Danilo Buonsenso

Importance: Some individuals experience persistent symptoms after initial symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (often referred to as Long COVID). Objective: To estimate the proportion of males and females with COVID-19, younger or older than 20 years of age, who had Long COVID symptoms in 2020 and 2021 and their Long COVID symptom duration. Design, Setting, and Participants: Bayesian meta-regression and pooling of 54 studies and 2 medical record databases with data for 1.2 million individuals (from 22 countries) who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 54 studies, 44 were published and 10 were collaborating cohorts (conducted in Austria, the Faroe Islands, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US). The participant data were derived from the 44 published studies (10 501 hospitalized individuals and 42 891 nonhospitalized individuals), the 10 collaborating cohort studies (10 526 and 1906), and the 2 US electronic medical record databases (250 928 and 846 046). Data collection spanned March 2020 to January 2022. Exposures: Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Proportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021, estimated separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age. Results: A total of 1.2 million individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (mean age, 4-66 years; males, 26%-88%). In the modeled estimates, 6.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.4%-13.3%) of individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced at least 1 of the 3 Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, including 3.2% (95% UI, 0.6%-10.0%) for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, 3.7% (95% UI, 0.9%-9.6%) for ongoing respiratory problems, and 2.2% (95% UI, 0.3%-7.6%) for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19, comprising an estimated 51.0% (95% UI, 16.9%-92.4%), 60.4% (95% UI, 18.9%-89.1%), and 35.4% (95% UI, 9.4%-75.1%), respectively, of Long COVID cases. The Long COVID symptom clusters were more common in women aged 20 years or older (10.6% [95% UI, 4.3%-22.2%]) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection than in men aged 20 years or older (5.4% [95% UI, 2.2%-11.7%]). Both sexes younger than 20 years of age were estimated to be affected in 2.8% (95% UI, 0.9%-7.0%) of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. The estimated mean Long COVID symptom cluster duration was 9.0 months (95% UI, 7.0-12.0 months) among hospitalized individuals and 4.0 months (95% UI, 3.6-4.6 months) among nonhospitalized individuals. Among individuals with Long COVID symptoms 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, an estimated 15.1% (95% UI, 10.3%-21.1%) continued to experience symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions and Relevance: This study presents modeled estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This letter describes a cohort of 100 children younger than 18 years of age with RT-PCR-confirmed Covid-19 who were assessed in 17 pediatric emergency departments in Italy. The descriptive results are compared with previously published results involving children in China and the United States.

Growing evidence is showing the usefulness of lung ultrasound in patients with the 2019 new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has now spread in almost every country in the world. In this study, we share our experience and propose a standardized approach to optimize the use of lung ultrasound in patients with COVID-19. We focus on equipment, procedure, classification, and data sharing.

There is increasing evidence that adult patients diagnosed with acute COVID-19 suffer from Long COVID initially described in Italy.1 A recent large cohort of 1733 patients from Wuhan found persistent symptoms in 76% of patients 6 months after initial diagnosis.2 To date, data on Long COVID in children are scarce, with the exception of an earlier description of five children with Long COVID in Sweden.3 We assessed persistent symptoms in paediatric patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19. This cross-sectional study included all children ≤18 year old diagnosed with microbiologically confirmed (PCR analysis on nasopharyngeal swab) COVID-19 (through a nasopharyngeal swab from March 2020 to October 2020) in Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Rome, Italy). Only children with a SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed 30 days before the assessment were included. Patients >18 years old or with severe neurocognitive disability were excluded, since this would have not allowed a proper assessment of signs and symptoms included in the survey. Caregivers were interviewed about their child's health using a questionnaire (Appendix S1) developed by the Long COVID ISARIC study group,4 for evaluation of persisting symptoms. Participants were interviewed by two paediatricians, either by phone or in the outpatient department, from 1 September 2020 to 1 January 2021. For those assessed in the outpatient settings, the same survey was used and symptoms reported were collected even if not present at the moment of the visit (eg tachycardia). Also, investigations were not performed at the moment of the assessment, in order to rule-out other causes, although the survey has a section to ask whether other possible causes have been detected in the meantime. Participants were categorised into groups according to symptoms status during the acute phase (symptomatic/asymptomatic), need for hospitalisation and time from COVID-19 diagnosis to follow-up evaluation (<60, 60–120, >120 days). Numerical variables were compared using t test or ANOVA and categorical variables with chi-square or Fisher's exact test where appropriate. All analyses were performed using R version 4.0.3 (R Foundation). This study was approved by the Institutional Ethic Committee of the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (ID 3777), and all participants consented to participate. One hundred and twenty-nine children diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and November 2020 were enrolled (mean age of 11 ± 4.4 years, 62 (48.1%) female). Six children with severe neurocognitive impairment were excluded due to impossibility to report signs/symptoms included in the survey. Hundred and nine children (84.5%) were interviewed by phone call, and the remaining during outpatient assessment. During the acute COVID-19, 33 children (25.6%) were asymptomatic, and 96 (74.4%) had symptoms. Overall, 6 (4.7%) children were hospitalised, and 3 (2.3%) needed paediatric intensive care unit admission. After the initial diagnosis of COVID-19, three developed multisystem inflammatory syndrome (2.3%) and two myocarditis (1.6%). Patients were assessed on average 162.5 ± 113.7 days after COVID-19 microbiological diagnosis. 41.8% completely recovered, 35.7% had one or two symptoms and 22.5% had three or more (Table S1). Table 1 provides details about persistence of symptoms according to severity and length of follow-up. Insomnia (18.6%), respiratory symptoms (including pain and chest tightness) (14.7%), nasal congestion (12.4%), fatigue (10.8%), muscle (10.1%) and joint pain (6.9%), and concentration difficulties (10.1%) were the most frequently reported symptoms. These symptoms, described both in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic acute COVID-19, were particularly frequent in those assessed >60 days after the initial diagnosis. Asymptomatic N 33 Symptomatic N 96 Not Hospitalised N 123 Hospitalised N 6 <60 N 31 60–119 N 30 >120 N 68 Twenty out of 30 children (66.6%) assessed between 60 and 120 days after initial COVID-19 had at least one persisting symptom (13 had one or two symptoms, seven had three or more); 35 of 68 children (27.1%) had at least one symptom 120 days or more after diagnosis (21 had one or two symptoms, 14 had three or more). Twenty-nine out of the 68 (42.6%) children assessed ≥120 days from diagnosis were still distressed by these symptoms. This is a large series study providing evidence of Long COVID in children, and currently to our knowledge in literature, there is another report supporting the topic.4 More than a half of the children assessed during the survey reported at least one symptom. In particular, 42.6% presented at least one symptoms >60 days after infection. Symptoms like fatigue, muscle and joint pain, headache, insomnia, respiratory problems and palpitations were particularly frequent, as also described in adults.1, 2 To date, the only other paediatric study available is a Swedish case series of five children, all suffering from fatigue, dyspnoea, heart palpitations or chest pain after >60 days from initial diagnosis.3 Importantly, all those Swedish children had persistent symptoms after 6 months. These findings are in line with the patterns of symptoms reported in our cohort. Also, the Swedish children with Long COVID had a median age of 12 years, similar to our children (11.4 years), further supporting that this age group may particularly suffer from Long COVID. An important and unexpected finding is that also children with an asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic COVID-19 developed chronic, persisting symptoms, although followed-up for a relatively short time after the diagnosis. Limitations of the study include the single-centre design with a relatively small sample size. All patients were interviewed once, and a control group of children without COVID-19 was not included. Children have been mostly overlooked during this pandemic, since the clinical course of COVID-19 in this group is much milder than in adults.5 However, there is an increasing evidence that restrictive measures aimed at limiting the pandemic are having a significant impact on child's mental health.6 Childhood is a delicate and fundamental period of life, critical for acquisition of social, behavioral and educational development. The evidence that COVID-19 can have long-term impact on children as well, including those with asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic COVID-19, highlight the need for paediatricians, mental health experts and policymakers of implementing measures to reduce impact of the pandemic on child's health. Importantly, further prospective studies, not only based on surveys but with objective clinical assessment and including healthy controls that never had COVID-19, are needed to better understand the burden of Long COVID in children. Thank you to Dr. Itai Shavit for his intellectual critical review of the manuscript. The authors have no example conflicts of interest to disclose. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.