Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
GBD 2021 Global Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Risk Factors Collaborators(Helsinki University Hospital), Ilari Rautalin(Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Victor Volovici(University of Washington), Benjamin Stark(University of Washington), Catherine O. Johnson(University of Helsinki), Jaakko Kaprio(University of Helsinki), Miikka Korja(Helsinki University Hospital), Rita Krishnamurthi(Auckland University of Technology), Balakrishnan Nair(Auckland University of Technology), Annemarei Ranta(Utrecht University), Gabriël J.E. Rinkel(Utrecht University), Mervyn D. I. Vergouwen(Utrecht University), Yohannes Abate(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Hedayat Abbastabar(Cairo University), Foad Abd-Allah(Cairo University), Atef Abdelkader(Memorial University of Newfoundland), Parsa Abdi(Memorial University of Newfoundland), Arash Abdollahi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Auwal Abdullahi(Federal Medical Centre), Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Richard Gyan Aboagye(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Mohamed Abouzid(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Dariush Abtahi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Samir Abu‐Rumeileh(Cairo University), Ahmed Abualhasan(Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan), Hasan Abualruz(Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan), Hana J Abukhadijah(Alfaisal University), Ahmed Abu‐Zaid(Alfaisal University), Lawan Hassan Adamu(The University of Sydney), Isaac Yeboah Addo(The University of Sydney), Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin(Charles Darwin University), Oyelola A. Adegboye(University of Sharjah), Saryia Adra(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Leticia Akua Adzigbli(Queen's University), Williams Agyemang‐Duah(University of Technology Sydney), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of Technology Sydney), Aqeel Ahmad(Australian National University), Danish Ahmad(Australian National University), Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Ali Ahmed(COMSATS University Islamabad), Haroon Ahmed(COMSATS University Islamabad), Syed Anees Ahmed(East Carolina University), Budi Aji(Fudan University), Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif(New York Medical College), Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni(United States Department of Veterans Affairs), Ziyad Al‐Aly(United States Department of Veterans Affairs), Mohammed ALBashtawy(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Mohammed Usman Ali(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Sheikh Mohammad Alif(Federation University), Yousef Alimohamadi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Syed Mohamed Aljunid(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Mahmoud A. Alomari(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Ahmad Alrawashdeh(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Mohammed Alsabri(Sana'a University), Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman(University of Lahore), Awais Altaf(University of Lahore), Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi(Applied Science Private University), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of Cartagena), Hassan Alwafi(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Mohammad Al‐Wardat(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi(Cleveland Clinic), Hany Aly(Cleveland Clinic), Mohammad S. Alyahya(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Karem H. Alzoubi(University of Iowa), Reza Amani(University of Iowa), Tarek Tawfik Amin(Johns Hopkins University), Alireza Amindarolzarbi(Johns Hopkins University), Ganiyu Amusa(University of Jos), Deanna Anderlini(The University of Queensland), Dhanalakshmi Angappan(Oregon Health & Science University), Abhishek Anil(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa(Jamia Hamdard), Saleha Anwar(Charles Sturt University), Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor(Department of Health), Geminn Louis Carace Apostol(Department of Health), Jalal Arabloo(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Demelash Areda(Dalarna University), Johan Ärnlöv(Dalarna University), Anton A Artamonov(Airlangga University), Kurnia Dwi Artanti(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ashokan Arumugam(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Zahra Aryan(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi(Jimma University), Mubarek Yesse Ashemo(University of Lahore), Tahira Ashraf(University of Lahore), Mohammad Athar(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Avinash Aujayeb(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe(University of Leeds), Sina Azadnajafabad(University of Leeds), Shahkaar Aziz(The University of Agriculture, Peshawar), Ahmed Y. Azzam(October 6 University), Giridhara R. Babu(University of Canberra), Nasser Bagheri(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Saeed Bahramian(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Ruhai Bai(Management and Science University), Atif Amin Baig(Management and Science University), Abdulaziz Bako(Alfaisal University), Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu(Alfaisal University), Kiran Bam(Medical University of Lodz), Maciej Banach(University of Oxford), Soham Bandyopadhyay(Federation University), Biswajit Banik(University of Miami), Mainak Bardhan(University of Miami), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(Harvard University), Till Bärnighausen(Harvard University), Hiba Jawdat Barqawi(University of Sharjah), Lingkan Barua(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan(Harvard University), Sanjay Basu(Harvard University), Shelly L Bell(Universidade de São Paulo), Isabela M Benseñor(Universidade de São Paulo), Alemshet Yirga Berhie(University of Auckland), Kebede Beyene(University of Auckland), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(Jacksonville College), Sonu Bhaskar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ajay Nagesh Bhat(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vivek Bhat(Chandigarh University), Gurjit Kaur Bhatti(Chandigarh University), Jasvinder Singh Bhatti(Central University of Punjab), Ali Bijani(University of Bergamo), Boris Bikbov(University of Bergamo), Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan(St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College), Mulugeta Molla Birhanu(University of Botswana), Veera Raghavulu Bitra(University of Botswana), Archith Boloor(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Hamed Borhany(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Susanne Breitner(German Cancer Research Center), Hermann Brenner(German Cancer Research Center), Raffaele Bugiardini(Flinders University), Norma B. Bulamu(University of Waterloo), Zahid A Butt(University of Waterloo), Lucas Scotta Cabral(Harvard University), Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos(Harvard University), Daniela Călina(Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires), Luis Alberto Cámera(Anhembi Morumbi University), Luciana Aparecida Campos(Anhembi Morumbi University), Ismael Campos‐Nonato(Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna), Angelo Capodici(Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna), Félix Carvalho(Universidade do Porto), Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(University of Milan), Alberico L. Catapano(University of Trieste), Luca Cegolon(University of Trieste), Joshua Chadwick(Hallym University), Chiranjib Chakraborty(University of British Columbia), Promit Ananyo Chakraborty(University of British Columbia), Sandip Chakraborty(Jazan University), Rama Mohan Chandika(University of Gondar), Gashaw Sisay Chanie(University of Toronto), Vijay Kumar Chattu(University of Toronto), Anis Ahmad Chaudhary(Harvard University), Gerald Chi(Harvard University), Fatemeh Chichagi(Virginia Commonwealth University), Patrick R Ching(Virginia Commonwealth University), Hitesh Chopra(Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College), Sonali G Choudhari(Curtin University), E. Chowdhury(Curtin University), Dinh‐Toi Chu(Health Data Research UK), Sheng‐Chia Chung(Johns Hopkins University), Alyssa Columbus(Johns Hopkins University), Michael H Criqui(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Alanna Gomes da Silva(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi(Iranian Center for Quantum Technologies), Omid Dadras(University of Washington), Xiaochen Dai(University of Washington), Koustuv Dalal(Mid Sweden University), Lachlan L. Dalli(University of Catania), Emanuele D’Amico(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Mohsen Dashti(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Kairat Davletov(Kazakh National Medical University), Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Shayom Debopadhaya(Albany Medical Center Hospital), Iván Delgado‐Enciso(University of Sarajevo), Emina Dervišević(University of Sarajevo), Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu(Chettinad Academy of Research and Education), Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan(Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Amol S. Dhane(Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges), Mahmoud Dibas(Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine), Thanh Chi(Can Tho University), Thao Huynh Phuong(Can Tho University), Sushil Dohare(Alexandria University), Mohamed Fahmy Doheim(Medical University of Varna), Клара Докова(Medical University of Varna), Deepa Dongarwar(University of Trieste), Mario D’Oria(University of Trieste), Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi(Sparta Cancer Center), Rajkumar Doshi(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Robert Kokou Dowou(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Haneil Larson Dsouza(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Siddhartha Dutta(Medical University of Silesia), Arkadiusz Dziedzic(Cleveland Clinic), Abdel Rahman E’mar(Cleveland Clinic), David Edvardsson(La Trobe University), Defi Efendi(Airlangga University), Ferry Efendi(Ain Shams University), Nevine El Nahas(Ain Shams University), Islam Y. Elgendy(Harvard University), Muhammed Elhadi(University of Tripoli), Chadi Eltaha(Ajman University), Mohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir(Ajman University), Theophilus I. Emeto(Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine), Natalia Fabin(University of Ibadan), Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe(University of Ibadan), Ayesha Fahim(Kazakh National Medical University), Ildar Fakhradiyev(Northwestern University), Jawad Fares(Northwestern University), Pawan Faris(Cihan University-Erbil), Nelsensius Klau Fauk(Kazakh National Medical University), Timur Fazylov(City University of Hong Kong), Ginenus Fekadu(City University of Hong Kong), Nuno Ferreira(University of Nicosia), Getahun Fetensa(Wollega University), Florian Fischer(University of L'Aquila), Matteo Foschi(University of L'Aquila), Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani(Taipei Medical University), Abduzhappar Gaipov(Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania), Avi A. Gajjar(Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania), Aravind P. Gandhi(Federation University), Balasankar Ganesan(Federation University), Ravindra Kumar Garg(King George's Medical University), Miglas Welay Gebregergis(Adigrat University), Mesfin Gebrehiwot(Flinders University), Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel(Flinders University), Molla Getie(Addis Ababa University), Delaram J. Ghadimi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Fataneh Ghadirian(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Sulmaz Ghahramani(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Ramy Mohamed Ghazy(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Maryam Gholamalizadeh(Mayo Clinic), Sherief Ghozy(Mayo Clinic), Artyom Gil(Aga Khan University), Jaleed Ahmed Gilani(Aga Khan University), E. V. Gnedovskaya(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Pouya Goleij(Universidade de São Paulo), Alessandra C. Goulart(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Shi‐Yang Guan(Anhui Medical University), Sapna Gupta(Global Virus Network), Farrokh Habibzadeh(Global Virus Network), Mostafa Hadei(University of Kufa), Najah R Hadi(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Samer Hamidi(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Nasrin Hanifi(Zanjan University of Medical Sciences), Graeme J. Hankey(The University of Western Australia), Netanja I. Harlianto(Utrecht University), Josep María Haro(Chulalongkorn University), Faizul Hasan(Chulalongkorn University), Hamidreza Hasani(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Md Saquib Hasnain(Marwadi University), Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei(Essen University Hospital), Johannes Haubold(Essen University Hospital), Rasmus Havmoeller(University of Washington), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Youssef Hbid(UK Dementia Research Institute), Golnaz Heidari(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Heidari(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Mehdi Hemmati(Georgetown University), Yuta Hiraike(Hanoi Medical University), Nguyen Quoc Hoan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ramesh Holla(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Sorin Hostiuc(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Junjie Huang(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Hong-Han Huynh(Asia University), Bing‐Fang Hwang(Asia University), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye(University of Ibadan), Nayu Ikeda(National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition), Adalia Ikiroma(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Mehran Ilaghi(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University College Hospital, Ibadan), Irena Ilić(University of Kragujevac), Milena Ilić(University of Kragujevac), Md. Rabiul Islam(AIMST University), Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail(AIMST University), Hiroyasu Iso(University of Catania), Gaetano Isola(University of Tsukuba), Masao Iwagami(University of Tsukuba), Louis Jacob(Université Paris Cité), Abdollah Jafarzadeh(The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center), Akhil Jain(Dubai Health Authority), Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun(Dubai Health Authority), Mihajlo Jakovljević(University of Tasmania), Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau(University of Tasmania), Talha Jawaid(Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University), Sathish Kumar Jayapal(Singapore Eye Research Institute), Jost B Jonas(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Nitin Joseph(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mikk Jürisson(Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences), Vidya Kadashetti(University of Washington), Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader(University of Washington), Vineet Kumar Kamal(Johns Hopkins University), Arun Kamireddy(Johns Hopkins University), Tanuj Kanchan(The University of Sydney), Himal Kandel(The University of Sydney), Jafar Karami(Montefiore Medical Center), Ibraheem M. Karaye(Montefiore Medical Center), Yeganeh Karimi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Arman Karimi Behnagh(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Faizan Kashoo(Utrecht University), Gbenga A Kayode(Johns Hopkins University), Foad Kazemi(Johns Hopkins University), Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Yousef Khader(Hiroshima University), Inn Kynn Khaing(Hiroshima University), Fayaz Ahmad Khan(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Mohammad Jobair Khan(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Haitham Khatatbeh(Yarmouk University), Moawiah Khatatbeh(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani(Jordan University of Science and Technology), Khalid Kheirallah(Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences), Feriha Fatima Khidri(Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences), Moein Khormali(Beaumont Hospital, Troy), Atulya Aman Khosla(Yonsei University), Kwanghyun Kim(Yonsei University), Yun Jin Kim(Tulane University), Adnan Kısa(Tulane University), Sezer Kısa(University of Helsinki), Mika Kivimäki(University of Helsinki), Ali‐Asghar Kolahi(Children's Medical Center), Farzad Kompani(Children's Medical Center), Oleksii Korzh(Philipps University of Marburg), Karel Kostev(Philipps University of Marburg), Nikhil Kothari(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Kewal Krishan(Pondicherry University), Varun Krishna(Duke University), Vijay Krishnamoorthy(Duke University), Mohammed Kuddus(Kazakh National Medical University), Mukhtar Kulimbet(Kazakh National Medical University), Setor K. Kunutsor(Satya Wacana Christian University), Maria Dyah Kurniasari(Satya Wacana Christian University), Dian Kusuma(University of Turku), Ville Kytö(University of Turku), Carlo La Vecchia(University of Milan), Chandrakant Lahariya(Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Daphne Teck Ching Lai(Universiti Brunei Darussalam), Hanpeng Lai(Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital), Tri Laksono(University of Helsinki), Tea Lallukka(University of Helsinki), Kamaluddin Latief(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Kaveh Latifinaibin(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Nhi Huu Hanh Le(University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City), Thao T. Le(University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City), Munjae Lee(Ajou University), Seung Won Lee(The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston), Wei‐Chen Lee(Korea University), Yo Han Lee(Korea University), Jacopo Lenzi(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Matilde Leonardi(National Taiwan Normal University), Ming‐Chieh Li(National Taiwan Normal University), Xiaopan Li(University of Washington), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Jialing Lin(UNSW Sydney), Xuefeng Liu(University of Cologne), Valerie Lohner(University of Cologne), László Lorenzovici(Universidade de São Paulo), Paulo A. Lotufo(Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora), Giancarlo Lucchetti(Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora), Jay B. Lusk(Duke University), Ricardo Lutzky Saute(Cihan University-Erbil), Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin(Cihan University-Erbil), Armaan K. Malhotra(University of Toronto), Kashish Malhotra(King Abdulaziz University), Ahmad Azam Malik(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Déborah Carvalho Malta(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Mohammad Alì Mansournia(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), LG Mantovani(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Emmanuel Kwaku Manu(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Hamid Reza Marateb(University of Milan), Mirko Marino(University of Milan), Seyed Farzad Maroufi(World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas), Ramón Martínez(Airlangga University), Santi Martini(University of Concepción), Miquel Martorell(Monash University Malaysia), Roy Rillera Marzo(Monash University Malaysia), Yasith Mathangasinghe(Central University of Kerala), Elezebeth Mathews(Central University of Kerala), Andrea Maugeri(Queensland Health), Steven McPhail(Queensland Health), Asim Mehmood(BLK Super Speciality Hospital), Man Mohan Mehndiratta(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Ritesh G. Menezes(King Saud University), Sultan Ayoub Meo(The University of Melbourne), Atte Meretoja(The University of Melbourne), Tomislav Mestrovic(University of Kelaniya), Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda(University of Kelaniya), Tomasz Miazgowski(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Giuseppe Minervini(University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"), Le Huu Nhat Minh(Taipei Medical University), Andreea Mirică(Kyrgyz State Medical Academy), Erkin М Мirrakhimov(Kyrgyz State Medical Academy), Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Ajay Kumar Mishra(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Prasanna Mithra(New York University Abu Dhabi), Abdalla Z. Mohamed(New York University Abu Dhabi), Ahmed Ismail Mohamed(New York University Abu Dhabi), Ameen Mosa Mohammad(University of Duhok), Soheil Mohammadi(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(Ahmadu Bello University), Shafiu Mohammed(Ahmadu Bello University), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Washington), Sabrina Molinaro(University of Jordan), Shaher Momani(University of Jordan), Mohammad Ali Moni(Charles Sturt University), AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Maryam Moradi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Yousef Moradi(Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), Paula Moraga(Queensland University of Technology), Lídia Morawska(Queensland University of Technology), Ahmed Msherghi(Amity University), Kavita Munjal(Amity University), Christopher J L Murray(University of Washington), Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan(Flinders University), Ganesh R. Naik(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Soroush Najdaghi(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari(University of Lahore), Shumaila Nargus(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Delaram Narimani Davani(Isfahan University of Medical Sciences), Zuhair S. Natto(Harvard University), Javaid Nauman(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vinod C Nayak(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Athare Nazri-Panjaki(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Ruxandra Irina Negoi(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Soroush Nematollahi(Kenya Medical Research Institute), Charles R. Newton(Hanoi Medical University), Duc Hoang Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Hau Thi Hien Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Hien Quang Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Phat Tuan Nguyen(Da Nang Hospital), Văn Thành Nguyễn(International Islamic University, Islamabad), Robina Khan Niazi(International Islamic University, Islamabad), Yeshambel T. Nigatu(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health), Ali Nikoobar(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Shuhei Nomura(University of California, San Francisco), Jean Jacques Noubiap(Mayo Clinic), Fred Nugen(Mayo Clinic), Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam(University of Bucharest), Bogdan Oancea(University of Bucharest), Michael Safo Oduro(Emory University), Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile(Emory University), Hassan Okati‐Aliabad(The University of Sydney), Sylvester Reuben Okeke(The University of Sydney), Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle(Seoul National University), Andrew T Olagunju(University of Lagos), Muideen T. Olaiya(Universidade de São Paulo), Arão Belitardo Oliveira(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba(Ahmadu Bello University), Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa(University of Ibadan), Raffaele Ornello(University of L'Aquila), Esteban Ortiz‐Prado(Universidad de Las Américas), Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu(University Ferhat Abbas of Setif), Amel Ouyahia(University of Ibadan), Mayowa Owolabi(Baptist Hospital of Miami), Ahmad Ozair(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Mahesh Padukudru P A(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Alicia Padrón‐Monedero(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Jagadish Rao Padubidri(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos(University of Nottingham), Georgios D. Panos(University of Bern), Leonidas D Panos(University of Bern), Ioannis Pantazopoulos(University of Bern), Romil R Parikh(University of Minnesota), Seoyeon Park(University of Leeds), Jay Patel(University of Leeds), Urvish Patel(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Dimitrios Patoulias(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Paolo Pedersini(Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation), Emmanuel Peprah(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Gavin Pereira(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Arokiasamy Perianayagam(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Norberto Perico(University of Milan), Simone Perna(University of Milan), Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha(University of Nizwa), Anil K. Philip(University of Nizwa), М. А. Пирадов(National Research Tomsk State University), Evgenii Plotnikov(Sechenov University), Р. В. Полибин(University Medical Center Groningen), Maarten J. Postma(University Medical Center Groningen), Jalandhar Pradhan(National Institute of Technology Rourkela), Manya Prasad(Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences), Jagadeesh Puvvula(Cihan University-Erbil), Nameer Hashim Qasim(Cihan University-Erbil), Gangzhen Qian(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Alberto Raggi(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Fakher Rahim(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mosiur Rahman(Federation University), Muhammad Aziz Rahman(Federation University), Amir Masoud Rahmani(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Rahmanian(Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital), Sathish Rajaa(Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital), Ali Rajabpour Sanati(Jazan University), Pushp Lata Rajpoot(Centre for Chronic Disease Control), Prashant Rajput(Mansoura University), Mahmoud M. Ramadan(Mansoura University), Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy(National University of Singapore), Sheena Ramazanu(Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), Amey Rane(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Sina Rashedi(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Devarajan Rathish(Public Health England), Salman Rawaf(University of Washington), Christian Razo(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Elrashdy M. Redwan(King Abdulaziz University), Giuseppe Remuzzi(Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research), Nazila Rezaei(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Negar Rezaei(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mohsen Rezaeian(Universidade Federal do Ceará), Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha(Universidade Federal do Ceará), Jefferson Antonio Buendía(Universidade de São Paulo), Leonardo Roever(Universidade de São Paulo), Michele Romoli(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Marina Romozzi(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Allen G. Ross(Charles Sturt University), Himanshu Sekhar Rout(Patuakhali Science and Technology University), Nitai Roy(Government of West Bengal), Priyanka Roy(Zagazig University), Aly M A Saad(Zagazig University), Zahra Saadatian(Gonabad University of Medical Sciences), Siamak Sabour(University of L'Aquila), Simona Sacco(University of L'Aquila), Basema Ahmad Saddik(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Erfan Sadeghi(Sunnybrook Health Science Centre), Usman Saeed(Sunnybrook Health Science Centre), Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Amirhossein Sahebkar(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Luciane Bresciani Salaroli(Mansoura University), Mohamed A. Saleh(Mansoura University), Yoseph Leonardo Samodra(National Taiwan University), Vijaya Paul Samuel(Ain Shams University), Abdallah M Samy(Ain Shams University), Milena M Santric-Milicevic(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Aswini Saravanan(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), T. Sarkar(West Bengal State Council of Technical Education), Gargi S. Sarode(Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune), Sachin C. Sarode(The University of Queensland), Benn Sartorius(The University of Queensland), Maheswar Satpathy(Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute), Markus P. Schlaich(Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute), Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider(Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), Art Schuermans(University of Malaya), Siddharthan Selvaraj(University of Malaya), Subramanian Senthilkumaran(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Sadaf G Sepanlou(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Yashendra Sethi(National Institutes of Health), Allen Seylani(National Institutes of Health), Ahmed Nabil Shaaban(Karolinska Institutet), Mahan Shafie(Ajman University), Moyad Shahwan(Ajman University), Masood Ali Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Muhammad Aaqib Shamim(Ajman University), Anas Shamsi(Ajman University), Alfiya Shamsutdinova(Kazakh National Medical University), Mohd Shanawaz(Amity University), Mohammed Shannawaz(Universität für Weiterbildung Krems), Amin Sharifan(Universität für Weiterbildung Krems), Javad Sharifi‐Rad(Korea University), Vishal Sharma(Arba Minch University), Bereket Beyene Shashamo(Nitte University), Mahabalesh Shetty(Nitte University), Premalatha K Shetty(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Mika Shigematsu(National Institute of Infectious Diseases), Aminu Shittu(Usmanu Danfodiyo University), Ivy Shiue(Northwestern University), Nathan A. Shlobin(Northwestern University), Seyed Afshin Shorofi(University of Khartoum), Emmanuel Edwar Siddig(Central University of Punjab), Baljinder Singh(Central University of Punjab), Paramdeep Singh(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Puneetpal Singh(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Surjit Singh(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Farrukh Sobia(Touro College), Ranjan Solanki(Touro College), Shipra Solanki(Urmia University), Soroush Soraneh(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), Μichael Spartalis(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy(University of Washington), Jeffrey D Stanaway(University of Washington), Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai(Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology), А. В. Стародубова(Griffith University), Jing Sun(Griffith University), Zhong Sun(Universiti Putra Malaysia), Chandan Kumar Swain(John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin), Łukasz Szarpak(John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin), Payam Tabaee Damavandi(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh(Islamic Azad University, Mashhad), Celine Tabche(Nebraska Medical Center), Jabeen Taiba(Nebraska Medical Center), Iman M. Talaat(Stellenbosch University), Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi(National University of Singapore), Ker‐Kan Tan(National University of Singapore), Mohamad‐Hani Temsah(University of California, San Francisco), Masayuki Teramoto(University of California, San Francisco), Ramna Thakur(Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre), Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan(Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre), Rasiah Thayakaran(Emory University), Thirunavukkarasu Sathish(Emory University), Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Krishna Raj Tiwari(University of Calgary), Marcello Tonelli(Jagiellonian University), Roman Topór-Mądry(Jagiellonian University), Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone(Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine), An Thien Tran(Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine), Jasmine Tran(University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), Thang Huu Tran(University of Massachusetts Dartmouth), Nguyen Tran Minh Duc(University of Copenhagen), Thomas Clement Truelsen(University of Copenhagen), Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen(St George's, University of London), Daniel Hsiang‐Te Tsai(St George's, University of London), Atta Ullah(University of Nizwa), Brigid Unim(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan(Federation University), Carolyn Unsworth(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Jibrin Sammani Usman(Mayo Clinic), Sanaz Vahdati(University of Bahrain), Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan(University of Bahrain), Rohollah Valizadeh(Urmia University), Jef Van den Eynde(Jazan University), Joe Varghese(Tampere University), Tommi Vasankari(National University of Singapore), Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian(Johns Hopkins University), Dominique Vervoort(Johns Hopkins University), Jorge Hugo Villafañe(Universidad Europea de Madrid), Manish Vinayak(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Hatem A Wafa(King's College London), Yasir Waheed(University of Miami), Waseem Wahood(University of Miami), Mandaras Tariku(Haramaya University), Yanzhong Wang(King's College London), Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe(Innsbruck Medical University), Peter Willeit(Innsbruck Medical University), Asrat Arja Wolde(St Thomas' Hospital), Charles Wolfe(St Thomas' Hospital), Yihun Miskir Wubie(Fred Hutch Cancer Center), Hong Xiao(University of Science and Technology of China), Suowen Xu(University of Science and Technology of China), Xiaoyue Xu(University of Tsukuba), Kazumasa Yamagishi(University of Tsukuba), Yuichiro Yano(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Amir Yarahmadi(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Habib Yaribeygi(The George Institute for Global Health), Sanni Yaya(The George Institute for Global Health), Pengpeng Ye(UNSW Sydney), Dong Keon Yon(Juntendo University), Naohiro Yonemoto(Juntendo University), Chuanhua Yu(Wuhan University), Aurora Zanghì(University of Catania), Iman Zare(University of California, San Francisco), Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин(University of California, San Francisco), Chen Zhang(Beijing Xuanwu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Yunquan Zhang(Wuhan University), Zhi-Jiang Zhang(Tianjin Medical University General Hospital), Zhiqiang Zhang(Tianjin Medical University General Hospital), Hanqing Zhao(Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Shang Cheng Zhou(Zhejiang Chinese Medical University), Abzal Zhumagaliuly(Kazakh National Medical University), Hafsa Zia(University of Washington), Magdalena Zielińska(Ajman University), Samer H. Zyoud(Ajman University), Gregory A. Roth(University of Washington), Valery L. Feigin(University of Washington)
Cited by 26Open Access
Abstract
Importance: Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. Objective: To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. Design, Setting, and Participants: Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. Exposures: SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. Main Outcomes and Measures: Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). Results: In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1% (95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1% (95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6% (95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6% (95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution. Conclusions and Relevance: Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.
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