Z. Allouh, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Omar Almidani, Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Awais Altaf, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Karem H. Alzoubi, Adel Sharaf Al-Zubairi, Melika Haji Mohammadi, Hubert Amu, Filippos Anagnostakis, Abhishek Anil, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Walter Appati, Sulaimon O Araromi, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Johan Ärnlöv, Jesu Arockiaraj, Bernard Yeboah‐Asiamah Asare, Yuni Asri, Ashagre Molla Assaye, Maha Atout, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Domenico Azzolino, Muhammad Badar, Mohamad Amin Bakhshali, Shoshana H. Ballew, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Maciej Banach, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, MD Abu Bashar, Shahid Bashir, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Saurav Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Bekalu Mekonen Belay, Makda Abate Belew, Aminu K. Bello, Luı́s Belo, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Yacong Bo, Trupti Bodhare, Archith Boloor, Hamed Borhany, Michael Bräuer, Raffaele Bugiardini, Akeem Olayinka Busari, Yasser Bustanji, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Juan Jesús Carrero, Márcia Carvalho, Alberico L. Catapano, Mônica Cattafesta, Muthia Cenderadewi, Edina Cenko, Deepak Chandramohan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Lam Duc Chau, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, An‐Tian Chen, Haojin Cheng, Nicholas Chew, Patrick R Ching, Hou In Chou, Sonali G Choudhari, E. Chowdhury, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Alyssa Columbus, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Karen Courville, Natália Martins, Omid Dadras, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Saswati Das, Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Díaz, Huyen Phuc, Thao Huynh Phuong, Linh Phuong Doan, Mario D’Oria, Robert Kokou Dowou, Ashel Chelsea Dsouza, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Siddhartha Dutta, Cynthia Edeh, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El‐Huneidi, Sherif Elkannishy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Derese Eshetu, Juan Espinosa‐Montero, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Maryam Farooqui, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Florian Fischer, Federica Fogacci, Célia F. Rodrigues, Marisa Freitas, Ami Fukunaga, Abdelrahman Gamil Gad, Abhay Gaidhane, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Balasubramanian Ganesh, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Lobna Gharaibeh, Mohammad‐Reza Ghasemi, Zainab Gholami, Ehsan Gholami, Alem Girmay, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Aman Goyal, Ashna Grover, Shi‐Yang Guan, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Sapna Gupta, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Najah R Hadi, Arian Haghtalab, Hailey Hagins, Nadia Μ. Hamdy, M. Khalid Hamza, Qiuxia Han, Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan, Simon I Hay, Jiawei He, Golnaz Heidari, Yuta Hiraike, Praveen Hoogar, Alamgir Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzade, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mengsi Hu, Hong-Han Huynh, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Umar Ibrahim, Irena M Ilic, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Md. Fakrul Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Vennila Jaganathan, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Navid Jamali, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Rajiv Janardhanan, Shubha Jayaram, Mohammed Jemal, Seogsong Jeong, Vivekanand Jha, Nathan T Jibat, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Akaninyene Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Kripa Josten, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Sang‐Hyuk Jung, Zubair Kabir, Ali Kabir, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Sanjay Kalra, Md Moustafa Kamal, Ashwin Kamath, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Debasish Kar, Reema Karasneh, Samad Karkhah, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Yabets Tesfaye Kebede, Abenezer Zenebe Kebede, Yousef Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Abdul Arif Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Sumaiya Khan, Ajmal Khan, Iqra Hamid Khan, Sameer Khasbage, Zenith Khashim, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Manoj Khokhar, Adnan Kısa, Mika Kivimäki, Abdul Basith KM, Nazarii Kobyliak, Michail Kokkorakis, Farzad Kompani, Tapos Kormoker, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Irene Akwo Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Jogender Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Setor K. Kunutsor, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Ambily Kuttikkattu, John Paul Kuwornu, Ville Kytö, Chandrakant Lahariya, Iván Landires, Dai-Nam Le, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Caterina Ledda, HwaMin Lee�, Dawit Alemu Lemma, Andrew S. Levey, Chengfeng Li, Jinbo Li, Lee‐Ling Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Zhenyu Liu, jinshi Liu, Zhe Liu, Erand Llanaj, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Jay B. Lusk, Angelina M Lutambi, Lei Lv, Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman, Sasikumar Mahalingam, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Azeem Majeed, Omar Mohamed Makram, Tabarak Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ramón Martínez, Winfried März, Sammer Marzouk, Stefano Masi, Soroush Masrouri, Mohsen Mazidi, Steven McPhail, Jitendra Meena, Asim Mehmood, Sadrollah Mehrabi, Hadush Negash Meles, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Tomasz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Muhammad Agus Mikrajab, Andreea Mirică, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Vinaytosh Mishra, Amaresh Mishra, Prasanna Mithra, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Abdolreza Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, Negar Morovatdar, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Godfrey H. Mudhune, Efrén Murillo‐Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha, SeyedAli Nabipoorashrafi, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Hiten Naik, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Shumaila Nargus, Abdallah Y. Naser, Mohammad Y. M. Naser, Mahmoud Nassar, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Shalini Ganesh Nayak, Bruce Neal, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Omid Nekouei, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Nghia Phu Nguyen, Tu Anh Nguyen, Hien Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Thao P. Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Luciano Nieddu, Shuhei Nomura, Mamoona Noreen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Fred Nugen, Chijindu Nwakama, Felix Kwasi Nyande, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Timothy O. Olanrewaju, Abdullahi Olaleye Olawuyi, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Alberto Ortíz, Alaa AM Osman, John W. Ostrominski, Elham H. Othman, Mayowa Owolabi, Ifeoluwa T. Oyeyemi, Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pană, Kun Pang, Anca Pantea Stoian, Ilias Papadimopoulos, Shahina Pardhan, Romil R Parikh, Maja Pasovic, Dimitrios Patoulias, Prince Peprah, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Djordje S. Popovic, Thantrira Porntaveetus, Akila Prashant, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Xiang Qi, Basuki Rachmat, Quinn Rafferty, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Masoud Rahmati, Sunil Kumar Raina, Adarsh Raja, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Sheena Ramazanu, Rishabh Kumar Rana, Asad Gul Rao, Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Allen G. Ross, Hanieh Rouzbahani, Aly M A Saad, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Umar Saeed, Mοhd Saeed, Maryam Saeedi, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A. Saleh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Itamar S Santos, Aswini Saravanan, Saman Sargazi, Michele Sassano, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, María Inês Schmidt, Art Schuermans, Hamidreza Seifmanesh, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Moyad Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Xian Shao, Amin Sharifan, Bunty Sharma, Sourabh Sharma, Shamee Shastry, Wenming Shi, Md. Monir Hossain Shimul, Aminu Shittu, Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu, Sunil Shrestha, Aman Shrestha, Padam Simkhada, Ambrish Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Surjit Singh, Suha Soni, Aayushi Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Reed J D Sorensen, Sandra Spearman, Saraswathy Sreeram, А. В. Стародубова, Leo Stockfelt, Hasnat Sujon, Oksana Sulaieva, Muritala Suleiman Odidi, Muhammad Suleman, Desy Sulistiyorini, Xiaodong Sun, Johan Sundström, Dev Ram Sunuwar, Hani Susianti, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Celine Tabche, Iman M. Talaat, Seyed Saeed Tamehri Zadeh, Roberto Tanchanco, Kaleab Tesfaye Tegegne, Abainash Tekola, Masayuki Teramoto, Wubshet Tesfaye, Jay Tewari, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Kant Tiwari, Sojit Tomo, Santo Imanuel Tonapa, Marcello Tonelli, Khaled Trabelsi, Thang Huu Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Tanja Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Domenico Tricò, Zhouting Tuo, Sok Cin Tye, Himayat Ullah, Pascual Valdéz, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Priya Vart, Shoban Babu Varthya, Sampara Vasishta, Sharath C. Vipparthy, Yasir Waheed, Jingyu Wang, Wanzhou Wang, Zhihua Wang, Qingzhi Wang, Ziyue Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Ishanka Weerasekara, Jordan Weiss, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Angga Wilandika, Peter Willeit, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Yen Jun Wong, Shijie Wu, Qing Xia, Zhaomin Xie, Saba Yahoo, Galal Yahya, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Haibo Yang, Haiqiang Yao, Laiang Yao, Pengpeng Ye, Kuanysh Yergaliyev, Thomas Kidanemariam Yewodiaw, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yong Yu, Emad Yuzbashian, Sojib Bin Zaman, Nelson Zamora, Mohammed Zawiah, Haijun Zhang, Danting Zhang, Beijian Zhang, Xuying Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yue Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Magdalena Zielińska, Sa’ed H. Zyoud, Theo Vos, Jennifer S. Lees, Kanyin Liane Ong, Josef Coresh
Cited by 116Open Access
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and ranks among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. This analysis aimed to present global CKD estimates using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 to inform evidence-based policies for CKD identification and treatment. METHODS: This analysis focused on adults aged 20 years and older over the period 1990 to 2023, from 204 countries and territories. Data sources used were published literature, vital registration systems, kidney failure treatment registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden, including deaths, incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool. A comparative risk assessment approach estimated the proportion of cardiovascular deaths attributable to impaired kidney function and estimated risk factors for CKD. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2023, 788 million (95% uncertainty interval 743-843) people aged 20 years and older were estimated to have CKD, up from 378 million (354-407) in 1990. The global age-standardised prevalence of CKD in adults was 14·2% (13·4-15·2), a relative rise of 3·5% (2·7-4·1) from 1990. The region with the highest age-standardised prevalence was north Africa and the Middle East (18·0%; 16·9-19·4). Most people had stage 1-3 CKD, with a combined prevalence of 13·9% (13·1-15·0). In 2023, CKD was the ninth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 1·48 million (1·30-1·65) deaths, and the 12th leading cause of DALYs, with an age-standardised DALY rate of 769·2 (691·8-857·4) per 100 000. Impaired kidney function as a risk factor accounted for 11·5% (8·4-14·5) of cardiovascular deaths. High fasting plasma glucose, body-mass index, and systolic blood pressure were all leading risk factors for CKD DALYs. INTERPRETATION: CKD is a major global health issue, with rising prevalence and increasing importance as a cause of death and as a risk factor for cardiovascular death. A better understating of aetiology, appropriate screening, and implementation programmes are needed to translate advances in CKD treatment into improved patient outcomes. FUNDING: Gates Foundation, Wellcome, US National Kidney Foundation, and US National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Related Papers
No related papers found
Powered by citation graph analysis