Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Jaimie D Steinmetz(University of Washington), Katrin Seeher, Nicoline Schiess(Johns Hopkins University), Emma Nichols(University of Washington), Bochen Cao(Centre international de recherche sur le cancer), Chiara Servili(University of Washington), Vanessa Cavallera(Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Ewerton Cousin(University of Washington), Hailey Hagins(University of Washington), Madeline E Moberg(University of Washington), Max L. Mehlman(University of Washington), Yohannes Abate(University of Washington), Jaffar Abbas(University of Washington), Madineh Abbasi(University of Washington), Mohammadreza Abbasian(University of Washington), Hedayat Abbastabar(University of Washington), Michael Abdelmasseh(University of Washington), Mohammad Abdollahı(Laboratoire d'Informatique, du Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes), Mozhan Abdollahi(University of Washington), Mohammad‐Amin Abdollahifar(University of Washington), Rami Abd‐Rabu(University of Washington), Deldar Morad Abdulah(University of Washington), Auwal Abdullahi(University of Washington), Aidin Abedi(University of Washington), Vida Abedi(University of Washington), Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga, Hassan Abidi(University of Washington), Olumide Abiodun(University of Washington), Richard Gyan Aboagye(University of Washington), Hassan Abolhassani(University of Washington), Victor Aboyans(Institut d’Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale), Woldu Aberhe Abrha(University of Washington), Ahmed Abualhasan(University of Washington), Eman Abu‐Gharbieh(University of Washington), Salahdein Aburuz(University of Washington), Lawan Hassan Adamu(University of Washington), Isaac Yeboah Addo(University of Washington), Oladimeji Adebayo(University of Washington), Victor Adekanmbi(University of Washington), Tayo Alex Adekiya(University of Washington), Wirawan Adikusuma(University of Washington), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(University of Washington), Saryia Adra(University of Washington), Tsion Afework(University of Washington), Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi(University of Washington), Ali Afraz(University of Washington), Saira Afzal(University of Washington), Shahin Aghamiri(University of Washington), Antonella Agodi(University of Washington), Williams Agyemang‐Duah(University of Washington), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of Washington), Aqeel Ahmad(University of Washington), Danish Ahmad(University of Washington), Sajjad Ahmad(University of Washington), Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade(University of Washington), Ali Ahmed(University of Washington), Ayman Ahmed(University of Washington), Haroon Ahmed(University of Washington), Jivan Qasim Ahmed(University of Washington), Luai A. Ahmed(University of Washington), Muktar Beshir Ahmed(University of Washington), Syed Anees Ahmed(University of Washington), Marjan Ajami(University of Washington), Budi Aji(University of Washington), Olufemi Ajumobi(University of Washington), Seyed Esma'il Akade(University of Washington), Morteza Akbari(University of Washington), Hossein Akbarialiabad(University of Washington), Shiva Akhlaghi(University of Washington), Karolina Akinosoglou(University of Washington), Rufus Akinyemi(University of Washington), Maxwell Akonde(University of Washington), Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan(University of Washington), Fares Alahdab(University of Washington), Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal(University of Washington), Rasmieh Al‐Amer(University of Washington), Mohammed ALBashtawy(University of Washington), Mohammad T AlBataineh(University of Washington), Khalifah A Aldawsari(University of Washington), Hediyeh Alemi(University of Washington), Sharifullah Alemi(University of Washington), Abdelazeem M. Algammal(University of Washington), Adel Al‐Gheethi(University of Washington), Fadwa Alhalaiqa(University of Washington), Robert Kaba Alhassan(University of Washington), Abid Ali(University of Washington), Endale Alemayehu Ali(University of Washington), Liaqat Ali(University of Washington), Mohammed Usman Ali(University of Washington), Musa Mohammed Ali(University of Washington), Rafat Ali(University of Washington), Shahid Ali(University of Washington), Syed Shujait Ali(University of Washington), Zahid Ali(University of Washington), Sheikh Mohammad Alif(University of Washington), Yousef Alimohamadi(University of Washington), Ahmednur Adem Aliyi(University of Washington), Mohamad Aljofan(University of Washington), Syed Mohamed Aljunid(University of Washington), Suvarna Alladi(University of Washington), Joseph Uy Almazan(University of Washington), Sami Almustanyir(University of Washington), Basem Al‐Omari(University of Washington), Jaber S. Alqahtani(University of Washington), Ibrahim Alqasmi(University of Washington), Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi(University of Washington), Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman(University of Washington), Zaid Altaany(University of Washington), Jaffar A. Al‐Tawfiq(University of Washington), Khalid A Altirkawi(University of Washington), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of Washington), Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi(University of Washington), Hany Aly(University of Washington), Safwat Aly(University of Washington), Karem H. Alzoubi(University of Washington), Reza Amani(University of Washington), Alireza Amindarolzarbi(University of Washington), Sohrab Amiri(University of Washington), Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq(University of Washington), Hubert Amu(University of Washington), Dickson A Amugsi(University of Washington), Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa(University of Washington), Jimoh Amzat(University of Washington), Robert Ancuceanu(University of Washington), Deanna Anderlini(University of Washington), David Anderson(University of Washington), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of Washington), Sofia Androudi(University of Washington), Dhanalakshmi Angappan(University of Washington), Teklit Angesom(University of Washington), Abhishek Anil(University of Washington), Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam(University of Washington), Razique Anwer(University of Washington), Mosab Arafat(University of Washington), Aleksandr Y. Aravkin(University of Washington), Demelash Areda(University of Washington), Hany Ariffin(University of Washington), Hidayat Arifin(University of Washington), Mesay Arkew(University of Washington), Johan Ärnlöv(University of Washington), Mahwish Arooj(University of Washington), Anton A Artamonov(University of Washington), Kurnia Dwi Artanti(University of Washington), Raphael Taiwo Aruleba(University of Washington), Ali A. Asadi‐Pooya(University of Washington), Tilahun Ferede Asena(University of Washington), Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi(University of Washington), Muhammad Ashraf(University of Washington), Tahira Ashraf(University of Washington), Kendalem Asmare Atalell(University of Washington), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(University of Washington), Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu(University of Washington), Prince Atorkey(University of Washington), Maha Atout(University of Washington), Alok Atreya(University of Washington), Avinash Aujayeb(University of Washington), Abolfazl Avan(University of Washington), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Washington), Haleh Ayatollahi(University of Washington), Olatunde Ayinde(University of Washington), Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh(University of Washington), Sina Azadnajafabad(University of Washington), Zahra Azizi(University of Washington), Khalil Azizian(University of Washington), Ahmed Y. Azzam(University of Washington), Mahsa Babaei(University of Washington), Muhammad Badar(University of Washington), Ashish Badiye(University of Washington), Soroush Baghdadi(University of Washington), Sara Bagherieh(University of Washington), Ruhai Bai(University of Washington), Atif Amin Baig(University of Washington), Senthilkumar Balakrishnan(University of Washington), Shivanthi Balalla(University of Washington), Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu(University of Washington), Maciej Banach(University of Washington), Soham Bandyopadhyay(University of Washington), Indrajit Banerjee(University of Washington), Mehmet Fırat Baran(University of Washington), Miguel A. Barboza(University of Washington), Martina Barchitta(University of Washington), Mainak Bardhan(University of Washington), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Washington), Till Bärnighausen(University of Washington), Amadou Barrow(University of Washington), Davood Bashash(University of Washington), Hamideh Bashiri(University of Washington), Hameed Akande Bashiru(University of Washington), Afisu Basiru(University of Washington), João Diogo Basso(University of Washington), Sanjay Basu(University of Washington), Abdul‐Monim Batiha(University of Washington), Kavita Batra(University of Washington), Bernhard T. Baune(University of Washington), Neeraj Bedi(University of Washington), Ahmet Begde(University of Washington), Tahmina Begum(University of Washington), Babak Behnam(University of Washington), Amir Hossein Behnoush(University of Washington), Maryam Beiranvand(University of Washington), Yannick Béjot(University of Washington), Alehegn Bekele(University of Washington), Melaku Ashagrie Belete(University of Washington), Uzma Belgaumi(University of Washington), Maryam Bemanalizadeh(University of Washington), Rose Bender(University of Washington), Bright Benfor(University of Washington), Derrick Bennett(University of Washington), Isabela M. Benseñor(University of Washington), Bétyna N. Berice(University of Washington), Paulo J. G. Bettencourt(University of Washington), Kebede Beyene(University of Washington), Abhishek Bhadra(University of Washington), Devidas S. Bhagat(University of Washington), Kayleigh Bhangdia(University of Washington), Nikha Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Pankaj Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Ashish Bhargava(University of Washington), Sonu Bhaskar(University of Washington), Ajay Nagesh Bhat(University of Washington), Vivek Bhat(University of Washington), Gurjit Kaur Bhatti(University of Washington), Jasvinder Singh Bhatti(University of Washington), Rajbir Bhatti(University of Washington), Ali Bijani(University of Washington), Boris Bikbov(University of Washington), Mariah Malak Bilalaga(University of Washington), Atanu Biswas(University of Washington), Saeid Bitaraf(University of Washington), Veera Raghavulu Bitra(University of Washington), Tone Bjørge(University of Washington), Virgínia Bodolica(University of Washington), Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin(University of Washington), Archith Boloor(University of Washington), Dejana Braithwaite(University of Washington), Carol Brayne(University of Washington), Hermann Brenner(University of Washington), Andrey Briko(University of Washington), María L. Bringas-Vega(University of Washington), Julie Brown(University of Washington), Christine M. Budke(University of Washington), Danilo Buonsenso(University of Washington), Katrin Burkart(University of Washington), Richard A. Burns(University of Washington), Yasser Bustanji(University of Washington), Muhammad Hammad Butt(University of Washington), Nadeem Shafique Butt(University of Washington), Zahid A Butt(University of Washington), Lucas Scotta Cabral(University of Washington), Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Daniela Călina(University of Washington), Ismael Campos‐Nonato(University of Washington), Chao Cao(University of Washington), Hélène Carabin(University of Washington), Rosario Cárdenas(University of Washington), Giulia Carreras(University of Washington), André F. Carvalho(University of Washington), Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(University of Washington), Adriano Casulli(University of Washington), Ferrán Catalá-López(University of Washington), Alberico L. Catapano(University of Washington), Arthur Caye(University of Washington), Luca Cegolon(University of Washington), Muthia Cenderadewi(University of Washington), Ester Cerin(University of Washington), Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita(University of Washington), Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan(University of Washington), Gashaw Sisay Chanie(University of Washington), Jaykaran Charan(University of Washington), Vijay Kumar Chattu(University of Washington), Endeshaw Chekol Abebe(University of Washington), Hui Chen(University of Washington), Jianqi Chen(University of Washington), Gerald Chi(University of Washington), Fatemeh Chichagi(University of Washington), Saravana Babu Chidambaram(University of Washington), Ritesh Chimoriya(University of Washington), Patrick R Ching(University of Washington), Abdulaal Chitheer(University of Washington), Yuen Yu Chong(University of Washington), Hitesh Chopra(University of Washington), Sonali G Choudhari(University of Washington), E. Chowdhury(University of Washington), Rajiv Chowdhury(University of Washington), Hanne Christensen(University of Washington), Dinh‐Toi Chu(University of Washington), Isaac Sunday Chukwu(University of Washington), Eric Lim Teik Chung(University of Washington), Kaleb Coberly(University of Washington), Alyssa Columbus(University of Washington), Josielli Comachio(University of Washington), João Conde(University of Washington), Paolo Angelo Cortesi(University of Washington), Vera Marisa Costa(University of Washington), Rosa A S Couto(University of Washington), Michael H Criqui(University of Washington), Natália Martins(University of Washington), Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi(University of Washington), Sriharsha Dadana(University of Washington), Omid Dadras(University of Washington), Xiaochen Dai(University of Washington), Zhaoli Dai(University of Washington), Emanuele D’Amico, Hadi Danawi(University of Washington), Lalit Dandona(University of Washington), Rakhi Dandona(University of Washington), Amira Hamed Darwish(University of Washington), Saswati Das(University of Washington), Subasish Das(University of Washington), Ana Maria Dascălu, Nihar Ranjan Dash(University of Washington), Mohsen Dashti, Fernando de la Hoz, Alejandro de la Torre‐Luque, Diego De Leo, Frances Dean(University of Washington), Amin Dehghan(University of Washington), Azizallah Dehghan, Hiwot Dejene, Daniel Demant(University of Washington), Andreas K. Demetriades, Solomon Demissie, Xin Deng, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Kuldeep Dhama, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Díaz(University of Washington), Mahmoud Dibas(University of Washington), Delaney D Ding, Monica Dinu, M Ashworth Dirac, Mengistie Diress, Thanh Chi(University of Washington), Thao Huynh Phuong(University of Washington), Khanh Duy Khanh Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Mohamed Fahmy Doheim, Клара Докова, Deepa Dongarwar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, John Dube, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sulagna Dutta, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Hisham Atan Edinur, Negin Eissazade, Michael Ekholuenetale(University of Washington), Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Nevine El Nahas, Iman El Sayed, Mohammad Amin Elahi Najafi(University of Washington), Iffat Elbarazi, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Frank J. Elgar, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Legesse Tesfaye Elilo, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Omar El Meligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem(University of Washington), Mohammed Elshaer(University of Washington), Ibrahim Elsohaby(University of Washington), Mehdi Emamverdi, Theophilus I. Emeto, Matthias Endres, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdolmajid Fadaei, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ali Faramarzi(University of Washington), Jawad Fares(University of Washington), Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani, André Faro(University of Washington), Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh(University of Washington), Mobina Fathi, Saeid Fathi(University of Washington), Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima, Alireza Feizkhah(University of Washington), Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alize J Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Neda Firouraghi(University of Washington), Florian Fischer, Ana Catarina Fonseca, Lisa M Force, Arianna Fornari, Behzad Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Gaidhane, Yaseen Galali, Nasrin Galehdar, Quan Gan(University of Washington), Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, William M. Gardner, Naval Garg, Shuo‐Yan Gau(University of Washington), Rupesh K. Gautam, Teshome Gebre, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Haftay Gebremedhin Gebreslassie, Lemma Getacher, Bardiya Ghaderi Yazdi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Fariborz Ghaffarpasand, Reza Ghanbari(University of Washington), Mohammad‐Reza Ghasemi(University of Washington), Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sailaja Ghimire, Ali Gholami(University of Washington), Ali Gholamrezanezhad(University of Washington), Elena Ghotbi, Sherief Ghozy, Alessandro Gialluisi, Paramjit Gill, Logan M. Glasstetter, E. V. Gnedovskaya, Ali Golchin(University of Washington), Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mansueto Gomes Neto, Alessandra C. Goulart, Anmol Goyal, Richard J. Gray, Michal Grivna, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Bin Guan(University of Washington), Giovanni Guarducci, Stefano Guicciardi, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Hanbing Guo, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Vladimir Hachinski, Rasool Haddadi, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi(University of Washington), Nils Haep, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile(University of Washington), Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Brian J. Hall(University of Washington), Rabih Halwani, Sajid Hameed(University of Washington), Mohammad Hamiduzzaman(University of Washington), Ahmad Hammoud(University of Washington), Hannah Han(University of Washington), Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Md. Abdul Hannan, Junwei Hao(University of Washington), Harapan Harapan, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, Arief Hargono, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep María Haro(University of Washington), Nicholas Nathaniel Hartman, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Faizul Hasan(University of Washington), Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hasanian(University of Washington), Amr Hassan(University of Washington), Shoaib Hassan(University of Washington), Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani(University of Washington), Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Johannes Haubold, Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Khezar Hayat(University of Washington), Mohamed Hegazy, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari(University of Washington), Reza Heidari‐Soureshjani(University of Washington), Hamed Hesami(University of Washington), Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Howard J. Hoffman, Ramesh Holla, K Hopf, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Md. Belal Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh(University of Washington), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu(University of Washington), Junjie Huang, Md. Nazmul Huda, Javid Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehran Ilaghi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Mustapha Immurana, Farideh Iravanpour, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Faisal Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C D Iwu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Ali Jaan(University of Washington), Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh, Mahboobeh Jafari, Morteza Jafarinia(University of Washington), Abdollah Jafarzadeh(University of Washington), Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Abhishek Jaiswal(University of Washington), Mihajlo Jakovljević, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Somnath Jana(University of Washington), Nilofer Javadi, Saad Javed, Saad Javeed, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Heng Bo Jiang, Catherine O. Johnson, Walter D. Johnson, Mohammad Jokar(University of Washington), Jost B Jonas, Abel Joseph(University of Washington), Nitin Joseph(University of Washington), Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir(University of Washington), Zubair Kabir, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Vidya Kadashetti, Fatemeh Kafi(University of Washington), Rizwan Kalani, Farnaz Kalantar, Feroze Kaliyadan, Ashwin Kamath, Sagarika Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Amit Kandel, Himal Kandel(University of Washington), Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Jafar Karami(University of Washington), Shama D. Karanth, Ibraheem M. Karaye, André Karch(University of Washington), Aliasghar Karimi, Hanie Karimi(University of Washington), Arman Karimi Behnagh, Hengameh Kasraei, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Joonas H. Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Navjot Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Cathleen Keller, Mohammad Keykhaei(University of Washington), Mohammad Amin Khadembashiri(University of Washington), Yousef Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Faham Khamesipour, Mohammad Khammarnia(University of Washington), Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Yusra Habib Khan, Mahammed Ziauddin Khan Suheb, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Tripti Khanna, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Saeid Khonji, Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh(University of Washington), Moein Khormali, Jagdish Khubchandani, Saeid Kian(University of Washington), Grace Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kısa(University of Washington), Sezer Kısa, Mika Kivimäki(University of Washington), Sonali Kochhar(University of Washington), Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Kamrun Nahar Koly, Farzad Kompani, Walter J. Koroshetz, Soewarta Kosen, Masoumeh Kourosh‐Arami, Ai Koyanagi(University of Washington), Michael Kravchenko(University of Washington), Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy(University of Washington), Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Md Abdul Kuddus, Ashish Kumar(University of Washington), G Anil Kumar(University of Washington), Manasi Kumar(University of Washington), Nithin Kumar(University of Washington), Netsanet Bogale Kumsa, Satyajit Kundu, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Dian Kusuma(University of Washington), Ambily Kuttikkattu, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia(University of Washington), Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono(University of Washington), Dharmesh Kumar Lal(University of Washington), Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám(University of Washington), Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires(University of Washington), Berthold Langguth, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Kathryn Mei-Ming Lau, Matthew B. Laurens, Basira Kankia Lawal, Long Khanh‐Dao Le(University of Washington), Thao T. Le(University of Washington), Caterina Ledda, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei‐Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Matilde Leonardi, Temesgen Leka Lerango, Ming‐Chieh Li(University of Washington), Wei Li(University of Washington), Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Christine Linehan(University of Washington), Chaojie Liu, Jue Liu(University of Washington), Wei Liu, Chun‐Han Lo(University of Washington), Warren Lo(University of Washington), Stany W. Lobo, Giancarlo Logroscino, Graciliana Lopes, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Stefan Lorkowski, Joana A. Loureiro, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Zheng Feei(University of Washington), Mahmoud Mabrok(University of Washington), Monika Machoy, Farzan Madadizadeh, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek(University of Washington), Azzam A. Maghazachi(University of Washington), Nastaran Maghbouli, Soleiman Mahjoub, Morteza Mahmoudi(University of Washington), Azeem Majeed(University of Washington), Jeadran Malagón-Rojas, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Aseer Manilal, Vahid Mansouri, Mohammad Alì Mansournia(University of Washington), Bishnu P. Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, José Martı́nez-Raga(University of Washington), Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Miquel Martorell, Winfried März(University of Washington), Roy Rillera Marzo, João Massano(University of Washington), Yasith Mathangasinghe, Elezebeth Mathews, Richard J. Maude, Andrea Maugeri, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli(University of Washington), Maryam Mazaheri(University of Washington), Colm McAlinden, John J. McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Oliver Mendoza‐Cano, Ritesh G. Menezes, Mohsen Merati, Atte Meretoja, Alexander Merkin, Abera Mersha, Tomislav Meštrović, Tianyue Mi(University of Washington), Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Reza Mirfakhraie(University of Washington), Andreea Mirică, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Mehdi Mirzaei, Awoke Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Biru Abdissa Mizana, Ashraf Mohamadkhani(University of Washington), Nouh Saad Mohamed(University of Washington), Esmaeil Mohammadi, Hiwa Mohammadi, Shadieh Mohammadi, Soheil Mohammadi, Marita Mohammadshahi, Mustapha Mohammed(University of Washington), Salahuddin Mohammed(University of Washington), Shafiu Mohammed(University of Washington), Syam Mohan, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Holger Möller, Lorenzo Monasta, Md. Moniruzzaman, Fateme Montazeri(University of Washington), Maryam Moradi(University of Washington), Yousef Moradi(University of Washington), Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Negar Morovatdar, Shane D. Morrison, Abbas Mosapour(University of Washington), Jonathan F Mosser, Elías Mossialos, Majid Motaghinejad, Parsa Mousavi, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Faraz Mughal, George Duke Mukoro, Admir Mulita, Francesk Mulita, Fungai Musaigwa, Ahmad Mustafa(University of Washington), Ghulam Mustafa, Sathish Muthu, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R. Naik, Firzan Nainu, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Gopal Nambi, Hossein Namdar Areshtanab(University of Washington), Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Abdallah Y. Naser, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Hadis Nasoori, Ahmed Nasreldein(University of Washington), Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Mohammad Negaresh(University of Washington), Hadush Negash, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Șerban Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Olivia D Nesbit, Charles R. Newton, Dang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Ngoc-Trinh Thi Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Văn Thành Nguyễn, Robina Khan Niazi, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos Νikolouzakis, Vikram Niranjan, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Nafise Noroozi, Bo Norrving(University of Washington), Jean Jacques Noubiap, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Virginia Núñez-Samudio(University of Washington), Dieta Nurrika, Bogdan Oancea, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Martin O’Donnell, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, James Odhiambo Oguta, In‐Hwan Oh(University of Washington), Hassan Okati‐Aliabad(University of Washington), Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Muideen T. Olaiya, Matifan Dereje Olana, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali(University of Washington), Sokking Ong(University of Washington), Obinna Onwujekwe, Michał Ordak, Aislyn U Orji, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia(University of Washington), Mayowa Owolabi, Mahesh Padukudru P A(University of Washington), Kevin Pacheco‐Barrios, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Padmavali Nanaji Palange, Claudia Palladino, Raffaele Palladino, Raúl Felipe Palma-Álvarez, Feng Pan(University of Washington), Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Jeyaraj Pandian, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Shahina Pardhan(University of Washington), Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Ava Pashaei(University of Washington), Jay Patel(University of Washington), Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Shrikant Pawar, Paolo Pedersini(University of Washington), Umberto Pensato, David M. Pereira, Jeevan Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Mário Fernando Prieto Peres, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Tran Pham, Michael Phillips, Gabriel David Pinilla-Monsalve, М. А. Пирадов(University of Washington), Evgenii Plotnikov, Dimitri Poddighe, Burcu Polat, Ramesh Poluru, Constance Dimity Pond, Govinda Poudel, Alireza Pouramini(University of Washington), Ali Mohammad Pourbagher‐Shahri, Mohammad Pourfridoni(University of Washington), Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Peralam Yegneswaran Prakash, Sanjay Prakash(University of Washington), V. Prakash(University of Washington), Elton Junio Sady Prates, Natalie Pritchett, Hery Purnobasuki, Nameer Hashim Qasim(University of Washington), Ibrahim Qattea(University of Washington), Gangzhen Qian, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Pourya Raee, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki(University of Washington), Ibrar Rafique, Alberto Raggi, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Meghdad M Rahati, Fakher Rahim(University of Washington), Zahra Rahimi(University of Washington), Mahban Rahimifard, Obaidur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Hamed Rahmani Youshanlouei(University of Washington), Masoud Rahmati, Sheetal Raj Moolambally, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati(University of Washington), Hazem Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Sheena Ramazanu, Nemanja Rančić, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Deepthi Rapaka, Vahid Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Mehran Rashidi Alavijeh, Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani, Salman Rawaf(University of Washington), Christian Razo, Elrashdy M. 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Sakshaug, Mohamed A. Saleh(University of Washington), Hossein Salehi Omran(University of Washington), Marwa Rashad Salem, Sohrab Salimi(University of Washington), Hossein Samadi Kafil(University of Washington), Sara Samadzadeh(University of Washington), Saad Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Nima Sanadgol, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Francesco Sanmarchi, Damian Santomauro, Ichtiarini Nurullita Santri, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Aswini Saravanan, Arash Sarveazad, Maheswar Satpathy, Mete Şaylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Markus P. Schlaich, Art Schuermans(University of Washington), Michaël Schwarzinger(Université de Bordeaux), David C. 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Silva, Ehsan Sinaei, Balbir Singh(University of Washington), Garima Singh(University of Washington), Paramdeep Singh(University of Washington), Surjit Singh(University of Washington), Sarah Brooke Sirota, Shravan Sivakumar, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Ranjan Solanki, Hamidreza Soleimani, Solikhah Solikhah, Yerukneh Solomon, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Houman Sotoudeh, Μichael Spartalis(University of Washington), Benjamin Stark, Joseph R. Starnes, А. В. Стародубова, Dan J. Stein(University of Washington), Timothy J. 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Feigin, Theo Vos, Tarun Dua(University of Washington)
Cited by 1,636Open Access
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378-521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20-3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5-45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7-26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6-38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5-32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7-2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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