Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Kevin S Ikuta(University of Washington), Lucien R Swetschinski(University of Washington), Gisela Robles Aguilar(University of Washington), Fablina Sharara(University of Washington), Tomislav Meštrović(University of Washington), Authia P Gray(University of Washington), Nicole Davis Weaver(University of Washington), Eve E Wool(University of Washington), Chieh Han(University of Washington), Anna Gershberg Hayoon(University of Washington), Amirali Aali(University of Washington), Semagn Mekonnen Abate(University of Washington), Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari(University of Washington), Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari(University of Washington), Sherief Abd‐Elsalam(University of Washington), Getachew Abebe(University of Washington), Aidin Abedi(University of Washington), Amir Parsa Abhari(University of Washington), Hassan Abidi(University of Washington), Richard Gyan Aboagye(University of Washington), Abdorrahim Absalan(University of Washington), Hiwa Abubaker Ali(University of Washington), Juan Acuña(University of Washington), Tigist Demssew Adane(University of Washington), Isaac Yeboah Addo(University of Washington), Oyelola A. Adegboye(University of Washington), Mohammad Adnan(University of Washington), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(University of Washington), Muhammad U. Afzal(University of Washington), Saira Afzal(University of Washington), Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of Washington), Aqeel Ahmad(University of Washington), Araz Ramazan Ahmad(University of Washington), Rizwan Ahmad(University of Washington), Sajjad Ahmad(University of Washington), Sohail Ahmad(University of Washington), Sepideh Ahmadi(University of Washington), Ali Ahmed(University of Washington), Haroon Ahmed(University of Washington), Jivan Qasim Ahmed(University of Washington), Tarik A. Rashid(University of Washington), Marjan Ajami(University of Washington), Budi Aji(University of Washington), Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi(University of Washington), Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna(University of Washington), Hanadi Al Hamad(University of Washington), Fares Alahdab(University of Washington), Ziyad Al‐Aly(University of Washington), Mamoon A. Aldeyab(University of Washington), Alicia V Aleman(University of Washington), Fadwa Alhalaiqa(University of Washington), Robert Kaba Alhassan(University of Washington), Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali(University of Washington), Liaqat Ali(University of Washington), Syed Shujait Ali(University of Washington), Yousef Alimohamadi(University of Washington), Vahid Alipour(University of Washington), Atiyeh Alizadeh(University of Washington), Syed Mohamed Aljunid(University of Washington), Kasim Allel(University of Washington), Sami Almustanyir(University of Washington), Edward Kwabena Ameyaw(University of Washington), Arianna Maever L. Amit(University of Washington), Nivedita Anandavelane(University of Washington), Robert Ancuceanu(University of Washington), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of Washington), Tudorel Andrei(University of Washington), Dewi Anggraini(University of Washington), Adnan Ansar(University of Washington), Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor(University of Washington), Jalal Arabloo(University of Washington), Aleksandr Y. Aravkin(University of Washington), Demelash Areda(University of Washington), Timur Aripov(University of Washington), Anton A Artamonov(University of Washington), Judie Arulappan(University of Washington), Raphael Taiwo Aruleba(University of Washington), Muhammad Asaduzzaman(University of Washington), Tahira Ashraf(University of Washington), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(University of Washington), Daniel Atlaw(University of Washington), Sameh Attia(University of Washington), Marcel Ausloos(University of Washington), Tewachew Awoke(University of Washington), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Washington), Tegegn Mulatu Ayana(University of Washington), Sina Azadnajafabad(University of Washington), Amirhossein Azari Jafari(University of Washington), B B Darshan(University of Washington), Muhammad Badar(University of Washington), Ashish Badiye(University of Washington), Nayereh Baghcheghi(University of Washington), Sara Bagherieh(University of Washington), Atif Amin Baig(University of Washington), Indrajit Banerjee(University of Washington), Aleksandra Barać(University of Washington), Mainak Bardhan(University of Washington), Francesco Barone‐Adesi(University of Washington), Hiba Jawdat Barqawi(University of Washington), Amadou Barrow(University of Washington), Pritish Baskaran(University of Washington), Saurav Basu(University of Washington), Abdul‐Monim Batiha(University of Washington), Neeraj Bedi(University of Washington), Melaku Ashagrie Belete(University of Washington), Uzma Belgaumi(University of Washington), Rose Bender(University of Washington), Bharti Bhandari(University of Washington), Dinesh Bhandari(University of Washington), Pankaj Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Sonu Bhaskar(University of Washington), Krittika Bhattacharyya(University of Washington), Suraj Bhattarai(University of Washington), Saeid Bitaraf(University of Washington), Danilo Buonsenso(University of Washington), Zahid A Butt(University of Washington), Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Jiao Cai(University of Washington), Daniela Călina(University of Washington), Paulo Augusto Moreira Camargos(University of Washington), Luis Alberto Cámera(University of Washington), Rosario Cárdenas(University of Washington), Müge Çevik(University of Washington), Joshua Chadwick(University of Washington), Jaykaran Charan(University of Washington), Akhilanand Chaurasia(University of Washington), Patrick R Ching, Sonali G Choudhari(University of Washington), E. Chowdhury(University of Washington), Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury(University of Washington), Dinh‐Toi Chu(University of Washington), Isaac Sunday Chukwu(University of Washington), Omid Dadras(University of Washington), Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw(University of Washington), Xiaochen Dai(University of Washington), Saswati Das(University of Washington), Anna Dastiridou(University of Washington), Sisay Abebe Debela, Fitsum Wolde Demisse(University of Washington), Solomon Demissie(University of Washington), Diriba Dereje(University of Washington), Msganaw Derese(University of Washington), Hardik Dineshbhai Desai(University of Washington), Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn(University of Washington), Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni(University of Washington), Belay Desye(University of Washington), Kartik Dhaduk(University of Washington), Meghnath Dhimal(University of Washington), Sameer Dhingra(University of Washington), Nancy Diao(University of Washington), Daniel Díaz(University of Washington), Shirin Djalalinia(University of Washington), Milad Dodangeh(University of Washington), Deepa Dongarwar(University of Washington), Bezabih Terefe Dora(University of Washington), Fariba Dorostkar(University of Washington), Haneil Larson Dsouza(University of Washington), Eleonora Dubljanin(University of Washington), Susanna Dunachie(University of Washington), Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Hisham Atan Edinur(University of Washington), Habtamu Bekele Ejigu(University of Washington), Michael Ekholuenetale(University of Washington), Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo(University of Washington), Hassan El‐Abid(University of Washington), Muhammed Elhadi(University of Washington), Mohamed A. Elmonem(University of Washington), Amir Emami(University of Washington), Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew(University of Washington), Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar(University of Washington), Babak Eshrati(University of Washington), Farshid Etaee(University of Washington), Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe(University of Washington), Shahab Falahi(University of Washington), Aida Fallahzadeh(University of Washington), Emerito Jose A Faraon(University of Washington), Ali Fatehizadeh(University of Washington), Ginenus Fekadu(University of Washington), João Carlos Fernandes(University of Washington), Allegra Ferrari(University of Washington), Getahun Fetensa(University of Washington), Irina Filip(University of Washington), Florian Fischer(University of Washington), Masoud Foroutan(University of Washington), Péter Gaál(University of Washington), Muktar A Gadanya(University of Washington), Abhay Gaidhane(University of Washington), Balasankar Ganesan(University of Washington), Mesfin Gebrehiwot(University of Washington), Reza Ghanbari(University of Washington), Mohammad Ghasemi Nour(University of Washington), Ahmad Ghashghaee(University of Washington), Ali Gholamrezanezhad(University of Washington), Abdolmajid Gholizadeh(University of Washington), Mahaveer Golechha(University of Washington), Pouya Goleij(University of Washington), Davide Golinelli(University of Washington), Amador Goodridge(University of Washington), Damitha Asanga Gunawardane(University of Washington), Yuming Guo(University of Washington), Rajat Das Gupta(University of Washington), Sapna Gupta(University of Washington), Veer Bala Gupta(University of Washington), Vivek Gupta(University of Washington), Alemu Guta(University of Washington), Parham Habibzadeh(University of Washington), Atlas Haddadi Avval, Rabih Halwani(University of Washington), Asif Hanif(University of Washington), Md. Abdul Hannan(University of Washington), Harapan Harapan(University of Washington), Shoaib Hassan(University of Washington), Hadi Hassankhani(University of Washington), Khezar Hayat(University of Washington), Behzad Heibati(University of Washington), Golnaz Heidari(University of Washington), Mohammad Heidari(University of Washington), Reza Heidari‐Soureshjani(University of Washington), Claudiu Herţeliu(University of Washington), Demisu Zenbaba Heyi(University of Washington), Kamal Hezam(University of Washington), Praveen Hoogar(University of Washington), Nobuyuki Horita(University of Washington), Md Mahbub Hossain(University of Washington), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(University of Washington), Mihaela Hostiuc(University of Washington), Sorin Hostiuc(University of Washington), Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh(University of Washington), Junjie Huang(University of Washington), Salman Hussain(University of Washington), Nawfal R Hussein(University of Washington), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of Washington), Irena Ilić(University of Washington), Milena Ilić(University of Washington), Mohammad Tarique Imam(University of Washington), Mustapha Immurana(University of Washington), Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Arnaud Iradukunda(University of Washington), Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Chidozie C D Iwu(University of Washington), Chinwe Juliana Iwu(University of Washington), Linda Merin J(University of Washington), Mihajlo Jakovljević(University of Washington), Elham Jamshidi(University of Washington), Tahereh Javaheri(University of Washington), Fatemeh Javanmardi(University of Washington), Javad Javidnia(University of Washington), Sathish Kumar Jayapal(University of Washington), Umesh Jayarajah(University of Washington), Rime Jebai(University of Washington), Ravi Prakash Jha(University of Washington), Tamás Joó(University of Washington), Nitin Joseph(University of Washington), Farahnaz Joukar(University of Washington), Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak(University of Washington), Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi(University of Washington), Vidya Kadashetti(University of Washington), Laleh R. Kalankesh(University of Washington), Rohollah Kalhor(University of Washington), Vineet Kumar Kamal(University of Washington), Himal Kandel(University of Washington), Neeti Kapoor(University of Washington), Samad Karkhah(University of Washington), Bekalu Getnet Kassa(University of Washington), Nicholas J Kassebaum(University of Washington), Patrick DMC Katoto(University of Washington), Mohammad Keykhaei(University of Washington), Himanshu Khajuria(University of Washington), Abbas Khan(University of Washington), Imteyaz Ahmad Khan(University of Washington), Maseer Khan(University of Washington), Md Nuruzzaman Khan(University of Washington), Moien AB Khan(University of Washington), Moawiah Khatatbeh(University of Washington), Mona M Khater(University of Washington), Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani(University of Washington), Jagdish Khubchandani(University of Washington), Han‐Na Kim(University of Washington), Min Seo Kim(University of Washington), Ruth W Kimokoti(University of Washington), Niranjan Kissoon(University of Washington), Sonali Kochhar(University of Washington), Farzad Kompani(University of Washington), Soewarta Kosen(University of Washington), Parvaiz A Koul(University of Washington), Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana(University of Washington), Fiorella Krapp Lopez(University of Washington), Kewal Krishan(University of Washington), Vijay Krishnamoorthy(University of Washington), Vishnutheertha Kulkarni(University of Washington), Naveen Kumar(University of Washington), Om Kurmi(University of Washington), Ambily Kuttikkattu(University of Washington), Hmwe Hmwe Kyu(University of Washington), Dharmesh Kumar Lal(University of Washington), Judit Lám(University of Washington), Iván Landires(University of Washington), Savita Lasrado(University of Washington), Sang-woong Lee(University of Washington), Jacopo Lenzi(University of Washington), Sonia Lewycka(University of Washington), Shanshan Li(University of Washington), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Wei Liu(University of Washington), Rakesh Lodha(University of Washington), Michael J. Loftus(University of Washington), Ayush Lohiya(University of Washington), László Lorenzovici(University of Washington), Mojgan Lotfi(University of Washington), Ata Mahmoodpoor(University of Washington), Mansour Adam Mahmoud(University of Washington), Razzagh Mahmoudi(University of Washington), Azeem Majeed(University of Washington), Jamal Majidpoor(University of Washington), Alaa Makki(University of Washington), Galana Ayana Mamo(University of Washington), Yosef Manla(University of Washington), Miquel Martorell(University of Washington), Clara N Matei(University of Washington), Barney McManigal(University of Washington), Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra(University of Washington), Addisu Melese(University of Washington), Oliver Mendoza‐Cano(University of Washington), Ritesh G. Menezes(University of Washington), Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis(University of Washington), Georgia Micha(University of Washington), Irmina Maria Michałek(University of Washington), Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Neda Milevska Kostova(University of Washington), Shabir Ahmad Mir(University of Washington), Mojgan Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬(University of Washington), Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni(University of Washington), Erkin М Мirrakhimov(University of Washington), Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari(University of Washington), Abay Sisay Misganaw(University of Washington), Awoke Misganaw(University of Washington), Sanjeev Misra(University of Washington), Esmaeil Mohammadi(University of Washington), Mokhtar Mohammadi(University of Washington), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(University of Washington), Shafiu Mohammed(University of Washington), Syam Mohan(University of Washington), Mohammad Mohseni(University of Washington), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Washington), Sara Momtazmanesh(University of Washington), Lorenzo Monasta(University of Washington), Catrin E. Moore(University of Washington), Maryam Moradi(University of Washington), Mostafa Moradi Sarabi(University of Washington), Shane D. Morrison(University of Washington), Majid Motaghinejad(University of Washington), Haleh Mousavi Isfahani(University of Washington), Amin Mousavi Khaneghah(University of Washington), Seyed Ali Mousavi‐Aghdas(University of Washington), Sumaira Mubarik(University of Washington), Francesk Mulita(University of Washington), Getaneh Baye Mulu(University of Washington), Sandra B. Munro(University of Washington), Muthupandian Saravanan(University of Washington), Tapas Sadasivan Nair(University of Washington), Atta Abbas Naqvi(University of Washington), Himanshi Narang(University of Washington), Zuhair S. Natto(University of Washington), Muhammad Naveed(University of Washington), Biswa Prakash Nayak(University of Washington), Shumaila Naz(University of Washington), Ionuţ Negoi(University of Washington), Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel(University of Washington), Che Henry Ngwa(University of Washington), Robina Khan Niazi(University of Washington), Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá(University of Washington), Nafise Noroozi(University of Washington), Hasti Nouraei(University of Washington), Ali Nowroozi(University of Washington), Virginia Núñez-Samudio(University of Washington), Jerry John Nutor(University of Washington), Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam(University of Washington), Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam(University of Washington), Bogdan Oancea(University of Washington), Rahman Md Obaidur(University of Washington), Vivek Anand Ojha(University of Washington), Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji(University of Washington), Andrew T Olagunju(University of Washington), Bolajoko O. Olusanya(University of Washington), Ahmed Omar Bali(University of Washington), Emad Omer(University of Washington), Nikita Otstavnov(University of Washington), Bilcha Oumer(University of Washington), P A Mahesh(University of Washington), Jagadish Rao Padubidri(University of Washington), Keyvan Pakshir(University of Washington), Tamás Palicz(University of Washington), Adrian Pană(University of Washington), Shahina Pardhan(University of Washington), José Luis Paredes(University of Washington), Utsav Parekh(University of Washington), Eun‐Cheol Park(University of Washington), Seoyeon Park(University of Washington), Ashish Pathak(University of Washington), Rajan Paudel(University of Washington), Uttam Paudel(University of Washington), Shrikant Pawar(University of Washington), Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi(University of Washington), Minjin Peng(University of Washington), Umberto Pensato(University of Washington), Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito(University of Washington), Marcos Pereira(University of Washington), Mário Fernando Prieto Peres(University of Washington), Norberto Perico(University of Washington), Ionela-Roxana Petcu(University of Washington), Zahra Zahid Piracha(University of Washington), Indrashis Podder(University of Washington), Nayanum Pokhrel(University of Washington), Ramesh Poluru(University of Washington), Maarten J. Postma(University of Washington), Naeimeh Pourtaheri(University of Washington), Akila Prashant(University of Washington), Ibrahim Qattea(University of Washington), Mohammad Rabiee(University of Washington), Navid Rabiee(University of Washington), Amir Radfar(University of Washington), Saber Raeghi(University of Washington), Sima Rafiei(University of Washington), Pankaja Raghav Raghav(University of Washington), Leila Rahbarnia(University of Washington), Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar(University of Washington), Mosiur Rahman(University of Washington), Muhammad Aziz Rahman(University of Washington), Amir M. Rahmani(University of Washington), Vahid Rahmanian(University of Washington), Pradhum Ram(University of Washington), Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha(University of Washington), Sowmya J Rao(University of Washington), Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi(University of Washington), Azad Rasul(University of Washington), Zubair Ahmed Ratan(University of Washington), Salman Rawaf(University of Washington), Reza Rawassizadeh(University of Washington), Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia(University of Washington), Elrashdy M. Redwan(University of Washington), Misganu Teshoma Regasa(University of Washington), Giuseppe Remuzzi(University of Washington), Melese Abate Reta(University of Washington), Nazila Rezaei(University of Washington), Aziz Rezapour(University of Washington), Abanoub Riad(University of Washington), Rezaul Karim Ripon(University of Washington), Kristina E. Rudd(University of Washington), Basema Saddik(University of Washington), Saeid Sadeghian(University of Washington), Umar Saeed(University of Washington), Mohsen Safaei(University of Washington), Azam Safary(University of Washington), Sher Zaman Safi(University of Washington), Maryam Sahebazzamani(University of Washington), Amirhossein Sahebkar(University of Washington), Harihar Sahoo(University of Washington), Saina Salahi(University of Washington), Sarvenaz Salahi(University of Washington), Hedayat Salari(University of Washington), Sana Salehi(University of Washington), Hossein Samadi Kafil(University of Washington), Abdallah M Samy(University of Washington), Nima Sanadgol(University of Washington), Senthilkumar Sankararaman(University of Washington), Francesco Sanmarchi(University of Washington), Brijesh Sathian(University of Washington), Monika Sawhney(University of Washington), Ganesh Kumar Saya(University of Washington), Subramanian Senthilkumaran(University of Washington), Allen Seylani(University of Washington), Pritik A Shah(University of Washington), Masood Ali Shaikh(University of Washington), Elaheh Shaker(University of Washington), Murad Z. Shakhmardanov(University of Washington), Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew(University of Washington), Athena Sharifi-Razavi(University of Washington), Purva Sharma(University of Washington), Rahim Ali Sheikhi(University of Washington), Ali Sheikhy(University of Washington), Pavanchand H Shetty(University of Washington), Mika Shigematsu(University of Washington), Jae Il Shin(University of Washington), Hesamaddin Shirzad‐Aski(University of Washington), K. M. Shivakumar(University of Washington), Parnian Shobeiri(University of Washington), Seyed Afshin Shorofi(University of Washington), Sunil Shrestha(University of Washington), Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat(University of Washington), Negussie Boti Sidemo(University of Washington), Mustafa Kamal Sikder(University of Washington), Luís R. Silva(University of Washington), Ambrish Singh(University of Washington), Paramdeep Singh(University of Washington), Surjit Singh(University of Washington), Md Shahjahan Siraj(University of Washington), Samarjeet Singh Siwal(University of Washington), Valentin Yurievich Skryabin(University of Washington), Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina(University of Washington), Bogdan Socea(University of Washington), Damtew Damtew Solomon(University of Washington), Yimeng Song(University of Washington), Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy(University of Washington), Muhammad Suleman(University of Washington), Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader(University of Washington), Saima Sultana(University of Washington), Miklós Szócska(University of Washington), Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh(University of Washington), Mohammad Tabish(University of Washington), Majid Taheri(University of Washington), Elahe Taki(University of Washington), Ker‐Kan Tan(University of Washington), Sarmila Tandukar(University of Washington), Nathan Y Tat(University of Washington), Vivian Y Tat(University of Washington), Belay Tefera(University of Washington), Yibekal Manaye Tefera(University of Washington), Gebremaryam Temesgen(University of Washington), Mohamad‐Hani Temsah(University of Washington), Samar Tharwat(University of Washington), Arulmani Thiyagarajan(University of Washington), Imad M. Tleyjeh(University of Washington), Christopher Troeger(University of Washington), Krishna Kishore Umapathi(University of Washington), Era Upadhyay(University of Washington), Sahel Valadan Tahbaz(University of Washington), Pascual Valdéz(University of Washington), Jef Van den Eynde(University of Washington), H. Rogier van Doorn(University of Washington), Siavash Vaziri(University of Washington), Georgios‐Ioannis Verras(University of Washington), Harimadhav Viswanathan(University of Washington), Bay Vo(University of Washington), Abdul Waris(University of Washington), Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe(University of Washington), Sajad Yaghoubi(University of Washington), Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya Yahya(University of Washington), Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Arzu Yiğit(University of Washington), Vahit Yiğit(University of Washington), Dong Keon Yon(University of Washington), Naohiro Yonemoto(University of Washington), Mazyar Zahir(University of Washington), Burhan Abdullah Zaman(University of Washington), Sojib Bin Zaman(University of Washington), Moein Zangiabadian(University of Washington), Iman Zare(University of Washington), Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин(University of Washington), Zhi-Jiang Zhang(University of Washington), Peng Zheng(University of Washington), Chenwen Zhong(University of Washington), Mohammad Zoladl(University of Washington), Alimuddin Zumla(University of Washington), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Christiane Dolecek(University of Washington), Benn Sartorius(University of Washington), Christopher J L Murray(University of Washington), Mohsen Naghavi(University of Washington)
The Lancet
November 21, 2022
10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7
Cited by 2,055Open Access
Full Text

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. METHODS: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. FINDINGS: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9-17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7-10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2-18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1-60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54·9% (52·9-56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4-71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. INTERPRETATION: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

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