Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Mohsen Naghavi(University of Washington), Hmwe Hmwe Kyu(University of Washington), A Bhoomadevi(Amity University), Mohammad Amin Aalipour(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Hasan Aalruz(Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan), Hazim Ababneh(Massachusetts General Hospital), Bedru Jemal Abafita(University of Tasmania), Ukachukwu Okoroafor Abaraogu(University of Nigeria), Cristiana Abbafati(Sapienza University of Rome), Madineh Abbasi(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Faezeh Abbaspour(University of California, San Francisco), Hedayat Abbastabar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied(Ajman University), Samar Abd ElHafeez(Alexandria University), Ashraf N. Abdalla(Umm al-Qura University), Mohammed Abdalla(University of Hull), Emad M. Abdallah(Qassim University), Barkhad Aden Abdeeq(Save the Children), Nadin M I Abdel Razeq(University of Jordan), Ahmed A. Abdelgalil(King Saud University), Reda Abdel‐Hameed(Al-Azhar University), Michael Abdelmasseh(Marshall University), Mahmoud Abdelnabi(WinnMed), Wael M. Abdel‐Rahman(University of Sharjah), Arman Abdous(Islamic Azad University, Karaj), Mostafa M. Abdrabou(Cairo University), Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz(American University of Iraq Sulaimani), Deldar Morad Abdulah(University of Duhok), Auwal Abdullahi(Bayero University Kano), Toufik Abdul‐Rahman, Habtamu Abebe(University of Gondar), Aidin Abedi(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Armita Abedi(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Parisa Abedi(Harvard University), Asrat Agalu Abejew(Bahir Dar University), Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga(Institute for the Languages of Finland), Shehab Uddin Al Abid(University of Oxford), Syed Hani Abidi(Nazarbayev University), Alemwork Abie(Bahir Dar University), Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun(Federal Medical Centre), Richard Gyan Aboagye(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Shady Abohashem(Harvard University), Hassan Abolhassani(Karolinska Institutet), Ulric Sena Abonie(Northumbria University), Nagah M Abourashed(Benha University), Mohamed Abouzid(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Dmitry Abramov(Loma Linda University Medical Center), Lucas Guimarães Abreu(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Dariush Abtahi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Rana Abu Farha(Applied Science Private University), Fuad H. Abuadas(Jouf University), Aminu Kende Abubakar(St. Luke's International University), Nermeen M. Abu‐Elala(Cairo University), Eman Abu-Gharbieh(University of Jordan), Sawsan Abuhammad(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa(University of Sharjah), Hana J Abukhadijah(Hamad Medical Corporation), Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh(Qatar University), Salahdein Aburuz(University of Jordan), Dina Abushanab(Hamad Medical Corporation), Manfred Accrombessi(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Anirudh B. Acharya(University of Sharjah), Apurba Acharya(University of Sharjah), Ousman Adal(Bahir Dar University), Lisa C. Adams(Palo Alto University), Abdu A. Adamu(South African Medical Research Council), Isaac Yeboah Addo(The University of Sydney), Oluwafemi Adeagbo(University of South Carolina), Tajudeen Adewumi Adebisi(University of Sharjah), Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji(Olabisi Onabanjo University), Kamoru A. Adedokun(Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center), Oluwatobi E Adegbile(East Tennessee State University), Nurudeen A. Adegoke(The University of Sydney), Olumide Thomas Adeleke(Bowen University), Bulcha Guye Adema(Wolaita Sodo University), Bashir Aden(United Arab Emirates University), Isaac Ayodeji Adesina(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Miracle Ayomikun Adesina(University of Ibadan), Juliana Bunmi Adetunji(Osun State University), Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi(University of Ibadan), Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa(University of Ibadan), Mache Tsadik(Mekelle University), Ripon Kumar Adhikary(Australian National University), Usha Adiga(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Tanin Adl Parvar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Adnan(University of Ha'il), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(Padjadjaran University), Prince Owusu Adoma(University of Education, Winneba), Leticia Akua Adzigbli(University of Health and Allied Sciences), David Adzrago(The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston), Giuseppina Affinito(Federico II University Hospital), Ahmed Afifi(University of Toledo), Clifford Afoakwah(Queensland University of Technology), Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Afolabi(University of Ibadan), Vlad-Adrian Afrăsânie(Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Saira Afzal(King Edward Medical University), Gizachew Beykaso Agafari(Wachemo University), Suneth Agampodi(International Vaccine Institute), Thilini Chanchala Agampodi(Rajarata University of Sri Lanka), Navidha Aggarwal(Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana), Mahdi Aghaalikhani(Boston Children's Hospital), Sepehr Aghajanian(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Feleke Doyore Agide(Health Promotion Agency), César Agostinis Sobrinho(Klaipėda University), Anurag Agrawal(Ashoka University), Williams Agyemang‐Duah(Queen's University), Mahsa Ahadi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of Technology Sydney), Aqeel Ahmad(Shaqra University), Danish Ahmad(Australian National University), Faisal Ahmad(World Health Organization - Pakistan), Ijaz Ahmad(The University of Agriculture, Peshawar), Khabir Ahmad(Qassim University), Khurshid Ahmad(Qassim University), Sajjad Ahmad(Abasyn University), Tauseef Ahmad(Dow University of Health Sciences), Waqas Ahmad(University of Cincinnati Medical Center), Negar Sadat Ahmadi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Ali Ahmed(University of Khartoum), Ayman Ahmed(University of Khartoum), Gasha Salih Ahmed(University of Human Development), Haroon Ahmed(COMSATS University Islamabad), Junaid Ahmed(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Luai A. Ahmed(United Arab Emirates University), Md. Samzir Ahmed(Bangladesh University), Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed(Jimma University), Meqdad Saleh Ahmed(Jimma University), Muktar Beshir Ahmed(Jimma University), Mushood Ahmed(Jimma University), Shabbir Ahmed(Debre Berhan University), Sindew Mahmud Ahmed(Debre Berhan University), Syed Anees Ahmed(Debre Berhan University), Gulzhanat Aimagambetova(Astana Medical University), Marjan Ajami(National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute), Budi Aji(Jenderal Soedirman University), Hossein Akbarialiabad(Sutherland Hospital), Saeid Akbarifard(Graduate University of Advanced Technology), Oluwasefunmi Akeju(University of Oxford), Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe(Ladoke Akintola University of Technology), Ruslan Akhmedullin(Nazarbayev University), O. A. Akinkuotu(Texas Tech University), Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif(Fudan University), Wọlé Akóṣílè(The University of Queensland), Ashley E Akrami(Northwestern University), Ralph Kwame Akyea(University of Nottingham), Alaa Al Amiry(Ajman University), Salah Al Awaidy(Middle East College), Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan(Washington University in St. Louis), Ammar Al Homsi(Emirates Foundation), Mohammad Khaled Al Nawayseh(University of Jordan), Omar Al Omari(Sultan Qaboos University), Zain Al Ta’ani, Yazan Al Thaher(Philadelphia University), Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi(Sultan Qaboos University), Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi(The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston), Mousa A. Al‐Abbadi(University of Jordan), Tariq A. Alalwan(University of Bahrain), Ziyad Al‐Aly(United States Department of Veterans Affairs), Khurshid Alam(Murdoch University), Manjurul Alam(George Mason University), Mohammad Khursheed Alam(George Mason University), Mostafa Alam(George Mason University), Rasmieh Al‐Amer(Western Sydney University), Abebaw Alamrew(Woldia University), Amani N. Alansari(Hamad Medical Corporation), Turki M Alanzi(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal(University of Science and Technology), Mohammed ALBashtawy(Al al-Bayt University), Wafa Ali Aldhaleei(Mayo Clinic in Arizona), Mohammed S. Aldossary(Ministry of Health), Robert W Aldridge(University of Washington), Shereen M. Aleidi(University of Jordan), Bezawit Abeje Alemayehu(Bahir Dar University), Fentahun Alemnew(Bahir Dar University), Melaku Birhanu Alemu(Curtin University), Kefyalew Addis Alene(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Ayman Al‐Eyadhy(King Saud University), Ali M Alfalki(University of South Carolina), Fahad D. Algahtani(University of Ha'il), Abdelazeem M. Algammal(Suez Canal University), Khairat Al-Habbal(Khalifa University of Science and Technology), Nma Bida Alhaji(Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition), Samar Al‐Hajj(BC Children's Hospital), Fadwa Alhalaiqa(Qatar University), Mohammed Khaled Al‐Hanawi(King Abdulaziz University), Khalid Alhasan(King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre), Ashraf Alhumaidi(Sana'a University), Fahad A. Alhumaydhi(Qassim University), Amjad Ali(Hazara University), Haroon Muhammad Ali(University of Malakand), Irfan Ali(Aligarh Muslim University), Liaqat Ali(National University of Medical Sciences), Maratab Ali(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Mohammad Daud Ali(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Mohammed Usman Ali(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Rafat Ali(Jamia Millia Islamia), Shahid Ali(University of Swat), Syed Shujait Ali(University of Swat), Waad Ali(Sultan Qaboos University), Gianfranco Alicandro(University of Milan), Montaha Al‐Iede(University of Jordan), Sheikh Mohammad Alif(Federation University), Hamid Alinejad‐Rokny(UNSW Sydney), M J Gol Alipour(Universität Hamburg), Samah W. Al‐Jabi(An-Najah National University), Mohamad Aljofan(Nazarbayev University), Moath Aljohani(Qassim University), Syed Mohamed Aljunid(Universiti Tun Abdul Razak), Ahmad Alkhatib(Birmingham City University), Mustafa Alkhawam(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Peter Allebeck(Karolinska Institutet), Khaled S. Allemailem(Qassim University), Mohammed Z. Allouh(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Wesam Taher Almagharbeh(University of Tabuk), Sabah Al-Marwani, Nihad A. Almasri(Qatar University), Joseph Uy Almazan(Nazarbayev University), Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi(Sana'a University), Omar Almidani(Emirates Foundation), Amr Almobayed(University of Miami), Khaldoon Aied Alnawafleh(University of Tabuk), Hasan Y. Alniss(University of Sharjah), Margret Beaula Alocious Sukumar(SRM Institute of Science and Technology), Mahmoud A. Alomari(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Mohammad R. Alosta(Zarqa University), Jaber S. Alqahtani(Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences), Saleh A. Alqahtani(Cornell University), Mohammad R Alqudimat(American University of the Middle East), Ahmad R. Al‐Qudimat(Hamad Medical Corporation), Intima Alrimawi(Georgetown University), Sahel Majed Alrousan(Ministry of Finance), Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah(Kuwait University), Mohammed Alsabri(Sana'a University), Zaid Altaany(Higher Colleges of Technology), Awais Altaf(University of Lahore), Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi(Applied Science Private University), Jaffar A. Al‐Tawfiq(Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization), Malik A Althobiani(King Abdulaziz University), Khalid A Altirkawi(University of Sharjah), Javier Álvarez‐Gálvez(Universidad de Cádiz), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of Cartagena), Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk(University of the Coast), Hassan Alwafi(Umm al-Qura University), Mohammad Al‐Wardat(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi(Sana'a University), Hany Aly(Cleveland Clinic), Mohammad S. Alyahya(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Hosam Alzahrani(Taif University), Karem H. Alzoubi(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Adel Sharaf Al-Zubairi(Sana'a University), Ekiyor Joseph Amafah(University of London), Joy Amafah(Global Health Council), Reza Amani‐Beni(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Faten Amer(An-Najah National University), Bardia Amidi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Amr Amin(University of Sharjah), Tarek Tawfik Amin(Cairo University), Alireza Amindarolzarbi(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Saeed Amini(Imam Khomeini Hospital), Ehsan Amini‐Salehi(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Majid Aminzare(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Sohrab Amiri(Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences), Joanne O Amlag(University of Washington), Dickson A Amugsi(African Population and Health Research Center), Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa(University of Jos), Filippos Anagnostakis(Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale), Roshan A. Ananda(Eastern Health), Nazanin Anaraki(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Robert Ancuceanu(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Deanna Anderlini(The University of Queensland), David Anderson(The University of Sydney), Nguyen Hoang Anh(Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy), AbdulAzeez Adeyemi Anjorin(Lagos State University), Samuel Egyakwa Ankomah(University of Cape Coast), Kabilan Annadurai(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Sumbul Ansari(Galgotias University), Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam(Zahedan University of Medical Sciences), Catherine M Antony(University of Washington), Ernoiz Antriyandarti(Sebelas Maret University), Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa(University of Medical Sciences, Ondo), Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Saeid Anvari(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Saleha Anwar(Universitas Gadjah Mada), Sumadi Lukman Anwar(Universitas Gadjah Mada), Razique Anwer(Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University), Shahnawaz Anwer(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor(Charles Sturt University), Francis Appiah(Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology), Juan Pablo Arab(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), Hossein Arabi(University of Geneva), Jalal Arabloo(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mosab Arafat(Al Ain University), Daniel T Araki(University of Washington), Aleksandr Y. Aravkin(University of Washington), Demelash Areda(Arizona State University), Getnet Mesfin Aregu(Bahir Dar University), Jorge Arias de la Torre(King's College London), Ghazal Arjmand(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Benedetta Armocida(Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Johan Ärnlöv(Dalarna University), Jesu Arockiaraj(SRM Institute of Science and Technology), Mahwish Arooj(University of Lahore), Anton A Artamonov(Institute of Biomedical Problems), Ashokan Arumugam(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Deepavalli Arumuganainar(Saveetha University), Umesh Raj Aryal(Nepal Health Research Council), Nurila Aryntayeva(Al-Farabi Kazakh National University), Mahsa Asadi Anar(University of Arizona), Muhammad Asaduzzaman(University of Oslo), Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq(Alfaisal University), Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn(Bahir Dar University), Mulu Tiruneh(Debre Tabor University), Saeed Asgary(Ministry of Health and Medical Education), Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi(Cabrini Hospital), Syed Amir Ashraf(University of Ha'il), Tahira Ashraf(Pakistan Health Research Council), Mitra Ashrafi(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Milad Ashrafizadeh(Shandong University), Bernard Yeboah‐Asiamah Asare(Deakin University), Saeed Aslani(Monash University), Yuni Asri(Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang), Batyrbek Assembekov(Kazakh National Medical University), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Alok Atreya(Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital), J. Atta(The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston), Zeenah Atwan(University of Basrah), Khursheed Aurangzeb(King Saud University), Marcel Ausloos(University of Leicester), Abolfazl Avan(Western University), Núbia Carelli Pereira de Avelar(Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), Sana Javaid Awan(University of Lahore), Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe(Bayero University Kano), Lemessa Assefa A Ayana(Jimma University), Haleh Ayatollahi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo(Universiti Sains Malaysia), Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Sina Azadnajafabad(Washington University in St. Louis), Arian Azadnia(Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), James M. Azam(Stellenbosch University), Alireza Azarboo(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Zelalem Nigussie Azene(University of Gondar), Gulrez Shah Azhar(World Bank), Amirali Azimi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Farya Azimi(University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences), Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz(Universiti Sains Malaysia), Sadat Abdulla Aziz(Cihan University-Erbil), Amin Azizan(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Ahmed Y. Azzam(Beebe Healthcare), Giridhara R. Babu(Qatar University), Youngoh Bae(Sungkyunkwan University), Arvind Bagga(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Nasser Bagheri(University of Canberra), Sara Bagheri(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Elahe Baghizadeh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Fereshteh Baghizadeh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Sana Baghizadeh(Islamic Azad University Dental Branch of Tehran), Khlood Baghlaf(King Abdulaziz University), Najmeh Bahmanziari(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Ruhai Bai(Nanjing Children's Hospital), Mohamed Baklola(Mansoura University), Abdulaziz Bako(Memorial Hermann Institute for Rehabilitation and Research Foundation), Wondu Feyisa Balcha(Bahir Dar University), Maher Balkis(Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine), José Roberto Balmori de la Miyar(Universidad Anáhuac México Sur), Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu(Alfaisal University), Soham Bandyopadhyay(University of Oxford), Palash Chandra Banik(Bangladesh University of Health Sciences), Noël C. Barengo(Florida International University), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Auckland), Hiba Jawdat Barqawi(University of Sharjah), Amadou Barrow(University of the Gambia), Sandra Barteit(Heidelberg University), Lingkan Barua(Bangladesh University of Health Sciences), MD Abu Bashar(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Shahid Bashir(University of Lahore), Guido Basile(University of Catania), Rehana Basri(Jouf University), Quique Bassat(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Abdul‐Monim Batiha(King Khalid University), Kavita Batra(University of Nevada, Las Vegas), Matteo Bauckneht(University of Genoa), Mahdis Bayat(Pasteur Institute of Iran), Mohammad Amin Bayat Tork(University of Illinois Chicago), Thomas Beaney(The George Institute for Global Health), Neeraj Bedi(D.Y. Patil University), Narasimha M. Beeraka(Sechenov University), Massimiliano Beghi(Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Della Romagna), Jina Behjati(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Bezawit Kassahun Bekele(Milken Institute), Almaz Nibret Belay(Bahir Dar University), Demeke Mesfin Belay(Charles Darwin University), Asnake Gashaw Belayneh(Bahir Dar University), Melesse Belayneh(University of South Africa), Abel Cherkos Belete(Arba Minch University), Gokce Belge Bilgin(Mayo Clinic in Arizona), Muhammad Bashir Bello(King Abdullah International Medical Research Center), Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Umar Muhammad Bello(Glasgow Caledonian University), Luı́s Belo(Universidade do Porto), Apostolos Beloukas(University of West Attica), Riyad Bendardaf(University of Sharjah), Isabela M. Benseñor(Universidade de São Paulo), Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune(BRAC University), Maria Bergami(University of Bologna), Alemshet Yirga Berhie(Bahir Dar University), Abiye Assefa Berihun(Johns Hopkins University), Amiel Nazer C Bermudez(University of the Philippines Manila), Robert S. Bernstein(Emory University), Gregory J Bertolacci(University of Washington), Paola Bertuccio(University of Pavia), Paulo J. G. Bettencourt(Universidade Católica Portuguesa), Ajeet Singh Bhadoria(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(North Dakota State University), Neeraj Bhala(University of Nottingham), Buna Bhandari(Harvard University), Kayleigh Bhangdia(University of Washington), Charmi Bhanushali(Saint Vincent Hospital), Nikha Bhardwaj(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Pankaj Bhardwaj(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Ashish Bhargava(Wayne State University), Sonu Bhaskar(National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center), Anup Bhat(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee(Newcastle University), Shuvarthi Bhattacharjee(Department of Health & Family Welfare), Gurjit Kaur Bhatti(Chandigarh University), Jasvinder Singh Bhatti(Central University of Punjab), Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan(University of Asia Pacific), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(Aga Khan University), Soumitra S. Bhuyan(Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey), Haoran Bi(Xuzhou Medical College), Sibhatu Biadgilign, Raluca Bievel-Radulescu(Veneto Eye Bank Foundation), Naif K. Binsaleh(University of Ha'il), Catherine Bisignano(University of Washington), Atanu Biswas(Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research), Bijit Biswas(All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar), Mohammad Shahangir Biswas(University of Science and Technology Chittagong), Ahmad Naoras Bitar(Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Molalegne Bitew(Addis Ababa Science and Technology University), Bruno Bizzozero‐Peroni(Universidad de la República de Uruguay), Tone Bjørge(Cancer Registry of Norway), Virgínia Bodolica(American University of Sharjah), Eyob Ketema Bogale(Bahir Dar University), Lucimére Bohn(Universidade do Porto), Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa(University of the Witwatersrand), Paria Bolourinejad(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Aimé Bonny(University of Douala), Sri Harsha Boppana(Johns Hopkins University), Hamed Borhany(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Mina Borran(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Sudipta Bose(Futures Group (United States)), Samuel Adolf Bosoka(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Alejandro Botero Carvajal(Universidad Santiago de Cali), Soufiane Boufous(UNSW Sydney), C. S. Boxe(Howard University), Dejana Braithwaite(University of Florida Health), Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Michael Brauer(University of British Columbia), Nicholas J. K. Breitborde(The Ohio State University), Susanne Breitner(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Hermann Brenner(German Cancer Research Center), Edmond D Brewer(University of Washington), María L. Bringas-Vega(University of Electronic Science and Technology of China), Julie Brown(UNSW Sydney), Annie J. Browne(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Traolach Brugha(University of Leicester), Raffaele Bugiardini(University of Bologna), Norma B. Bulamu(Flinders University), Tsion Samuel Bunare(Bahir Dar University), Danilo Buonsenso(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Richard A. Burns(Australian National University), Akeem Olayinka Busari(Ladoke Akintola University of Technology), Felix Busch(University of Cambridge), Yasser Bustanji(University of Jordan), Nadeem Shafique Butt(King Abdulaziz University), Zahid A Butt(University of Waterloo), CJ Sanjay(JSS Dental College and Hospital), Tianji Cai(University of Macau), Rose Cairns(The University of Sydney), Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay(Ankara University), Daniela Călina(University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova), Luis Alberto Cámera(Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires), Luciana Aparecida Campos(Anhembi Morumbi University), Ismael Campos‐Nonato(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Fan Cao(Beijing Institute of Neurosurgery), Si Cao(Central South University), Angelo Capodici(Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna), Rosario Cárdenas(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana), Giulia Carreras, Juan Jesús Carrero(Karolinska Institutet), Andrea Carugno(University of Insubria), André F. Carvalho(Deakin University), Félix Carvalho(Universidade do Porto), Márcia Carvalho(Fernando Pessoa University), Ana Paula Carvalho‐e‐Silva(The University of Sydney), João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia(Universidade de São Paulo), Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(Universidad Nacional de Colombia), Giulio Castelpietra(World Health Organization - Denmark), Ferrán Catalá-López(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Alberico L. Catapano(University of Milan), Maria Sofia Cattaruzza(Sapienza University of Rome), Luca Cegolon(University of Trieste), Francieli Cembranel(Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), Muthia Cenderadewi(University of Mataram), Kelly Cercy(University of Washington), Ester Cerin(Australian Catholic University), Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita(Universidad Científica del Sur), Chiranjib Chakraborty(Hallym University), Sandip Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan(University of Birmingham), Rama Mohan Chandika(Jazan University), Miyuru Chandradasa(University of Kelaniya), Baskaran Chandrasekaran(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vijay Kumar Chattu(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou(University of Manchester), Anis Ahmad Chaudhary(Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University), Sirshendu Chaudhuri(Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar), Akhilanand Chaurasia(King George's Medical University), An‐Tian Chen(Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College), Catherine S Chen(University of Washington), Guangjin Chen(Sun Yat-sen University), Haiyan Chen(Curtin University Sarawak), Hana Chen(Curtin University Sarawak), Haowei Chen(Curtin University Sarawak), Hui Chen(Curtin University Sarawak), Rucheng Chen(Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Shanquan Chen(Heidelberg University), Simiao Chen(Heidelberg University), Xiang Chen(King Abdullah University of Science and Technology), Haojin Cheng(Hong Kong Baptist University), Ka Ching Cheung(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Nicholas Chew(National University of Singapore), Gerald Chi(Harvard University), Fatemeh Chichagi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Izumi Chihara(University of Washington), Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir(Hiroshima University), Patrick R Ching(Virginia Commonwealth University), Jesús Lorenzo Chirinos-Cáceres(Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia), Daniel Cho(University of Wisconsin–Madison), William C. Cho(Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Bryan Chong(National University of Singapore), Yuen Yu Chong(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Hong Chou(University of Hong Kong), E. Chowdhury(Curtin University), Sreshtha Chowdhury(Florida International University), Hanne Christensen(University of Copenhagen), Ting‐Wu Chuang(Taipei Medical University), Isaac Sunday Chukwu(Federal Medical Centre), Erin Chung(University of Washington), Sheng‐Chia Chung(Health Data Research UK), S. Y. Chung(Health Data Research UK), Muhammad Chutiyami(University of Technology Sydney), Arrigo F.G. Cicero(University of Bologna), Cain C. T. Clark(Birmingham City University), Fred Cohen(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Alyssa Columbus(Johns Hopkins University), João Conde(Nova Medical (United States)), Stephen E. Congly(University of Calgary), Nathalie Conrad(KU Leuven), Leslie T. Cooper(WinnMed), Alexandru Corlăteanu(Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Samuele Cortese(American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry), Paolo Angelo Cortesi(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Claudia Cosma(University of Florence), Ewerton Cousin(University of Washington), Emma Johnson Cowart(University of Washington), Michael H Criqui(University of California San Diego), Andrew Crist(University of Washington), Jessica A Cruz(University of Washington), Natália Martins(i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto), Xiaolin Cui(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen), Garland T Culbreth(University of Washington), Patricia Cullen(UNSW Sydney), Matthew Cunningham(University of Washington), Nour Dababo(University of Aleppo), Ali Dabbagh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Omid Dadras(University of Turku), Tukur Dahiru(Ahmadu Bello University), Xiaochen Dai(University of Washington), Zhaoli Dai(The University of Sydney), Mayank Dalakoti(National University of Singapore), Koustuv Dalal(Mid Sweden University), Gloria Dalla Costa(Harvard University), Emanuele D’Amico(University of Catania), Roy Arokiam Daniel(Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital), Lucio D’Anna(Imperial College London), Pojsakorn Danpanichkul(Texas Tech University), Samuel Danso(Ghana Health Service), Samuel Demissie Darcho(Haramaya University), Latefa Ali Dardas(University of Jordan), Chengetai Dare(University of the Witwatersrand), Bahar Darouei(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani(Arak University of Medical Sciences), Sayan Kumar Das(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes(Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias México), Nicole Davis Weaver(University of Washington), Dimash Davletov(Kazakh National Medical University), Kairat Davletov(Kazakh National Medical University), Fernando de la Hoz(Universidad Nacional de Colombia), Alejandro de la Torre‐Luque(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Edward Christopher Dee(Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), Sindhura Deekonda(Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center), Amanda Deen(University of Washington), Louisa Degenhardt(University of Washington), Paria Dehesh(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Pouria Delbari(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Laura Delgado‐Ortiz(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Mohammad Delsoz(University of Tennessee Health Science Center), Andreas K. Demetriades(National Health Service Scotland), Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez(Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán), Tadios Niguss Derese(Kotebe University of Education), Ismail Dergaa(University of Jendouba), Kebede Deribe(Brighton and Sussex Medical School), Hunegnaw Almaw Derseh(Bahir Dar University), Nikolaos Dervenis(University of Liverpool), Emina Dervišević(University of Sarajevo), Hardik Dineshbhai Desai(Physical Research Laboratory), Abraham Aregay Desta(University of Florence), Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu(Chettinad Academy of Research and Education), Pradeep Kumar Devarakonda(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan(United International University), Arkadeep Dhali(Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Kuldeep Dhama(Indian Veterinary Research Institute), Sreedhar Dharmagadda(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal(Goethe University Frankfurt), Meghnath Dhimal(Goethe University Frankfurt), Bibha Dhungel(The University of Melbourne), Marcello Di Pumpo(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Diana Dias da Silva(Universidade do Porto), Daniel Díaz(National Institute of Public Health), Luis Antonio Diaz(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), Kimia Didehvar(Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey), Elangovan Dilipan(Saveetha University), Lauren K. Dillard(Medical University of South Carolina), Xueting Ding(University of California, Irvine), Saeid Doaei(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Sushil Dohare(Jazan University), Клара Докова(Medical University of Varna), Mario D’Oria(University of Trieste), Fariba Dorostkar(Iran University of Medical Sciences), E. Ray Dorsey(University of Rochester), Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi(Bridgewater State University), Leila Doshmangir(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Robert Kokou Dowou(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Menayit Tamrat Dresse(University of Pittsburgh), Tim Driscoll(The University of Sydney), Ashel Chelsea Dsouza(Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute), Jiang Du(Jinzhou Medical University), John Dube(University of Windsor), Judy R. Dubno(Medical University of South Carolina), Emeka W. Dumbili(University College Dublin), Samuel Carvalho Dumith(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Bruce Bartholow Duncan(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), André Rodrigues Durães(Universidade Federal da Bahia), Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye(University of Sheffield), Ashit Kumar Dutta(Alfaisal University), Siddhartha Dutta(Ajman University), Sulagna Dutta(Ajman University), Osamudiamen Ebohon(Northwestern University), Ejemai Eboreime(Dalhousie University), Lamiaa Labieb Mahmoud Ebraheim(Zagazig University), Alireza Ebrahimi(Fred Hutch Cancer Center), Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi(Shahroud University of Medical Sciences), Abdelaziz Ed‐Dra(Université Sultan Moulay Slimane), David Edvardsson(La Trobe University), Ferry Efendi(La Trobe University), Behrad Eftekhari(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Foolad Eghbali(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Ashkan Eighaei Sedeh(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Terje Andreas Eikemo(Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Ebrahim Eini(Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences), Michael Ekholuenetale(University of Portsmouth), Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Rabie Adel El Arab(Saad Specialist Hospital), Abdelfatteh El Omri(Hamad Medical Corporation), Maysaa El Sayed Zaki(Mansoura University), Mohamed Ahmed Eladl(Mansoura University), Reza Elahi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Said El‐Ashker(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Rana Elbeshbeishy(Ain Shams University), Noha Mousaad Elemam(University of Sharjah), Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary(Ain Shams University), Muhammed Elhadi(Korea University), Mohamed Elhoumed(Université de Nouakchott), Waseem El‐Huneidi(University of Sharjah), Omar El Meligy(Alexandria University), Mohamed A. Elmonem(Cairo University), Rami Elmorsi(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Mohamed Hassan Elnaem(University of Ulster), Gihan ELNahas(Ain Shams University), Mohammed Elshaer(Mansoura University), Ibrahim Elsohaby(City University of Hong Kong), Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad Eltahawy(Damanhour University), Tadele Emagneneh(Woldia University), Misganu Endriyas(Hawassa University), Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar(Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences), Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor(University of Lagos), Derese Eshetu(Madda Walabu University), Majid Eslami(Semnan University of Medical Sciences), Narges Eslami(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo(Klaipėda University), Kara Estep(University of Washington), Oghenowede Eyawo(York University), Ugochukwu Anthony Eze(Federal Medical Centre), Elochukwu Ezenwankwo(Drexel University), Heidar Fadavian(Tarbiat Modares University), Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe(University of Ibadan), Omotayo Francis Fagbule(University of Nevada, Reno), Ayesha Fahim(Riphah International University), Saman Fahimi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Aamir Fahira(Guangdong Medical College), Ildar Fakhradiyev(Kazakh National Medical University), Aliasghar Fakhri‐Demeshghieh(University of Tehran), Luca Falzone(University of Catania), Qiping Fan(Clemson University), Mohammad Farahmand(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Ali Faramarzi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Fareed(Alfaisal University), Zaki Farhana(Bangladesh Bank), Luciana Costa Faria(Hospital de Faro EPE), Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha(University of Lisbon), MoezAlIslam E. Faris(Applied Science Private University), André Faro(Universidade Federal de Sergipe), Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Hossein Farrokhpour(Center for Non-Communicable Diseases), Fatemeh Farshad(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Farima Farsi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Folorunso O. Fasina(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Modupe Margaret Fasina(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Ali Fatehizadeh(Edith Cowan University), Davood Fathi(Tarbiat Modares University), Zareen Fatima(University of Lahore), Mohammad Fayaz(Shahed University), Pooria Fazeli(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Valery L. Feigin(University of Washington), Alireza Feizkhah(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Gelana Fekadu(Haramaya University), Ginenus Fekadu(Haramaya University), Ulrich Membe Femoe(Tulane University), Talukdar Raian Ferdous(University of Houston), Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad(University of Toronto), Rodrigo Fernández‐Jiménez(Hospital Clínico San Carlos), Pietro Ferrara(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Alize J Ferrari(The University of Queensland), Nuno Ferreira(University of Nicosia), Getahun Fetensa(Wollega University), Bikila Regassa Feyisa(Jimma University), Alexander Finnemore(Clinica Universidad de Navarra), Claudio Fiorilla(Federico II University Hospital), Florian Fischer(Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Ida Fitriana(Universitas Gadjah Mada), Federica Fogacci(University of Bologna), Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan(Obafemi Awolowo University), Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov(Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology), Marco Fonzo(University of Padua), Lisa M Force(St. Jude Children's Research Hospital), Daniela Fortuna(Agenzia Sanitaria e Sociale Regionale), Matteo Foschi(University of L'Aquila), Maryam Fotouhi(University of Southern California), Kayode Raphael Fowobaje(Karolinska Institutet), Richard Charles Franklin(James Cook University), Alberto Freitas(Decision Sciences (United States)), Jinming Fu(Xuzhou Medical College), Takeshi Fukumoto(Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine), Ami Fukunaga(Hiroshima University), John E Fuller(University of Washington), G Sridevi(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Péter Gaál(Semmelweis University), Muktar A Gadanya(Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital), Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka(University of Ghana), Lebo F. Gafane‐Matemane(North-West University), Márió Gajdács(University of Szeged), Yaseen Galali(Cihan University-Erbil), Dinara Galiyeva(Nazarbayev University), Silvano Gallus(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Dhanraj Ganapathy(Saveetha University), Balasankar Ganesan(Swinburne University of Technology), G Shivaprakash(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Xiang Gao(Xuzhou Medical College), Yijie Gao, Bashiru Garba(SIMAD University), Miguel Garcia‐Argibay(Örebro University), David García‐Azorín(Universidad de Valladolid), William M. Gardner(University of Washington), Wendy Espinoza(Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa), Zisis Gatzioufas(University of Basel), Prem Gautam(Texas Department of State Health Services), Rupesh K. Gautam(Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute), Bamba Gaye(Alliance for International Medical Action), Hong‐Han Ge(Shandong First Medical University), Feven Sahle Gebre(Addis Ababa University), Miglas Welay Gebregergis(Adigrat University), Mesfin Gebrehiwot(Ethiopian Environment Protection Authority), Miesa Gelchu(Bule Hora University), Stefano Gelibter(Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda), Nsikakabasi Samuel George(Jagiellonian University), Lemma Getacher(Debre Berhan University), Genanew Kassie Getahun(Ethiopian Public Health Institute), Kalab Yigermal Gete(Bahir Dar University), Peter W. Gething(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Keyghobad Ghadiri(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Fataneh Ghadirian(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Arin Ghamkhar(Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services), Shakiba Ghasemi Assl(Global Brain Health Institute), Fariba Ghassemi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Ramy Mohamed Ghazy(King Khalid University), Sama Ghoba(University of Washington), Maryam Gholamalizadeh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Zainab Gholami(University of Zanjan), Nasim Gholizadeh(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Zeinab Ghorbani(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Elena Ghotbi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Arun Digambarrao Ghuge(National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health), Alessandro Gialluisi(Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo), Konstantinos Giannakis(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Syed Abdullah Gilani(University of Nizwa), Tiffany K. Gill(The University of Adelaide), Bikash Ranjan Giri(St. John's College of Nursing), Alem Girmay(Aksum University), Alessandro Girombelli(Ospedale SS. Annunziata), László Göbölös(Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine), Anil Kumar Goel(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Archit Goel(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Rajesh Kumar Goel(Punjabi University), Lay Hoon Goh(National University of Singapore), Kimiya Gohari(Tarbiat Modares University), Mahaveer Golechha(Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar), Ali Golestani(Center for Non-Communicable Diseases), Davide Golinelli(Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Della Romagna), Melika Golmohammadi(Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences), Wenping Gong(Chinese PLA General Hospital), Alessandra C. Goulart(Universidade de São Paulo), Ayman Grada(Lake County Forest Preserves), Simon Matthew Graham(University of Liverpool), Michal Grivna(United Arab Emirates University), Shi‐Yang Guan(Anhui Medical University), Giovanni Guarducci(University of Ferrara), Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari(University of Sulaimani), Mesay Dechasa(Haramaya University), Avirup Guha(The Ohio State University), Stefano Guicciardi(University of Bologna), Sheffali Gulati(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Sasidhar Gunturu(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Cui Guo(University of Hong Kong), Xingzhi Guo(Shanxi Medical University), Zhao-Yu Guo(Open Data Institute), Zhifeng Guo(Open Data Institute), Bhawna Gupta(Torrens University Australia), Gaurav Gupta(Ajman University), Lalit Gupta(Maulana Azad Medical College), Rajeev Gupta(Gandhi Medical College & Hospital), Reyna Alma Gutiérrez(Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz), Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo(Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul), José Guzmán-Esquivel(Mexican Social Security Institute), Abrham Tesfaye Habteyes(Dilla University), Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes(Bahir Dar University), Tesfahun Simon Hadaro(Arba Minch University), Najah R Hadi(University of Kufa), Zahra Hadian(National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute), Abdul Hafiz(Umm al-Qura University), Sarah Hafsia(National Institute of Malaria Research), Faraidoon Haghdoost(The George Institute for Global Health), Arian Haghtalab(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Nguyen Hai Nam(Cho Ray Hospital), Addisalem Haile(Arba Minch University), Demewoz Haile(University of Washington), Pritam Halder(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Sebastian Haller(Robert Koch Institute), Rabih Halwani(University of Sharjah), Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz(University of Sulaimani), Islam Hamad(American University of Madaba), Randah R Hamadeh(Arabian Gulf University), Samer Hamidi(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Erin B Hamilton(University of Washington), Ahmad Hammoud(Bauman Moscow State Technical University), Chieh Han(University of Washington), Hannah Han(University of Washington), Asif Hanif(Sakarya University), Nasrin Hanifi(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Graeme J. Hankey(Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science), Fahad Hanna(Torrens University Australia), Ashanul Haque(University of Ha'il), Md. Nuruzzaman Haque(University of Rajshahi), Obaid I Haque(MedStar Health), Arief Hargono(Airlangga University), Andy Martahan Andreas Hariandja(Ministry of Health), Josep Maria Haro(Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu), Ashley Harris(University of Washington), Ahmed I Hasaballah(Al-Azhar University), Faizul Hasan(Chulalongkorn University), Md. Kamrul Hasan(Impact), Towhid Hasan(Noakhali Science and Technology University), Hamidreza Hasani(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Ali Hasanpour Dehkordi(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Hashem Hashempur(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Nada Tawfig Hashim(University of Khartoum), Ammarah Hasnain(University of Lahore), Abbas M. Hassan(Cairo University), Amr Hassan(Cairo University), Ibrahim Nagmeldin Hassan(University of Khartoum), Ikrama Hassan(University of Khartoum), Nageeb Hassan(Ajman University), Omed Hassan Ahmed(Duy Tan University), Yusuf Hassan Wada(Society for Family Health Nigeria), Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Soheil Hassanipour(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Lasanthi Wathsala Hathagoda(Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children), Johannes Haubold(Essen University Hospital), Rasmus Havmoeller(Region Skåne), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Youssef Hbid(UK Dementia Research Institute), Jiawei He(University of Washington), Jeffrey J. Hébert(University of New Brunswick), Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Mojtaba Heydari(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Kamal Hezam(Nankai University), Yuta Hiraike(The University of Tokyo), Nobuyuki Horita(National Institutes of Health), Alamgir Hossain(University of Rajshahi), Lubna Hossain(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Md. Belal Hossain(University of British Columbia), Md Mahbub Hossain(University of Dhaka), Md. Sabbir Hossain(Shahjalal University of Science and Technology), Mohammad Bellal Hossain(University of Dhaka), Hosseini Fatemeh(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(Duy Tan University), Mihaela Hostiuc(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Sorin Hostiuc(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Peter J. Hotez(Baylor College of Medicine), Priya Hotwani(Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences), Hanno Hoven(Universität Hamburg), Chengxi Hu(Tsinghua University), Yifei Hu(Capital Medical University), Junjie Huang(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Weijun Huang(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Yefei Huang(Xuzhou Medical College), Yuting Huang(Xuzhou Medical College), Zhenyao Huang(Xuzhou Medical College), Mega Hasanul Huda(University of Indonesia), Ayesha Humayun(Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute), Waqar Husain(COMSATS University Islamabad), Kiavash Hushmandi(Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences), Javid Hussain(University of Nizwa), Nawfal R Hussein(University of Zakho), Mohamed I. Husseiny(Zagazig University), Luigi Francesco Iannone(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye(University of Ibadan), Khalid S Ibrahim(University of Zakho), Ramzi Ibrahim(Abu Dhabi University), Reem Ibrahim(Abu Dhabi University), Umar Ibrahim(Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Anel Ibrayeva(Kazakh National Medical University), Fidelia Ida(AVEO Oncology (United States)), Kevin S Ikuta(West Los Angeles College), Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University College Hospital, Ibadan), Irena Ilić(University of Belgrade), Milena Ilić(University of Kragujevac), Muhammad Hamza Ilyas(Massachusetts General Hospital), Mohammad Tarique Imam(Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University), Masoud Imani(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Lucius Chidiebere Imoh(University of Jos), Arit Inok(University of Exeter), Meesha Iqbal(Wuhan University), Mujahid Iqbal(Wuhan University), Lalu Muhammad Irham(Universitas Ahmad Dahlan), Mustafa Alhaji Isa(University of Maiduguri), Benni Iskandar(Taipei Medical University), Teresa R Iskander, Md Rabiul Islam(BRAC University), Md Shahinul Islam(Birmingham City University), Md Shariful Islam(Birmingham City University), Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam(Deakin University), Farhad Islami(American Cancer Society), Faisal Ismail(National Center for Disease Control), Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail(AIMST University), Yerlan Ismoldayev(Kazakh National Medical University), Gaetano Isola(University of Catania), Masao Iwagami(University of Tsukuba), Ihoghosa Iyamu(University of British Columbia), J Vinothini(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Jalil Jaafari(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Louis Jacob(Université Paris Cité), Kathryn H. Jacobsen(University of Richmond), Ali Jadidi(Arak University of Medical Sciences), Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Mohammadsadegh Jafari(Volgograd State Medical University), Morteza Jafarinia(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Abdollah Jafarzadeh(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Shabbar Jaffar(The George Institute for Global Health), Haitham Jahrami(International Hospital of Bahrain), Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun(Dubai Health Authority), Vikash Jaiswal(Larkin Community Hospital), Sanobar Jaka(Nassau University Medical Center), Mihajlo Jakovljević(Shaanxi University of Technology), Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh(Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch), Mohamed Jalloh(Medical College of Wisconsin), Armaan Jamal(Chicago Department of Public Health), Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal(Qassim University), Jazlan Jamaluddin(University of Malaya), Jerin James(SRM Institute of Science and Technology), Hasan M. Jamil(St. Luke's International University), Safayet Jamil(Daffodil International University), Roland Dominic G. Jamora(St. Luke's Medical Center), Masoud Jamshidi(Institute for Musculoskeletal Health), Shaghayegh JamshidiRastabi(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Rajiv Janardhanan(SRM Institute of Science and Technology), Chinmay Jani(Harvard University Press), Esmaeil Jarrahi(Royan Institute), Tahereh Javaheri(Boston University), Syed Sarmad Javaid(Jinnah Sindh Medical University), Anita Javanmardi(Karolinska Institutet), Javad Javidnia(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Talha Jawaid(Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University), Qassim Jawell Odah Abed(Middle Technical University), Sathish Kumar Jayapal(Oman Medical College), Shubha Jayaram(Government Medical College), Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe(University of Peradeniya), Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe(University of Peradeniya), Sun Ha Jee(Yonsei University), Jayakumar Jeganathan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Diptismita Jena(Graphic Era University), Seogsong Jeong(Korea University), Bijay Mukesh Jeswani(B.J. Medical College), Vivekanand Jha(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), John S. Ji(Vanke (China)), Min Jiang(Xuzhou Medical College), Wenyi Jin(City University of Hong Kong), Nabi Jomehzadeh(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Jost B Jonas(Institut Français), Tamas Joo(Semmelweis University), Abu Jor(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Abel Joseph(Stanford University), Nitin Joseph(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Meha Joshi(Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women), George V. Joy(Hamad Medical Corporation), Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak(University of Opole), Mikk Jürisson(University of Tartu), K Vaishali(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Billingsley Kaambwa(Flinders University), Ali Kabir(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Zubair Kabir(University College Cork), Rajendra Kadel(Public Health Wales), Dler Hussein Kadir(Cihan University-Erbil), Ashish Kumar Kakkar(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Rizwan Kalani(University of Washington), Khalil Kalavani(Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch), Feroze Kaliyadan(King Faisal University), Sanjay Kalra(Chandigarh University), Md Moustafa Kamal(The University of Sydney), Mehnaz Kamal(The University of Sydney), Sivesh K. Kamarajah(NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre), Rajesh Kamath(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Saltanat Kamenova(Kazakh National Medical University), Arun Kamireddy(Johns Hopkins University), Ramat T. Kamorudeen(Public Health Wales), Devanish Narasimhasanth Kamtam(Stanford University), Naser Kamyari(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Oleksandr Kamyshnyi(I.Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University), Mona Kanaan(University of York), Saddam F. Kanaan(Qatar University), Jiseung Kang(Korea University), Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi(University of Puthisastra), Suthanthira Kannan S(ACS Medical College and Hospital), Rami S. Kantar(NYU Langone Health), Debasish Kar(University of Plymouth), Sujita Kumar Kar(King George's Medical University), Paschalis Karakasis(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Jafar Karami(Imam Khomeini Hospital), Reema Karasneh(Yarmouk University), Mohammad Amin Karimi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Salah Eddin Karimi(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Arman Karimi Behnagh(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mohmed Isaqali Karobari(Saveetha University), Tomasz M. Karpiński(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Adarsh Katamreddy(Jacobi Medical Center), Joonas H. Kauppila(Karolinska Institutet), Kanica Kaushal(Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences), Foad Kazemi(Johns Hopkins University), N. Rad(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Sina Kazemian(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Hafte Kahsay Kebede(Jimma University), Yabets Tesfaye Kebede(Bridgeport Hospital), Tibebeselassie Seyoum Keflie(University of Hohenheim), Swetha Nagarahalli Kempegowda(JSS Medical College and Hospital), Salima Kerai(Hospital for Sick Children), Jessica A. Kerr(Murdoch Children's Research Institute), Vikash Ranjan Keshri(UNSW Sydney), Kamyab Keshtkar(Arizona State University), Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot(Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement), Reza Khademi(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Yousef Saleh Khader(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Sidra Khalid, Hazim O. Khalifa(Kafrelsheikh University), Anas H. Khalifeh(Zarqa University), Anees Ahmed Khalil(University of Lahore), Anita Khalili(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Pantea Khalili(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Alireza Khalilian(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Ghazaleh Khalili‐Tanha(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Mohamed Khalis(Instituts Supérieurs des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé), Faham Khamesipour(Iran Nanohealth Committee Food and Drug Organization), Ajmal Khan(University of Nizwa), Fayaz Ahmad Khan(King Abdulaziz University), Gulfaraz Khan(United Arab Emirates University), Iman Waheed Khan(Reading Hospital), Maseer Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Md. Abdullah Saeed Khan(University of Nizwa), Mohammad Jobair Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Muhammad Hamza Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Muhammad Mueed Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Muhammad Umair Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Muhammad Umer Khan(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Salman Khan(Silesian University of Technology), Muhammad Salim Khan(Silesian University of Technology), Sumaiya Khan(Silesian University of Technology), Ubaid Khan(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Yusuf S. Khan(University of Ha'il), Zahid Khan(University of South Wales), Vishnu Khanal(Nepal Red Cross Society), Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi(Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center), Sameer Khasbage(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur), Zenith Khashim(Mayo Clinic in Florida), Khaled Khatab(Ohio University), Haitham Khatatbeh(Yarmouk University), Moawiah Khatatbeh(Yarmouk University), Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Kavin Khatri(Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education), Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Khalid A Kheirallah(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Sunil Kumar Khokhar(University of Pennsylvania Health System), Najmaddin Khoshnaw(Sulaimani Polytechnic University), Atulya Aman Khosla(Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak), Ardeshir Khosravi(Ministry of Health and Medical Education), Fatemeh Khosravi(University of Washington), Sepehr Khosravi(Center for Non-Communicable Diseases), Mahmood Khosrowjerdi(University of Inland Norway), Pratik Khuman(Charotar University of Science and Technology), Zemene Demelash Kifle(University of Gondar), Hye Jun Kim(Seoul National University), Jinho Kim(Korea University), Kwanghyun Kim(Creighton University), Min Seo Kim(Broad Institute), Yun Jin Kim(Xiamen University Malaysia), Ruth W Kimokoti(Millennium Engineering and Integration (United States)), Tadele Kinati(DeSales University), Yohannes Kinfu(Pacific Community), Sanjay Kini(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mary Kirk(University of Washington), Adnan Kısa(Tulane University), Sezer Kısa(OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University), Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek(Jagiellonian University), Tegene Atamenta Kitaw(Woldia University), Mika Kivimäki(University of Helsinki), Abdul Basith KM(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), KM Shivakumar(Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences), Ann Kristin Knudsen(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Nazarii Kobyliak(Bogomolets National Medical University), Jonathan Kocarnik(University of Washington), Sonali Kochhar(University of Washington), Prakash Babu Kodali(University of California, San Francisco), Michail Kokkorakis(Harvard University), Ali‐Asghar Kolahi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Diana Gladys Kolieghu Tcheumeni(University of Bamenda), Kairi Kõlves(Griffith University), Joyce Komesuor(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Farzad Kompani(Children's Medical Center), Аida Kondybayeva(Kazakh National Medical University), Isaac Koomson(The University of Queensland), Gerbrand Koren(Utrecht University), Tapos Kormoker(Education University of Hong Kong), Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov(Sechenov University), Oleksii Korzh(Kharkiv National Medical University), Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev(Philipps University of Marburg), Parvaiz A Koul(Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences), Irene Akwo Kretchy(University of Ghana), James‐Paul Kretchy(Central University), Kewal Krishan(Panjab University), Chong-Han Kua(Republic Polytechnic), Ananya Kuanar(Siksha O Anusandhan University), Barthélémy Kuate Defo(Université de Montréal), Mohammed Kuddus(University of Ha'il), Ilari Kuitunen(University of Eastern Finland), Mukhtar Kulimbet(Kazakh National Medical University), Shweta Kulshreshtha(Amity University), Dewesh Kumar(Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences), Dhasarathi Kumar(Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences), Jogender Kumar(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Kamal Kumar, Mukesh Kumar(Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital), Nitesh Kumar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Nithin Kumar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Tarun Kumar(Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences), Tushar Kumar(Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences), Vijay Kumar(Creighton University), Vikash Kumar(Creighton University), Kumaran Subramanian(India Diabetes Research Foundation), Jibin Kunjavara(Hamad Medical Corporation), Setor K. Kunutsor(University of Bristol), Almagul Kurmanova(Al-Farabi Kazakh National University), Om Kurmi(Coventry University), Maria Dyah Kurniasari(Satya Wacana Christian University), Krishna Prasad Kurpad(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Asep Kusnali(National Research and Innovation Agency), Christina Yeni Kustanti(Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta), Dian Kusuma(Khalifa University of Science and Technology), Tezer Kutluk(Hacettepe University Hospital), Assylkhan Kuttybayev(Kazakh National Medical University), Evans F. Kyei(University of Massachusetts Boston), Grace K. Kyei(University of Massachusetts Boston), Frank Kyei‐Arthur(University of Environment and Sustainable Development), Ville Kytö(University of Turku), L C Pallavi(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Adriano La Vecchia(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Carlo La Vecchia(University of Milan), Alessio Lachi(Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences), Muhammad Awwal Ladan(Bayero University Kano), Abraham K Lagat(Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology), Chandrakant Lahariya(Public Health Foundation of India), Daphne Teck Ching Lai(Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Balzhan Lakanova(Kazakh National Medical University), Anita Lakhani(Dayalbagh Educational Institute), Tea Lallukka(University of Helsinki), Judit Lám(Semmelweis University), Iván Landires(Ministerio de Salud Pública), Berthold Langguth(University of Regensburg), Ariane Laplante-Lévesque(Linköping University), Laura Lara-Castor(University of Washington), Savita Lasrado(Father Muller Medical College Hospital), Kamaluddin Latief(University of Indonesia), Areeba Latif(University of Management and Technology), Mahrukh Latif(University of Lahore), Jerrald Lau(National University of Singapore), Paolo Lauriola(Doctors of the World), Aliyu Lawan(Western University), Teniola Lawanson(Center for Clinical Care and Research in Nigeria), Harriet Lawford(The University of Queensland), Eilean Rathinasamy Lazarus(Sultan Qaboos University), Dai-Nam Le(Can Tho University), Dai-Nam Le(Can Tho University), Thao Thi Thu Le(University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City), Caterina Ledda(University of Catania), Ivan Lee(University of South Australia), Paul H. Lee(University of Southampton), Seung Won Lee(Sungkyunkwan University), Yo Han Lee(Korea University), James Leigh(Asbestos Diseases Research Institute), Vasileios Leivaditis(University of Patras), Matthew J. Lennon(UNSW Sydney), Matilde Leonardi(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Elvynna Leong(Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Negin Letafatkar(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Chengfeng Li(Edith Cowan University), Hui Li(Shenzhen Bao'an District People's Hospital), Jiaying Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Jie Li(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Ming‐Chieh Li(National Taiwan Normal University), Si Li(Mayo Clinic Hospital), Wei Li(University City Science Center), Weilong Li(University City Science Center), Zhaolong Li(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Zhengrui Li(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Yanxue Lian(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Chen Liao(Nanchang University), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Jialing Lin(UNSW Sydney), Queran Lin(Iowa State University), Shuzhi Lin(Xi'an Jiaotong University), Daniel Lindholm(Uppsala University), Christine Linehan(University College Dublin), Yuewei Ling(Stanford University), Shai Linn(Zefat Academic College), Haipeng Liu(Intelligent Health (United Kingdom)), Jue Liu(Peking University), Xianliang Liu(Yale University), Xiaofeng Liu(Yale University), Xuefeng Liu(Yale University), Zhe Liu(Xinyu University), Zhenyu Liu(Xinyu University), Erand Llanaj(Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V.), Michael J. Loftus(Alfred Health), Valerie Lohner(University of Cologne), José Francisco López‐Gil(Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo), Platon D Lopukhov(Sechenov University), Stefan Lorkowski(Supply Chain Competence Center (Germany)), Rafael Lozano(University of Washington), Shanjie Luan(Qingdao University), Jailos Lubinda(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Taraneh Lucas(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Giancarlo Lucchetti(Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora), Alessandra Lugo(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Raimundas Lunevičius(University of Liverpool), Huaxia Luo(Peking University), Lisha Luo(Wuhan University), Susu Luo(Second Military Medical University), Lei Lv(Novo Nordisk (United States)), Miltiadis D. Lytras(Effat University), Ellina Lytvyak(Tulane University), Kevin Sheng‐Kai(Center for Global Health), Zheng Feei(University of the West of England), Raymond Saa-Eru Maalman(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Kelsey Lynn Maass(University of Washington), Mahmoud Mabrok(Suez Canal University), Nikolaos Machairas(Athens State University), Monika Machoy(Pomeranian Medical University), Seyed Ataollah Madinezad(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Áurea Madureira-Carvalho(Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário), Pasquale Maffia(University of Naples Federico II), Sasikumar Mahalingam(Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences), Samatar Abshir Mahamed(Amoud University), Nozad Hussein Mahmood(Cihan University-Erbil), Shakeel Ahmed Ibne Mahmood(Charles Sturt University), Alireza Mahmoudi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), My Tra Mai(Can Tho University), Hao Xuan(National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science), Rituparna Maiti(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar), Marek Majdán(University of Trnava), Abdelrahman M Makram(October 6 University), Omar Mohamed Makram(Augusta University), Mohammad-Reza Malekpour(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Reza Malekzadeh(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Hardeep Singh Malhotra(King George's Medical University), Ahmad Azam Malik(King Abdulaziz University), Farihah Malik(University of Lahore), Déborah Carvalho Malta(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Mustapha Mangdow(University of Kansas Medical Center), Jyothsna Manikkath(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Yosef Manla(Eisenhower Medical Center), Fahmida Mannan(Population Health Research Institute), Farheen Mansoor(University of Karachi), Marjan Mansourian(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Alì Mansournia(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), LG Mantovani(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Changkun Mao(Anhui Medical University), Tahir Maqbool(University of Lahore), Bishnu P. Marasini(Tribhuvan University), Hamid Reza Marateb(University of Isfahan), Joemer C Maravilla(The University of Queensland), Adilson Marques(University of Lisbon), Bernardo Alfonso Martínez-Guerra(Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán), Ramón Martínez(World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas), Daniela Martini(University of Milan), Santi Martini(Airlangga University), Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo(Universidade Federal do Ceará), Miquel Martorell(University of Concepción), Winfried März(Medical University of Graz), Roy Rillera Marzo(Monash University Malaysia), Sammer Marzouk(Northwestern University), Sugeng Mashudi(Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta), Stefano Masi(University of Pisa), Yasith Mathangasinghe(Monash University), Stephanie Mathieson(The University of Sydney), Alexander G. Mathioudakis(University of Manchester), Medha Mathur(Rabindranath Tagore Medical College), Neeta Mathur(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Rita Mattiello(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Richard J. Maude(University of Oxford), Pallab K Maulik(UNSW Sydney), Miranda May(University of Washington), Mahsa Mayeli(Yale University), Mohsen Mazidi(University of Oxford), Antonio Mazzotti(Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna), Ikechukwu Innocent Mbachu(Nnamdi Azikiwe University), Martin McKee(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Michael A McPhail(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Steven McPhail(Queensland Health), Rishi P Mediratta(Palo Alto University), Jitendra Meena(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Medhin Mehari(Adigrat University), Riffat Mehboob(CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry), Ravi Mehrotra(Centre for Policy Research), Vini Mehta(Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Tesfahun Mekene Meto(Arba Minch University), Hadush Negash Meles(Adigrat University), Addisu Melese(Bahir Dar University), Satish Melwani(Monash University), Aishe Memetova(Washington State Department of Health), Walter Mendoza(Universidad Científica del Sur), Godfred Antony Menezes(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ritesh G. Menezes(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Emiru Ayalew(Bahir Dar University), George A. Mensah(National Institutes of Health), Sultan Ayoub Meo(University of Aberdeen), Michelangelo Mercogliano, Atte Meretoja(The University of Melbourne), Tuomo J Meretoja(University of Helsinki), Tomislav Mestrovic(University of Washington), Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda(University of Kelaniya), Sachith Mettananda(University of Kelaniya), Mohamed M.M. Metwally(Zagazig University), Adquate Mhlanga(Loyola University Chicago), Tomasz Miazgowski(Pomeranian Medical University), Irmina Maria Michałek(The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology), Andrea Michelerio(Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione), Hiwot Soboksa Mideksa(Addis Ababa University), Kebadnew Mulatu(Bahir Dar University), Ted R. Miller(University of Michigan–Flint), Giuseppe Minervini(University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"), Wai‐Kit Ming(City University of Hong Kong), GK Mini(Institute of Public Health Bengaluru), Mojgan Mirghafourvand(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Andreea Mirică(Bucharest University of Economic Studies), Alireza Mirkheshti(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad(University Health Network), Mizan Kiros Mirutse(University of Bergen), Maryam Mirzaei(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Archana Mishra(M.J.P. Rohilkhand University), Ashim Mishra(M.J.P. Rohilkhand University), Vinaytosh Mishra(Panacea Biotec (India)), Philip B. Mitchell(UNSW Sydney), S. Mitra(The University of Sydney), Chaitanya Mittal(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Mohammadreza Mobayen(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Madeline E Moberg(University of Washington), Shivani Modi(Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia), Ahmed Ismail Mohamed(Jimma University), Heba M Mohamed(Higher Colleges of Technology), Jama Mohamed(University of Hargeisa), Mona Gamal Mohamed(Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University), Nouh Saad Mohamed(National Centre for Research), Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed(University of Khartoum), Taj Mohammad(Jamia Millia Islamia), Abdolreza Mohammadi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Reza Mohammadi(Tarbiat Modares University), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Abdulwase Mohammed(Haramaya University), Ammas Siraj Mohammed(Haramaya University), Hussen Mohammed(Dire Dawa University), Omer Mohammed(Government College Kodanchery), Shafiu Mohammed(Ahmadu Bello University), Suleiman Mohammed(Ahmadu Bello University), Yahaya Mohammed(Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto), Mohammad Mohseni(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Tsz Ngai Mok(City University of Hong Kong), Amin Mokari‐Yamchi(Urmia University), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Washington), Sabrina Molinaro(Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica), Amirabbas Mollaei(Golestan University), Shaher Momani(University of Jordan), Lorenzo Monasta(IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo), Amirabbas Monazzami(Razi University), Himel Mondal(All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar), Marco Montalti(Directorate of Health), Yousef Moradi(Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), Tamás Joó(Yasuj University of Medical Sciences), Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Paula Moraga(King Abdullah University of Science and Technology), Lídia Morawska(Queensland University of Technology), Rafael Silveira Moreira(Universidade Federal de Pernambuco), Mahmoud M Morsy(October 6 University), Reza Mosaddeghi-Heris(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Jonathan F Mosser(University of Washington), Elías Mossialos(Imperial College London), Maha Motavvef(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Vincent Mougin(University of Washington), Asma Mousavi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Seyed Seifollah Beladi Mousavi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Amin Mousavi Khaneghah(ITMO University), Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Mousavi Kiasary(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Amanda Movo(University of Washington), Hagar Lotfy Mowafy(Cairo University), Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Matías Mrejen(Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Rabia Mubarak(Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University), Sumaira Mubarik(University of Groningen), Steward Mudenda(University of Zambia), Faraz Mughal(University of Manchester), Syed Aun Muhammad(Bahauddin Zakariya University), Muhammad Solihuddin Muhtar(Taipei Medical University), Óscar J. Mújica(World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas), Sukhes Mukherjee(Edge Foundation), Sumoni Mukherjee(Edge Foundation), Amartya Mukhopadhyay(National University Health System), M A Muktadir(North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University), Sileshi Mulatu(Bahir Dar University), Francesk Mulita(University of Thessaly), Chalie Mulugeta(Woldia University), Damaris Mulwa(Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology), Javier Muñoz Laguna(University of Zurich), Anjana Munshi(Central University of Punjab), Efrén Murillo‐Zamora(Mexican Social Security Institute), Ali Mushtaq(Cleveland Clinic), Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha(Near East University), Sathish Muthu(Orthopaedic Research Group), Muthupandian Saravanan(Fahd bin Sultan University), Claude Mambo Muvunyi(University of Rwanda), Woojae Myung(Seoul National University), Amin Nabavi(University of Tennessee Health Science Center), Fatemehzahra Naddafi(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Ayoub Nafei(Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research), Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Ganesh R. Naik(Flinders University), Gurudatta Naik(Flinders University), Firzan Nainu(Hasanuddin University), Sanjeev Nair(Government Medical College), Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen(Cihan University-Erbil), Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Gopal Nambi(Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University), Ni Gusti Ayu Nanditha(University of Washington), Vinay Nangia(Suraj Eye Institute), Jobert Richie Nansseu(Université de Yaoundé I), Ibrahim A Naqid(University of Zakho), Aparna Ichalangod Narayana(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shumaila Nargus(University of Lahore), Delaram Narimani Davani(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Yvonne Ayerki Nartey(University of Bristol), Bruno Ramos Nascimento(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Gustavo G. Nascimento(National Dental Centre of Singapore), Abdallah Y. Naser(Isra University), Abdulqadir J. Nashwan(Hamad Medical Corporation), Hamide Nasiri(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Mahmoud Nassar(University of Vermont), Zuhair S. Natto(Boston University), Javaid Nauman(United Arab Emirates University), Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna(University of Peradeniya), Biswa Prakash Nayak(Amity University), Shalini Ganesh Nayak(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vinod C Nayak(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shumaila Naz(National University of Medical Sciences), Athare Nazri-Panjaki(Zahedan University of Medical Sciences), Gordon Takop Nchanji(University of Buea), Sabina O. Nduaguba(West Virginia University), Amanuel Tebabal Nega(Bahir Dar University), Meti T Negassa(Johns Hopkins University), Chernet Tafere(Bahir Dar University), Ionuţ Negoi(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Ruxandra Irina Negoi(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Alina Gabriela Negru(Clinical Emergency Hospital Bucharest), Chakib Nejjari(Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes), Samata Nepal(Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital), Olivia D Nesbit(University of Washington), Henok Biresaw Netsere(Bahir Dar University), Marie Ng(National University of Singapore), Georges Nguefack‐Tsague(Université de Yaoundé I), Josephine W Ngunjiri(University of Embu), Cuong Tat Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Dang Nguyen(Harvard University), Huy‐Binh Nguyen(Can Tho University), Nga Nguyen(Can Tho University), The Viet Hoang Nguyen(Hitotsubashi University), Van Thanh Nguyen(University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City), Ambe Marius Ngwa(University of Bamenda), Robina Khan Niazi(International Islamic University, Islamabad), Luciano Nieddu(Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma), Yeshambel T. Nigatu(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health), Ali Nikoobar(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Vikram Niranjan(University of Limerick), Abebe Melis Nisro(Hawassa University), Chukwudi A Nnaji(University of Cape Town), Shuhei Nomura(Keio University), Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor(Shahjalal University of Science and Technology), Mohammadamin Noorafrooz(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mamoona Noreen(The Women University Multan), Masoud Noroozi(University of Isfahan), Jean Jacques Noubiap(University of California, San Francisco), Mehran Nouri(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Taylor Noyes(University of Washington), Valentine C. Nriagu(Maimonides Medical Center), Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi(Nnamdi Azikiwe University), Jean Claude Nshimiyimana(Euclid University), Fred Nugen(Mayo Clinic in Arizona), Mengistu H Nunemo(Wachemo University), Nurfatimah Nurfatimah(Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Semarang), Dieta Nurrika(Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education), Sylvester Dodzi Nyadanu(Curtin University), Felix Kwasi Nyande(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Bogdan Oancea(University of Bucharest), Ramez M. Odat(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Fabio Massimo Oddi(University of Rome Tor Vergata), Ismail Ayoade Odetokun(University of Ilorin), Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya(University of Lagos), Joseph Kojo Oduro(University of Cape Coast), Michael Safo Oduro(Pfizer (United States)), Oluwafunmilayo Tosin Ogundeko-Olugbami(Malaria Consortium), Abiola Ogunkoya(University of Ibadan), Oluwafunmbi Ebenezer Ogunmiluyi(University of Medical Sciences, Ondo), In‐Hwan Oh(University of Ulsan), Sarah Soyeon Oh(Empowerment Program), Hassan Okati‐Aliabad(Zahedan University of Medical Sciences), Sylvester Reuben Okeke(The University of Sydney), Deborah Oluwatosin Okeke-Obayemi(University of Ibadan), Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle(Seoul National University), Olalekan John Okesanya(University of Thessaly), Osaretin Christabel Okonji(University of the Western Cape), Bolanle Ola(Griffith University), Oluwaseyi Isaiah Olabisi(University of Ibadan), Oladotun Olalusi(University of Ibadan), Matthew Idowu Olatubi(University of Calgary), Arão Belitardo Oliveira(Universidade de São Paulo), Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba(Ahmadu Bello University), Oluseye Oludoye(Teesside University), Ronald Olum(Johns Hopkins University), Bolajoko O. Olusanya(Centre for Healthy Start Initiative), Jacob Olusegun Olusanya(Centre for Healthy Start Initiative), Oluwafemi G Oluwole(University of Cape Town), Folorunsho Bright Omage(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), Goran Latif Omer(University of Rome Tor Vergata), Abidemi Omonisi(Ekiti State University), Kanyin Liane Ong(University of Washington), Sandersan Onie(Harvard University), Obinna Onwujekwe(University of Nigeria), Oluwaseyi Aina Gbolade Opesemowo(University of Johannesburg), John Nelson Opio(Flinders University), Marcel Opitz(Essen University Hospital), Aksoltan Shyhdurdyevna Oradova(Kazakh National Medical University), Michał Ordak(Medical University of Warsaw), Verner N. Orish(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Raffaele Ornello(University of L'Aquila), Atakan Orscelik(University of California, San Francisco), Alberto Ortíz(Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz), Esteban Ortiz‐Prado(Universidad de Las Américas), Augustus Osborne(University of Sierra Leone), Samuel M Ostroff(University of Washington), John W. Ostrominski(Harvard University), Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu(Western Sydney University), Olayinka Osuolale(Elizade University), Elham H. Othman(Applied Science Private University), Adrian Oţoiu(Bucharest University of Economic Studies), Abdu Oumer(Haramaya University), Jerry John Nutor(University of California, San Francisco), Amel Ouyahia(University Ferhat Abbas of Setif), Mayowa Owolabi(University of Ibadan), Irene Amoakoh Owusu(University of Ghana), Oladayo A. Oyebanji(University Hospitals of Cleveland), Kolapo Oyebola(Nigerian Institute of Medical Research), Tope Oyelade(University College London), Kehinde Adewole Oyeniran(Afe Babalola University), Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), İlker Özşahin(Near East University), P A Mahesh(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Kevin Pacheco‐Barrios(Harvard University), Alicia Padrón‐Monedero(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Jagadish Rao Padubidri(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Dimpal Manilal Paija(Charotar University of Science and Technology), Anton Pak(The University of Queensland), Yeganeh Pakbaz(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Pramod Kumar Pal(National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences), Tamás Palicz(Semmelweis University), Raffaele Palladino(Federico II University Hospital), Tejasri Paluvai(Directorate of Health), Feng Pan(University of Tasmania), Sujogya Kumar Panda(Siksha O Anusandhan University), Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas(Heidelberg University), Deepshikha Pande Katare(Amity University), Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal(Chandigarh University), Victoria Pando‐Robles(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Apurvakumar Pandya(Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar), Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan(Ministry of Health), Georgios D. Panos(University of Nottingham), Leonidas D Panos(University of Cyprus), Ioannis Pantazopoulos(University of Bern), Anca Pantea Stoian(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Giovanni Paolino(IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele), Mario Virgilio Papa(University of Padua), Ilias Papadimopoulos(Medical University of Vienna), Paraskevi Papadopoulou(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Romil R Parikh(University of Minnesota), Chulwoo Park(University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Seoyeon Park(Stanford University), Arpit Parmar(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar), Roberto Passera(Azienda Ospedaliera Citta' della Salute e della Scienza di Torino), Jay Patel(University of Leeds), Mitesh Patel(Marwadi University), Neel Patel(Tennessee Clinical Research Center), Sangram Kishor Patel(Siksha O Anusandhan University), Satyananda Patel(Siksha O Anusandhan University), Bharat Patil(Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences), Shankargouda Patil(Roseman University of Health Sciences), Dimitrios Patoulias(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Apurba Patra(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Venkata Suresh Patthipati(Coastal Orthopedics), Shrikant Pawar(Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), Shubhadarshini Pawar(Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Neil Pearce(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Amy E. Peden(UNSW Sydney), Paolo Pedersini(Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation), Jarmila Pekarčíková(University of Trnava), Louise Penberthy(University of Washington), Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito(Ateneo de Manila University), Emmanuel Peprah(New York University), Prince Peprah(Macquarie University), João Perdigão(University of Lisbon), Gavin Pereira(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Gladymar Pérez Chacón(UNSW Sydney), Arokiasamy Perianayagam(Qatar University), Norberto Perico(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Simone Perna(University of Milan), Konrad Pesudovs(UNSW Sydney), Pavlo Petakh(Uzhhorod National University), Ionela-Roxana Petcu(Bucharest University of Economic Studies), Olumuyiwa James Peter(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha(University of Glasgow), William A. Petri(University of Virginia), Hoang Nhat Pham(University of Arizona), Hoang Tran Pham(University of Arizona), Tung Pham Thanh(Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population), Anil K. Philip(University of Nizwa), Michael Phillips(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Zahra Zahid Piracha(Riphah International University), Edoardo Pirera(University of Palermo), Moein Piroozkhkah(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Saeed Pirouzpanah(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Enrico Pisoni(European Commission), Evgenii Plotnikov(Siberian State Medical University), Indrashis Podder(College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital), Dimitri Poddighe(VinUniversity), Р. В. Полибин(Sechenov University), Ramesh Poluru(INCLEN Trust International), Arjun Pon Avudaiappan(Baptist Hospital of Miami), Ville Ponkilainen(Tampere University), Ion Popa(Academia Oamenilor de Știință din România), Djordje S. Popovic(University of Novi Sad), Thantrira Porntaveetus(Chulalongkorn University), Sajjad Pourasghary(Urmia University), Reza Pourbabaki(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Farzad Pourghazi(Mayo Clinic in Florida), Naeimeh Pourtaheri(Bam University of Medical Sciences), Sergio I. Prada(Fundación Valle del Lili), Jalandhar Pradhan(National Institute of Technology Rourkela), Rifky Octavia Pradipta(Airlangga University), Akila Prashant(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Elton Junio Sady Prates(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Natalie Pritchett(University of Washington), Harsh Priya(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Nicola Riccardo Pugliese(University of Pisa), Jagadeesh Puvvula(University of Pennsylvania), Nameer Hashim Qasim(Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture), Ibrahim Qattea(Case Western Reserve University), Xiang Qi(New York University), Zhipeng Qi(Xuzhou Medical College), Yanan Qiao(Shandong University), Quazi Syed Zahiruddin(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Navid Rabiee(Saveetha University), Reza Rabiei(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Basuki Rachmat(National Research and Innovation Agency), Raghu Radhakrishnan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Venkatraman Radhakrishnan(Cancer Institute (WIA)), Maja R Radojčić(University of Manchester), Negar Radpour(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Hadi Raeisi Shahraki(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Lida Rafati(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Ibrar Rafique(National Institute of Health), Pracheth Raghuveer(National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences), Fakher Rahim(Osh State University), H Rahim(University of Human Development), Sajjad Rahimi(Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences), Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Fryad Majeed Rahman(American University of Iraq Sulaimani), Mahbubur Rahman(Royal Veterinary College), Md. Mosfequr Rahman(Royal Veterinary College), Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman(Royal Veterinary College), Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman(Royal Veterinary College), Mosiur Rahman(Royal Veterinary College), Amir Masoud Rahmani(National Yunlin University of Science and Technology), Saeed Rahmani(Yale University), Masoud Rahmati(Ceres), Ghasem Rahmatpour Rokni(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Hakim Rahmoune(University Ferhat Abbas of Setif), Diego Raimondo(Azienda USL di Bologna), Ivano Raimondo(University of Sassari), Sunil Kumar Raina(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College), Jeffrey Pradeep Raj(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Adarsh Raja(Dow University of Health Sciences), Sathish Rajaa(Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital), Erta Rajabi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Gunaseelan Rajendran(Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital), Judah Rajendran(Cleveland Clinic), Vinoth Rajendran(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Shaman Rajindrajith(University of Colombo), Pushp Lata Rajpoot(Jazan University), Prashant Rajput(Centre for Chronic Disease Control), Mahmoud M. Ramadan(Mansoura University), Majed Ramadan(Mansoura University), Kadar Ramadhan(Ministry of Health), C. Ramasamy(Siddhartha Medical College), Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy(Stanford University), Zahra Ramezani(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Marzieh Ramezani Farani(Inha University), Robinson Ramírez‐Vélez(Universidad Publica de Navarra), Juwel Rana(Asian University of Bangladesh), Kirtan Rana(NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Lata Mangeshkar Hospital), Shailendra Singh Rana(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Chhabi Lal Ranabhat(Eastern Kentucky University), Nemanja Rančić(Augusta University), Smitha Rani(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Fatemeh Ranjbar Noei(Golestan University), Chythra R Rao(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Kumuda Rao(Nitte University), Mithun Rao(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Davide Rasella(Universidade Federal da Bahia), Sina Rashedi(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Vahid Rashedi(University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences), Mamunur Rashid(University of Gävle), Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Aziz Rasouli(Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Azad Rasul(Soran University), Devarajan Rathish(Rajarata University of Sri Lanka), Abdur Rauf(University of Swabi), Santosh Kumar Rauniyar(The University of Tokyo), Ilari Rautalin(Helsinki University Hospital), Ramin Ravangard(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), David Laith Rawaf(Imperial College London), Lal Rawal(The University of Sydney), Reza Rawassizadeh(Boston University), Bahman Razi(Tarbiat Modares University), C. Mahony Reátegui-Rivera(Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola), Elrashdy M. Redwan(King Abdulaziz University), Aqeeb Ur Rehman(King Edward Medical University), Faizan Ur Rehman(Umm al-Qura University), Wajiha Rehman(Universiti Sains Malaysia), Lennart Reifels(The University of Melbourne), Rainer Reile(National Institute for Health Development), Giuseppe Remuzzi(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Bhageerathy Reshmi(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Stefano Restaino(Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine), Luis Felipe Reyes(Universidad de La Sabana), Mina Rezaei(University of Tehran), Nazila Rezaei(Universal Scientific Education and Research Network), Nima Rezaei(Universal Scientific Education and Research Network), Mohsen Rezaeian(Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences), Donya Rezazadeh Eidgahi(Rasool Akram Hospital), Taeho Greg Rhee(University of Connecticut), Yohanes Andy Rias(Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata), Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Tércia Moreira Ribeiro da Silva(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Jennifer Rickard(University of Minnesota), Moattar Raza Rizvi(University of Delhi), Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden(University of Washington), Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha(Universidade Federal do Ceará), João Rocha Rocha-Gomes(Universidade do Porto), Mónica Rodrigues(University of Coimbra), Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Jefferson Antonio Buendía(Universidad de Antioquia), Leonardo Roever(Universidade de Ribeirão Preto), Peter Rohloff(University of Global Health Equity), Iftitakhur Rohmah(Taipei Medical University), Susanne Röhr(UNSW Sydney), David Rojas‐Rueda(Colorado State University), Megan L. Rolfzen(University of Nebraska Medical Center), Debby Syahru Romadlon(Chulalongkorn University), Michele Romoli(Epilepsy Research UK), Luca Ronfani(IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo), Kevin T. Root(University of Florida), Emily Rosenblad(University of Washington), Amirhossein Roshanshad(University of Wisconsin–Madison), Morteza Rostamian(Gonabad University of Medical Sciences), Gregory A. Roth(University of Washington), Kunle Rotimi(Alberta Health Services), Himanshu Sekhar Rout(Utkal University), Hanieh Rouzbahani(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Reza Rouzbahani(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Jemma V. Rowlands(The University of Queensland), Adrija Roy(Deccan College of Medical Sciences), Bedanta Roy(Quest International University Perak), Priyanka Roy(Government of West Bengal), Sharmistha Roy(New Mexico State University), Shubhanjali Roy(New Mexico State University), Simanta Roy(New Mexico State University), Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy(Saveetha University), Enrico Rubagotti(Icesi University), Susan F. Rumisha(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Michele Russo(Ospedale SS. Annunziata), Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera(Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences), Aly M A Saad(Zagazig University), Michela Sabbatucci(Ministero della Salute), Maha Saber-Ayad(Cairo University), Siamak Sabour(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Perminder S. Sachdev(UNSW Sydney), Seyyed Kiarash Sadat Rafiei(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Basema Ahmad Saddik(Khalifa University of Science and Technology), Bashdar Abuzed Sadee(Cihan University-Erbil), Tarannom Sadegh(University of Science and Culture), Ehsan Sadeghi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Erfan Sadeghi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Fatemeh Sadeghi‐Ghyassi(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Mοhd Saeed(University of Ha'il), Umar Saeed(Near East University), Maryam Saeedi(Saveh University of Medical Sciences), Mahdi Safdarian(Paracelsus Medical University), Sare Safi(COMSATS University Islamabad), Sher Zaman Safi(COMSATS University Islamabad), Rajesh Sagar(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Mastooreh Sagharichi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Amene Saghazadeh(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Dominic Sagoe(University of Bergen), Indranil Saha(Indian Council of Medical Research), Nondo Saha(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari(University of Sharjah), Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari(University of Sharjah), Amirhossein Sahebkar(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Kirti Sundar Sahu(Canadian Red Cross Society), Zahra Saif(Ministry of Health), S. Mohammad Sajadi(University of Mosul), Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Mirza Rizwan Sajid(University of Gujrat), Dorsa Salabat(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Payman Salamati(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Luciane Bresciani Salaroli(Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), Mohamed A. Saleh(Mansoura University), Leili Salehi(Karachi Medical and Dental College), Mahdi Salehi(Kashan University of Medical Sciences), Marwa Rashad Salem(University of Kassel), Mohammed Z Y Salem(University of Kassel), Aanuoluwa James Salemcity(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Dauda Salihu(Jouf University), Sohrab Salimi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Malik Sallam(University of Jordan), Hossein Samadi Kafil(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Jayami Eshana Samaranayake(Colombo North Teaching Hospital), Saad Samargandy(King Abdulaziz University), Waqas Sami(Qatar University), Yoseph Leonardo Samodra(National Taiwan University), Abdallah M Samy(Ain Shams University), Sandeep G Sangle(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Elaheh Sanjari(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Sathish Sankar(Saveetha University), Francesco Sanmarchi(Azienda USL di Bologna), Francesca Sanna(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Damian Santomauro(The University of Queensland), Itamar S Santos(Universidade de São Paulo), Lucas H C C Santos(Universidade de São Paulo), Milena M Santric-Milicevic(University of Belgrade), Adekunle Sanyaolu(D'Youville College), Bruno Piassi Sâo José(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Krishna Prasad Sapkota(Miami University), Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy(Software Training and Development Centre), Yaser Sarikhani(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Hemen Sarma(Bodoland University), Mohammad Sarmadi(Queensland University of Technology), Gargi S. Sarode(Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Sachin C. Sarode(Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Benn Sartorius(The University of Queensland), Arash Sarveazad(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Michele Sassano(University of Bologna), Mahesh Anantha Narayanan(National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis), Maheswar Satpathy(Utkal University), Reza Sattarpour(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Davide Sattin(Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri), Mehrdad Savabi Far(University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"), Monika Sawhney(University of North Carolina at Charlotte), Sangeeta Saxena(Coastal Carolina University), Ganesh Kumar Saya(Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research), Abu Sayeed(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Chrıstophe Schınckus(Esan University), Jürgen C Schmidt(Department of Health and Social Care), María Inês Schmidt(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), R Schneider(University of Washington), Art Schuermans(KU Leuven), Austin E Schumacher(University of Washington), Aletta E. Schutte(UNSW Sydney), Ghil Schwarz(Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda), David C. Schwebel(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Falk Schwendicke(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Sneha Annie Sebastian, Amin Sedigh(Imam Khomeini Hospital), Soraya Seedat(Stellenbosch University), Mario Šekerija(University of Zagreb), Muthamizh Selvamani(Saveetha University), Selvaraj Vimalraj(Indian Institute of Technology Madras), Yuliya Semenova(Nazarbayev University), Mohammad H. Semreen(University of Sharjah), Fikadu Waltengus(Bahir Dar University), Pallav Sengupta(Gulf Medical University), Yiğit Şenol(University of California, San Francisco), Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Edson Serván‐Mori(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Yashendra Sethi(Swami Vivekanand Subharti University), Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Allen Seylani(National Institutes of Health), Abubakar Sha’aban(Cardiff University), Mahan Shafie(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Arezoo Shafieioun(Northwestern University), Shazlin Shaharudin(Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia), Muhammad Shahbaz(University of Karachi), Samiah Shahid(Quaid-i-Azam University), Syed Ahsan Shahid(Quaid-i-Azam University), Endrit Shahini(Ospedale di Civita Castellana), Fatemeh Shahrahmani(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Hamid R. Shahsavari(Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences), Moyad Shahwan(Ajman University), Masood Ali Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Ali Shakerimoghaddam(University of Neyshabur), Ali Shalash(Ain Shams University), Muhammad Aaqib Shamim(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Farzane Shams(University of Bern), Mehran Shams-Beyranvand(Jahrom University of Medical Sciences), Anas Shamsi(Ajman University), Alfiya Shamsutdinova(Kazakh National Medical University), Dan Shan(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Shan Shan(Harbin Institute of Technology), Mohd Shanawaz(Jazan University), Amin Sharifan(Universität für Weiterbildung Krems), Javad Sharifi‐Rad(Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo), Avimanu Sharma, Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Bunty Sharma(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Gaurav Sharma(Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad), Kamal Sharma(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Kamlesh Sharma(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Manoj Sharma(University of Nevada, Las Vegas), Ravi Kumar Sharma(Chandigarh University), Ujjawal Sharma(Central University of Punjab), Vishal Sharma(Panjab University), Shamee Shastry(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Maryam Shayan(Harvard University), Babangida Shehu Bappah(Federal Medical Centre), Fateme Sheida(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Ali Sheidaei(Center for Non-Communicable Diseases), Ali Sheikhy(Center for Non-Communicable Diseases), Rekha R. Shenoy(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Samendra P. Sherchan(Tulane University), B. Suresh Kumar Shetty(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shiran Shetty(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Fanchao Shi(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Fang Shi(Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Amir Shiani(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Belayneh Fentahun Shibesh(Amhara Regional Health Bureau), Kenji Shibuya(Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development), Desalegn Shiferaw(Jimma University), Tariku Shimels(St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College), Md. Monir Hossain Shimul(Daffodil International University), Min‐Jeong Shin(Korea University), Rahman Shiri(Finnish Institute of Occupational Health), Reza Shirkoohi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Aminu Shittu(Usmanu Danfodiyo University), Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu(Ladoke Akintola University of Technology), Ivy Shiue(University of Oulu), Velizar Shivarov(Medical University Pleven), Nathan A. Shlobin(Columbia University Irving Medical Center), Ambreen Shoaib(Jazan University), Shayan Shojaei(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Sina Shool(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Seyed Afshin Shorofi(Flinders University), Sunil Shrestha(Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital), Suleiman Adeiza Shuaibu(Usmanu Danfodiyo University), Kerem Shuval(Texas Tech University), Zahra Siavashpour(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi(Mintek), Emmanuel Edwar Siddig(University of Khartoum), Ahmed Kamal Siddiqi(Emory University), Diego Augusto Santos Silva(Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), João Pedro Silva(Universidade do Porto), Luís R. Silva(University of Beira Interior), Padam Simkhada(University of Huddersfield), Biagio Simonetti(University of Sannio), Abhinav Singh(Central University of Punjab), Amit Kumar Singh(Central University of Punjab), Balbir Singh(Central University of Punjab), Baljinder Singh(Central University of Punjab), Bhim Pratap Singh(Central University of Punjab), Harmanjit Singh(IFTM University), Harpreet Singh(IFTM University), Ambrish Singh(Baylor College of Medicine), Jawahar Singh(Baylor College of Medicine), Kalpana Singh(Hamad Medical Corporation), Mayank Singh(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Narinder Pal Singh(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Paramdeep Singh(Amity University), Poornima Suryanath Singh(Amity University), Puneetpal Singh(Amity University), Rakesh K. Singh(Banaras Hindu University), Samer Singh(Central University of Punjab), Satwinder Singh(Central University of Punjab), Surendra Singh(Central University of Punjab), Surjit Singh(Central University of Punjab), Mukesh Kumar Sinha(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Robert Sinto(University of Indonesia), Sarah Brooke Sirota(University of Washington), Dagne Feleke Siyoum(Passaic County Community College), Natia Skhvitaridze(National Center for Disease Control and Public Health), Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina(Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University), David A. Sleet(Emory University), Mahdieh SobhZahedi(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Marzieh Soheili(Western New England University), MdSalman Sohel(Daffodil International University), Somaye Sohrabi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Shipra Solanki, Lencho Kajela Solbana(Wollega University), Solikhah Solikhah(Universitas Ahmad Dahlan), Sameh S. M. Soliman(University of Sharjah), Weiyi Song(Xuzhou Medical College), Aayushi Sood(Case Western Reserve University), Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh(Urmia University), Reed J D Sorensen(University of Washington), Joan B. Soriano(Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias), Fernando Sousa(Monash University), Marco Aurélio de Sousa(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Ireneous N Soyiri(University of Hull), Ceren Soylu(University of California, Los Angeles), Μichael Spartalis(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy(University of Ha'il), Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy(Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University), Shyamkumar Sriram(University of North Texas), Prateek Srivastav(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Devin Bailey Srivastava(Northwestern University), Lauryn K Stafford(University of Washington), Jeffrey D Stanaway(University of Washington), Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai(Kandahar University), Nadine Steckling‐Muschack(German Sport University Cologne), Dan J Stein(South African Medical Research Council), Caitlyn Steiner(University of Washington), Jaimie D Steinmetz(University of Washington), Paschalis Steiropoulos(Democritus University of Thrace), Blossom Christa Maree Stephan(Curtin University), Aleksandar Stevanović(University of Belgrade), Leo Stockfelt(University of Gothenburg), Sebastian Straube(University of Alberta), Jacob L. Stubbs(University of British Columbia), Peter Stubbs(University of Technology Sydney), Omer Subasi(Harvard University Press), Narayan Subedi(Deakin University), Alisha Suhag(University of Bristol), Hasnat Sujon(Child Health Research Foundation), Thitiporn Sukaew(Ministry of Public Health), Surajo Kamilu Sulaiman(Tishk International University), Auwal Garba Suleiman(Ahmadu Bello University), Muritala Suleiman Odidi(Federal University of Technology Owerri), Muhammad Suleman(Xiamen University), Mark J. M. Sullman(University of Nicosia), Anusha Sultan Meo(University of Aberdeen), Zhe Sun(National University of Singapore), Jing Sun(Griffith University), Mao-ling Sun(First Hospital of China Medical University), Xiaodong Sun(Tsinghua University), Xiaohui Sun(Tsinghua University), Zhong Sun(Universiti Putra Malaysia), Zhuanlan Sun(Universiti Putra Malaysia), Suraj Sundaragiri(Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences), Thanigaivel Sundaram(SRM Institute of Science and Technology), Johan Sundström(Uppsala University), David Sunkersing(University College London), Sumam Sunny(Charotar University of Science and Technology), Vinay Suresh(University of Oxford), Hani Susianti(University of Brawijaya), Chandan Kumar Swain(Utkal University), Vivianne Swart(University of Washington), Dayinta Annisa Syaiful(Airlangga University), Tasmin L. Symons(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Łukasz Szarpak(John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin), Mindy D Szeto(Northwestern University), Sree Sudha T Y(All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar), Payam Tabaee Damavandi(Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences), Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos(Universitat de València), Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei(Harvard University), Seyed Shahaboddin Tabatabaei(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh(Islamic Azad University, Mashhad), Shima Tabatabai(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Celine Tabche(Imperial College London), Mohammad Tabish(Shaqra University), Takahiro Tabuchi(Tohoku University), Getu Ferenji Tadesse(St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College), Farzad Taghizadeh‐Hesary(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha(University of Duhok), Jabeen Taiba(Nebraska Medical Center), Shima Tajabadi(University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"), Iman M. Talaat(University of Sharjah), Mircea Tampa(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi(Stellenbosch University), Ker‐Kan Tan(National University of Singapore), Mohammad Tanashat(Yarmouk University), Haosu Tang(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Mohsan Tanveer(National University of Sciences and Technology), Abiyu Abadi Tareke(The University of Melbourne), Sarvenaz Taridashti(Montclair State University), Ingan Ukur Tarigan(National Research and Innovation Agency), Mengistie Kassahun Tariku(Debre Markos University), Saba Tariq(University of Faisalabad), Aigul Tazhiyeva(Kazakh National Medical University), Tarilate Temedie-Asogwa(University of Houston), Mohamad‐Hani Temsah(King Saud University), Masayuki Teramoto(Northwestern University), Azimeraw Arega Tesfu(Bahir Dar University), Nahom Worku Teshager(University of Gondar), Gizachew Assefa Tessema(Curtin University), Jay Tewari(King George's Medical University), Alireza Teymouri(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Chandan Kumar Thakur(Karnali Academy of Health Sciences), Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan(Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre), Rekha Thapar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ismaeel Tharwat(American University in Cairo), Samar Tharwat(Mansoura University), Rasiah Thayakaran(University of Southampton), Muthu Thiruvengadam(Konkuk University), Manuel S. Thomas(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Wei Tian(Harbin Medical University), Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu(Sam Ratulangi University), Madi Tleshev(Kazakh National Medical University), Sojit Tomo(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Marcello Tonelli(University of Calgary), Roman Topór-Mądry(Jagiellonian University), Mathilde Touvier(Inserm), Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone(Saveetha University), Khaled Trabelsi(University of Jordan), Quynh Thuy Huong Tran(Kansai Medical University), Tanja Tran(University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), Thang Huu Tran(University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), Nguyen Tran Minh Duc(Shiga University of Medical Science), Domenico Tricò(University of Pisa), Indang Trihandini(University of Indonesia), Manjari Tripathi(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Tulika Tripathi(Central University of Gujarat), Samuel Tromans(University of Leicester), Quynh Xuan Nguyen Truong(VinUniversity), Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen(Can Tho University), Gary Tse(Medway School of Pharmacy), Vasilis‐Spyridon Tseriotis(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini(Dalhousie University), Lorainne Tudor Car(Imperial College London), Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu(Wake Forest University), Zhouting Tuo(Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University), Biruk Shalmeno Tusa(Haramaya University), Sok Cin Tye(Joslin Diabetes Center), Stefanos Tyrovolas(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Aniefiok John Udoakang(Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology), Atta Ullah(University of Nizwa), Himayat Ullah(Shaqra University), Saeed Ullah(University of Karachi), Muhammad Umair(King Abdullah International Medical Research Center), Hauwa Onozasi Umar(Federal University Dutse), Lawan Umar(Federal Ministry of Health), Muhammad Umar‡, Muhammad Umar§(University of Lahore), Shehu Salihu Umar(Ahmadu Bello University), Eduardo A. Undurraga(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Dinesh Upadhya(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Era Upadhyay, Dipan Uppal(North Shore University Hospital), Daniele Urso(King's College London), Jibrin Sammani Usman(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Kelechi Julian Uzor(Harvard University Press), Hande Uzunçıbuk(Trakya University), Pratyusha Vadagam(Johnson & Johnson (United States)), Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan(University of Bahrain), Pascual Valdéz, Mario Valenti(Humanitas University), Zahir Vally(Zayed University), Jef Van den Eynde(KU Leuven), Javad Varasteh(University of Guilan), Joe Varghese(Jazan University), Pavani Varma(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Tommi Vasankari(Tampere University), Sampara Vasishta(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Srivatsa Surya Vasudevan(Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport), Alireza Vaysi(The University of Texas at Arlington), Siavash Vaziri(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian(National University of Singapore), Madhur Verma(University of Washington), Megan Verma(University of Washington), Poonam Verma(Siksha O Anusandhan University), Massimiliano Veroux(University of Catania), Georgios‐Ioannis Verras(University of Southampton), Simone Vidale(Ospedale Infermi di Rimini), Mathavaswami Vijayageetha(All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur), Simone Villa(University of Milan), Jorge Hugo Villafañe(Universidad Europea de Madrid), Leonardo Villani(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), David Villarreal‐Zegarra(University of Utah), Francesco Saverio Violante(IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola), Senthil Visaga Ambi(SASTRA University), Luciano Magalhães Vitorino(Centro Universitário de Itajubá), Vasily Vlassov(National Research University Higher School of Economics), Stein Emil Vollset(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Avina Vongpradith(University of Washington), Theo Vos(University of Washington), Mehdi Vosoughi(Ardabil University of Medical Sciences), Elpida Vounzoulaki(University of Leicester), Linh Gia Vu(Vietnam National University, Hanoi), Isidora S Vujcic(University of Belgrade), Krishna Dhavan Vyas(Charotar University of Science and Technology), Henok Toga Wada(Arba Minch University), Yasir Waheed(Széchenyi István University), Mohd Wahid(Jazan University), Mugi Wahidin(Center for Plant Conservation), Mandaras Tariku(Haramaya University), Megha Walia(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Jin‐Yi Wan(Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Arvinder Wander(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Fang Wang(Xuzhou Medical College), F. Wang(Xuzhou Medical College), Junshi Wang(University of Macau), Liang Wang(The University of Western Australia), Qingzhi Wang(Xuzhou Medical College), Ruixuan Wang(University of Florida), Shu Wang(Capital Medical University), Wanzhou Wang(Peking University), Xing Wang(Wenzhou Medical University), Xuequan Wang(Wenzhou Medical University), Yan Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Yanzhong Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Yichen Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Youxin Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Yuan‐Pang Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Zhihua Wang(University of Science and Technology of China), Tanveer A. Wani(King Saud University), Mary Njeri Wanjau(Griffith University), Ahmed Bilal Waqar(University of Lahore), Muhammad Waqas(Guangdong Medical College), John W. Ward(Emory University), Paul Ward(Torrens University Australia), Toyiba Hiyaru Wassie(Bahir Dar University), Stefanie Watson(University of Washington), Ishanka Weerasekara(Federation University), Fei‐Long Wei(General Hospital of Central Theater Command), Xueying Wei(Sun Yat-sen University), Robert G Weintraub(Royal Children's Hospital), Daniel J. Weiss(The Kids Research Institute Australia), Eli J. Weiss(University of Washington), Katherine Wells(University of Washington), Andrea Werdecker(Federal Institute for Population Research), Ronny Westerman(Federal Institute for Population Research), Taweewat Wiangkham(Naresuan University), Yohanes Cakrapradipta Wibowo(University of Mannheim), Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe(University of Colombo), Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe(Rajarata University of Sri Lanka), Samuel Wiebe(University of Calgary), Angga Wilandika(Universitas 'Aisyiyah Bandung), Peter Willeit(Innsbruck Medical University), Shadrach Wilson(University of Washington), Wireko Andrew Awuah(Continental (Germany)), Charles Shey Wiysonge(South African Medical Research Council), Abay Woday Tadesse(Samara University), Bogdan Wojtyniak(Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy), Nathnael Abera Woldehana(Johns Hopkins University), Dawit Habte Woldeyes(Bahir Dar University), Axel Walter Wolf(OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University), Tewodros Eshete Wonde(University of Technology Sydney), Yen Jun Wong(Monash University Malaysia), Daniel Tarekegn Worede(University of Kassel), Abdulhalik Workicho(Jimma University), Minichil Chanie Worku(University of Gondar), Aimin Wu(Wenzhou Medical University), Chenkai Wu(Duke University), Felicia Wu(Michigan State University), James Fan Wu(Medical College of Wisconsin), Jinyi Wu(Medical College of Wisconsin), Peng Wu(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Zongyin Wu(Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Yihun Miskir Wubie(Bahir Dar University), Ratna Dwi Wulandari(Airlangga University), Zhijia Xia(Chongqing Medical University), Guangqin Xiao(Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Lishun Xiao(Xuzhou Medical College), Na Xiao(Shandong University), Wanqing Xie(Anhui Medical University), Site Xu(University of Science and Technology of China), Suowen Xu(University of Science and Technology of China), Xiaoyue Xu(UNSW Sydney), Yvonne Yiru Xu(University of Washington), Mukesh Yadav(Central University of Punjab), Vikas Yadav(ICMR National Institute for Research in Environmental Health), Mahnaz Yadollahi(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Saba Yahoo(Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Galal Yahya(Zagazig University), Kazumasa Yamagishi(University of Tsukuba), Guangcan Yan(Harbin Medical University), Haibo Yang(Linyi People's Hospital), Yuichiro Yano(Juntendo University), Haiqiang Yao(Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Laiang Yao(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Amir Yarahmadi(Thomas Jefferson University), Habib Yaribeygi(Semnan University of Medical Sciences), Haya Yasin(Ajman University), Mohamed A. Yassin(Hamad Medical Corporation), Yuichi Yasufuku(The University of Osaka), Sanni Yaya(The George Institute for Global Health), Pengpeng Ye(UNSW Sydney), Meghdad Yeganeh(University of Tehran), Ali Cem Yekdeş(Trakya University), Mohammad Hossein YektaKooshali(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Kuanysh Yergaliyev(Nazarbayev University), Subah Abderehim Yesuf(St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College), Saber Yezli(King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre), Siyan Yi(National University of Singapore), Dehui Yin(Xuzhou Medical College), Paul Yip(University of Hong Kong), Malede Berihun Yismaw(Bahir Dar University), Yazachew Engida Yismaw(Bahir Dar University), Dong Keon Yon(Kyung Hee University), Naohiro Yonemoto(Juntendo University), Seok‐Jun Yoon(Korea University), Mustafa Z Younis(Universiti Putra Malaysia), Saideh Yousefi(Sirjan University of Technology), Abdilahi Yousuf(Jigjiga University), Chuanhua Yu(Wuhan University), Yong Yu(Hubei University of Medicine), Hui Yuan(Xuzhou Central Hospital), Faith H Yuh(University of Washington), Ghazala Yunus(University of Ha'il), Umar Yunusa(University of Alberta), Siddhesh Zadey(Capgemini (Netherlands)), Vesna Zadnik(Institute of Oncology Ljubljana), Mubashir Zafar(University of Ha'il), Manijeh Zaghampour(Islamic Azad University, Tehran), Emilia Zainal Abidin(Universiti Putra Malaysia), Fathiah Zakham(Hodeidah University), Nazar Zaki(United Arab Emirates University), Giulia Zamagni(IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo), Nelson Rodríguez(Universidad Católica Bolivia San Pablo), Hussaini Zandam(Brandeis University), Aurora Zanghì(University of Catania), Heather J. Zar(South African Medical Research Council), Kourosh Zarea(Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences), Mohammed Zawiah(Northern Border University), Mohammed G M Zeariya(Al-Azhar University), Abay Mulu Zenebe(Addis Ababa University), Sebastian Zensen(University of Duisburg-Essen), Nejimu Biza Zepro(University of Basel), Eyael M Zeru(Johns Hopkins University), Tiansong Zhan(Xuzhou Medical College), Yongle Zhan(University of Hong Kong), Beijian Zhang(Zhongshan Hospital), Casper J. P. Zhang(University of Hong Kong), Haijun Zhang(Johns Hopkins University), Julio Min Fei Zhang(Universidade de São Paulo), Kexin Zhang(Weifang Medical University), Liqun Zhang(Dalian University of Technology), Meixin Zhang(University of Washington), Xiaoyi Zhang(Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Xiu‐Hang Zhang(Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Yunquan Zhang(Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Zhiqiang Zhang(Tianjin Medical University General Hospital), Ш.Б. Жангелова(Kazakh National Medical University), Hanqing Zhao(Hebei University), Jianhui Zhao(Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University), Jiefeng Zhao(Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University), Yang Zhao(First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University), Zhongyi Zhao(China Medical University), Anthony Zhong(Harvard University), Claire Chenwen Zhong(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Jiayan Zhou(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen), Juexiao Zhou(Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen), Bin Zhu(Southern University of Science and Technology), Abzal Zhumagaliuly(Kazakh National Medical University), Magdalena Zielińska(Medical University of Warsaw), Ghazal Zoghi(Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences), Mohamed Ali Zoromba(Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University), Zhiyong Zou(Peking University), Rafat Zrieq(Applied Science Private University), Liesl Zühlke(University of Cape Town), Lilik Zuhriyah(University of Brawijaya), Alimuddin Zumla(UCL Biomedical Research Centre), Ahed Zyoud(An-Najah National University), Sa’ed H. Zyoud(An-Najah National University), Shaher H. Zyoud(An-Najah National University), Eve E Wool(University of Washington), Christopher J L Murray(University of Washington)
Cited by 222Open Access
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides cause-specific mortality estimates measured in counts, rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). GBD 2023 aimed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between age and cause of death by quantifying the probability of dying before age 70 years (70q0) and the mean age at death by cause and sex. This study enables comparisons of the impact of causes of death over time, offering a deeper understanding of how these causes affect global populations. METHODS: GBD 2023 produced estimates for 292 causes of death disaggregated by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2023. We used a modelling tool developed for GBD, the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to estimate cause-specific death rates for most causes. We computed YLLs as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. Probability of death was calculated as the chance of dying from a given cause in a specific age period, for a specific population. Mean age at death was calculated by first assigning the midpoint age of each age group for every death, followed by computing the mean of all midpoint ages across all deaths attributed to a given cause. We used GBD death estimates to calculate the observed mean age at death and to model the expected mean age across causes, sexes, years, and locations. The expected mean age reflects the expected mean age at death for individuals within a population, based on global mortality rates and the population's age structure. Comparatively, the observed mean age represents the actual mean age at death, influenced by all factors unique to a location-specific population, including its age structure. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 250-draw distribution for each metric. Findings are reported as counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2023 include a correction for the misclassification of deaths due to COVID-19, updates to the method used to estimate COVID-19, and updates to the CODEm modelling framework. This analysis used 55 761 data sources, including vital registration and verbal autopsy data as well as data from surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. For GBD 2023, there were 312 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 3 country-years of surveillance data, 51 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 144 country-years of other data types that were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS: The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shifts in long-standing rankings of the leading causes of global deaths: it ranked as the number one age-standardised cause of death at Level 3 of the GBD cause classification hierarchy in 2021. By 2023, COVID-19 dropped to the 20th place among the leading global causes, returning the rankings of the leading two causes to those typical across the time series (ie, ischaemic heart disease and stroke). While ischaemic heart disease and stroke persist as leading causes of death, there has been progress in reducing their age-standardised mortality rates globally. Four other leading causes have also shown large declines in global age-standardised mortality rates across the study period: diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach cancer, and measles. Other causes of death showed disparate patterns between sexes, notably for deaths from conflict and terrorism in some locations. A large reduction in age-standardised rates of YLLs occurred for neonatal disorders. Despite this, neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of global YLLs over the period studied, except in 2021, when COVID-19 was temporarily the leading cause. Compared to 1990, there has been a considerable reduction in total YLLs in many vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. In addition, this study quantified the mean age at death for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and found noticeable variation by sex and location. The global all-cause mean age at death increased from 46·8 years (95% UI 46·6-47·0) in 1990 to 63·4 years (63·1-63·7) in 2023. For males, mean age increased from 45·4 years (45·1-45·7) to 61·2 years (60·7-61·6), and for females it increased from 48·5 years (48·1-48·8) to 65·9 years (65·5-66·3), from 1990 to 2023. The highest all-cause mean age at death in 2023 was found in the high-income super-region, where the mean age for females reached 80·9 years (80·9-81·0) and for males 74·8 years (74·8-74·9). By comparison, the lowest all-cause mean age at death occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was 38·0 years (37·5-38·4) for females and 35·6 years (35·2-35·9) for males in 2023. Lastly, our study found that all-cause 70q0 decreased across each GBD super-region and region from 2000 to 2023, although with large variability between them. For females, we found that 70q0 notably increased from drug use disorders and conflict and terrorism. Leading causes that increased 70q0 for males also included drug use disorders, as well as diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa, there was an increase in 70q0 for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Additionally, the mean age at death from NCDs was lower than the expected mean age at death for this super-region. By comparison, there was an increase in 70q0 for drug use disorders in the high-income super-region, which also had an observed mean age at death lower than the expected value. INTERPRETATION: We examined global mortality patterns over the past three decades, highlighting-with enhanced estimation methods-the impacts of major events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to broader trends such as increasing NCDs in low-income regions that reflect ongoing shifts in the global epidemiological transition. This study also delves into premature mortality patterns, exploring the interplay between age and causes of death and deepening our understanding of where targeted resources could be applied to further reduce preventable sources of mortality. We provide essential insights into global and regional health disparities, identifying locations in need of targeted interventions to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is an ever-present need for strengthened health-care systems that are resilient to future pandemics and the shifting burden of disease, particularly among ageing populations in regions with high mortality rates. Robust estimates of causes of death are increasingly essential to inform health priorities and guide efforts toward achieving global health equity. The need for global collaboration to reduce preventable mortality is more important than ever, as shifting burdens of disease are affecting all nations, albeit at different paces and scales. FUNDING: Gates Foundation.