The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Elysia Alvarez(University of California, Davis), Lisa M Force(University of California, Davis), Rixing Xu(University of California, Davis), Kelly Compton(University of California, Davis), Dan Lu(University of California, Davis), Hannah Henrikson(University of California, Davis), Jonathan Kocarnik(University of California, Davis), James Harvey(University of California, Davis), Alyssa Pennini(University of California, Davis), Frances Dean(University of California, Davis), Weijia Fu(University of California, Davis), Martina T Vargas(University of California, Davis), Theresa H.M. Keegan(University of California, Davis), Hany Ariffin(University of California, Davis), Ronald D. Barr(University of California, Davis), Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva(University of California, Davis), Sanjeeva Gunasekera(University of California, Davis), Yetunde O. John-Akinola(University of California, Davis), Tyler G. Ketterl(University of California, Davis), Tezer Kutluk(University of California, Davis), Marcio H. Malogolowkin(University of California, Davis), Prashant Mathur(University of California, Davis), Venkatraman Radhakrishnan(University of California, Davis), Lynn A. G. Ries(University of California, Davis), Carlos Rodríguez‐Galindo(University of California, Davis), G. B. Sagoyan(University of California, Davis), Iyad Sultan(University of California, Davis), Behzad Abbasi(University of California, Davis), Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari(University of California, Davis), Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari(University of California, Davis), Hedayat Abbastabar(University of California, Davis), Michael Abdelmasseh(University of California, Davis), Sherief Abd‐Elsalam(University of California, Davis), Amir Abdoli(University of California, Davis), Haimanot Abebe(University of California, Davis), Aidin Abedi(University of California, Davis), Hassan Abidi(University of California, Davis), Hassan Abolhassani(University of California, Davis), Hiwa Abubaker Ali(University of California, Davis), Eman Abu‐Gharbieh(University of California, Davis), Basavaprabhu Achappa(University of California, Davis), Juan Acuña(University of California, Davis), Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji(University of California, Davis), Oyelola A. Adegboye(University of California, Davis), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(University of California, Davis), Shailesh M Advani(University of California, Davis), Muhammad U. Afzal(University of California, Davis), Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi(University of California, Davis), Bahman Ahadinezhad(University of California, Davis), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of California, Davis), Sajjad Ahmad(University of California, Davis), Sepideh Ahmadi(University of California, Davis), Muktar Beshir Ahmed(University of California, Davis), Tarik A. Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih(University of California, Davis), Wajeeha Aiman(University of California, Davis), Gizachew Taddesse Akalu(University of California, Davis), Hanadi Al Hamad(University of California, Davis), Fares Alahdab(University of California, Davis), Abdulhadi A. AlAmodi(University of California, Davis), Fahad Alanezi(University of California, Davis), Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem(University of California, Davis), Dejene Tsegaye Alem(University of California, Davis), Yosef Alemayehu(University of California, Davis), Fadwa Alhalaiqa(University of California, Davis), Robert Kaba Alhassan(University of California, Davis), Saqib Ali(University of California, Davis), Gianfranco Alicandro(University of California, Davis), Vahid Alipour(University of California, Davis), Syed Mohamed Aljunid(University of California, Davis), Motasem Alkhayyat(University of California, Davis), Sunitha Alluri(University of California, Davis), Nihad A. Almasri(University of California, Davis), Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri(University of California, Davis), Sami Almustanyir(University of California, Davis), Rajaa Al‐Raddadi(University of California, Davis), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of California, Davis), Edward Kwabena Ameyaw(University of California, Davis), Saeed Amini(University of California, Davis), Hubert Amu(University of California, Davis), Robert Ancuceanu(University of California, Davis), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of California, Davis), Tudorel Andrei(University of California, Davis), Fereshteh Ansari(University of California, Davis), Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam(University of California, Davis), Davood Anvari(University of California, Davis), Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor(University of California, Davis), Jalal Arabloo(University of California, Davis), Morteza Arab‐Zozani(University of California, Davis), Ayele Mamo Argaw(University of California, Davis), Muhammad Arshad(University of California, Davis), Judie Arulappan(University of California, Davis), Armin Aryannejad(University of California, Davis), Zatollah Asemi(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Reza Atashzar(University of California, Davis), Prince Atorkey(University of California, Davis), Alok Atreya(University of California, Davis), Sameh Attia(University of California, Davis), Avinash Aujayeb(University of California, Davis), Marcel Ausloos(University of California, Davis), Leticia Ávila‐Burgos(University of California, Davis), Atalel Fentahun Awedew(University of California, Davis), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of California, Davis), Alemu Degu Ayele(University of California, Davis), Solomon Shitu Ayen(University of California, Davis), Mohammed A. Azab(University of California, Davis), Sina Azadnajafabad(University of California, Davis), Hiva Azami(University of California, Davis), Mohammadreza Azangou‐Khyavy(University of California, Davis), Amirhossein Azari Jafari(University of California, Davis), Ghasem Azarian(University of California, Davis), Ahmed Y. Azzam(University of California, Davis), Saeed Bahadory(University of California, Davis), Jianjun Bai(University of California, Davis), Atif Amin Baig(University of California, Davis), Jennifer L. Baker(University of California, Davis), Maciej Banach(University of California, Davis), Till Bärnighausen(University of California, Davis), Francesco Barone‐Adesi(University of California, Davis), Fabio Barra(University of California, Davis), Amadou Barrow(University of California, Davis), Huda Basaleem(University of California, Davis), Abdul‐Monim Batiha(University of California, Davis), Masoud Behzadifar(University of California, Davis), Niguss Cherie Bekele(University of California, Davis), Rebuma Belete(University of California, Davis), Uzma Belgaumi(University of California, Davis), Arielle Wilder Bell(University of California, Davis), Alemshet Yirga Berhie(University of California, Davis), Devidas S. Bhagat(University of California, Davis), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(University of California, Davis), Nikha Bhardwaj(University of California, Davis), Pankaj Bhardwaj(University of California, Davis), Sonu Bhaskar(University of California, Davis), Krittika Bhattacharyya(University of California, Davis), Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja(University of California, Davis), Sadia Bibi(University of California, Davis), Ali Bijani(University of California, Davis), Antonio Biondi(University of California, Davis), Setognal Birara(University of California, Davis), Tone Bjørge(University of California, Davis), Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa(University of California, Davis), Srinivasa Rao Bolla(University of California, Davis), Archith Boloor(University of California, Davis), Dejana Braithwaite(University of California, Davis), Hermann Brenner(University of California, Davis), Norma B. Bulamu(University of California, Davis), Katrin Burkart(University of California, Davis), Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira(University of California, Davis), Nadeem Shafique Butt(University of California, Davis), Zahid A Butt(University of California, Davis), Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Chao Cao(University of California, Davis), Yin Cao(University of California, Davis), Giulia Carreras(University of California, Davis), Ferrán Catalá-López(University of California, Davis), Francieli Cembranel(University of California, Davis), Ester Cerin(University of California, Davis), Raja Chandra Chakinala(University of California, Davis), Promit Ananyo Chakraborty(University of California, Davis), Vijay Kumar Chattu(University of California, Davis), Pankaj Chaturvedi(University of California, Davis), Akhilanand Chaurasia(University of California, Davis), Prachi P. Chavan(University of California, Davis), Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir(University of California, Davis), Jee-Young Jasmine Choi(University of California, Davis), Devasahayam J Christopher(University of California, Davis), Dinh‐Toi Chu(University of California, Davis), Michael T. Chung(University of California, Davis), João Conde(University of California, Davis), Vera Marisa Costa(University of California, Davis), Omar B. Da’ar(University of California, Davis), Omid Dadras(University of California, Davis), Saad M A Dahlawi(University of California, Davis), Xiaochen Dai(University of California, Davis), Giovanni Damiani(University of California, Davis), Emanuele D’Amico(University of California, Davis), Lalit Dandona(University of California, Davis), Rakhi Dandona(University of California, Davis), Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad(University of California, Davis), Amira Hamed Darwish(University of California, Davis), Ahmad Daryani(University of California, Davis), Fernando de la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela(University of California, Davis), Takele Gezahegn Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie(University of California, Davis), Zeleke Geto Demissie(University of California, Davis), Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez(University of California, Davis), Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai(University of California, Davis), Abebaw Alemayehu Desta(University of California, Davis), Deepak Dhamnetiya(University of California, Davis), Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne(University of California, Davis), Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal(University of California, Davis), Meghnath Dhimal(University of California, Davis), Mostafa Dianatinasab(University of California, Davis), Mojtaba Didehdar(University of California, Davis), Mengistie Diress(University of California, Davis), Shirin Djalalinia(University of California, Davis), Huyen Phuc(University of California, Davis), Saeid Doaei(University of California, Davis), Fariba Dorostkar(University of California, Davis), Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake(University of California, Davis), Michael Ekholuenetale(University of California, Davis), Iman El Sayed(University of California, Davis), Maysaa El Sayed Zaki(University of California, Davis), Maha El Tantawi(University of California, Davis), Hassan El‐Abid(University of California, Davis), Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy(University of California, Davis), Iffat Elbarazi(University of California, Davis), Hala Rashad Elhabashy(University of California, Davis), Muhammed Elhadi(University of California, Davis), Shaimaa I El-Jaafary(University of California, Davis), Daniel Berhanie Enyew(University of California, Davis), Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar(University of California, Davis), Babak Eshrati(University of California, Davis), Sharareh Eskandarieh(University of California, Davis), Mohammed Faisaluddin(University of California, Davis), Jawad Fares(University of California, Davis), Umar Farooque(University of California, Davis), Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi(University of California, Davis), Wafa Fatima(University of California, Davis), José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira(University of California, Davis), Simone Ferrero(University of California, Davis), Lorenzo Ferro Desideri(University of California, Davis), Getahun Fetensa(University of California, Davis), Irina Filip(University of California, Davis), Florian Fischer(University of California, Davis), James L. Fisher(University of California, Davis), Masoud Foroutan(University of California, Davis), Takeshi Fukumoto(University of California, Davis), Péter Gaál(University of California, Davis), Mohamed M. Gad(University of California, Davis), Piyada Gaewkhiew(University of California, Davis), Silvano Gallus(University of California, Davis), Tushar Garg(University of California, Davis), Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel(University of California, Davis), Belete Negese(University of California, Davis), Tamiru Getachew(University of California, Davis), Mansour Ghafourifard(University of California, Davis), Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari(University of California, Davis), Ahmad Ghashghaee(University of California, Davis), Fariba Ghassemi(University of California, Davis), Nermin Ghith(University of California, Davis), Ali Gholami(University of California, Davis), Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq(University of California, Davis), Syed Amir Gilani(University of California, Davis), Themba G. Ginindza(University of California, Davis), Abraham Tamirat Gizaw(University of California, Davis), James Glasbey(University of California, Davis), Amit Goel(University of California, Davis), Mahaveer Golechha(University of California, Davis), Pouya Goleij(University of California, Davis), Davide Golinelli(University of California, Davis), Sameer Vali Gopalani(University of California, Davis), Giuseppe Gorini(University of California, Davis), Houman Goudarzi(University of California, Davis), Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart(University of California, Davis), Ayman Grada(University of California, Davis), Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari(University of California, Davis), Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra(University of California, Davis), Avirup Guha(University of California, Davis), Bhawna Gupta(University of California, Davis), Sapna Gupta(University of California, Davis), Veer Bala Gupta(University of California, Davis), Vivek Gupta(University of California, Davis), Rasool Haddadi(University of California, Davis), Nima Hafezi‐Nejad(University of California, Davis), Alemayehu Hailu(University of California, Davis), Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian(University of California, Davis), Rabih Halwani(University of California, Davis), Randah R Hamadeh(University of California, Davis), Mitiku Teshome Hambisa(University of California, Davis), Sajid Hameed(University of California, Davis), Samer Hamidi(University of California, Davis), Shafiul Haque(University of California, Davis), Sanam Hariri(University of California, Davis), Josep María Haro(University of California, Davis), Ahmed I Hasaballah(University of California, Davis), S M Mahmudul Hasan(University of California, Davis), Seyedeh Melika Hashemi(University of California, Davis), Treska S Hassan(University of California, Davis), Soheil Hassanipour(University of California, Davis), Simon I Hay(University of California, Davis), Khezar Hayat(University of California, Davis), Sultan Hussen Hebo, Golnaz Heidari(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Heidari(University of California, Davis), Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna(University of California, Davis), Claudiu Herţeliu(University of California, Davis), Demisu Zenbaba Heyi(University of California, Davis), Kamal Hezam(University of California, Davis), Michael K. Hole(University of California, Davis), Ramesh Holla(University of California, Davis), Nobuyuki Horita(University of California, Davis), Md Mahbub Hossain(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Bellal Hossain(University of California, Davis), Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini(University of California, Davis), Mostafa Hosseini(University of California, Davis), Ali Hosseinzadeh(University of California, Davis), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(University of California, Davis), Mihaela Hostiuc(University of California, Davis), Sorin Hostiuc(University of California, Davis), Mowafa Househ(University of California, Davis), Mohamed Hsaïri(University of California, Davis), Junjie Huang(University of California, Davis), Nawfal R Hussein(University of California, Davis), Bing‐Fang Hwang(University of California, Davis), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of California, Davis), Irena Ilić(University of California, Davis), Milena Ilić(University of California, Davis), Kaire Innos(University of California, Davis), Lalu Muhammad Irham(University of California, Davis), Rakibul Islam(University of California, Davis), Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam(University of California, Davis), Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail(University of California, Davis), Gaetano Isola(University of California, Davis), Masao Iwagami(University of California, Davis), Louis Jacob(University of California, Davis), Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh(University of California, Davis), Vardhmaan Jain(University of California, Davis), Mihajlo Jakovljević(University of California, Davis), Roksana Janghorban(University of California, Davis), Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani(University of California, Davis), Shubha Jayaram(University of California, Davis), Ranil Jayawardena(University of California, Davis), Seyed Behzad Jazayeri(University of California, Davis), Rime Jebai(University of California, Davis), Ravi Prakash Jha(University of California, Davis), Tamás Joó(University of California, Davis), Nitin Joseph(University of California, Davis), Farahnaz Joukar(University of California, Davis), Mikk Jürisson(University of California, Davis), Billingsley Kaambwa(University of California, Davis), Ali Kabir(University of California, Davis), Leila R Kalankesh(University of California, Davis), Feroze Kaliyadan(University of California, Davis), Zul Kamal(University of California, Davis), Ashwin Kamath(University of California, Davis), Himal Kandel(University of California, Davis), Sitanshu Sekhar Kar(University of California, Davis), Ibraheem M. Karaye(University of California, Davis), Amirali Karimi(University of California, Davis), Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Joonas H. Kauppila, Phillip M. Kemp Bohan, André Pascal Kengne, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Mohammad Keykhaei(University of California, Davis), Yousef Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Nastaran Khalili, Neda Khalili, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Omid Khosravizadeh(University of California, Davis), Jagdish Khubchandani, Roba Khundkar, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa(University of California, Davis), Sezer Kısa, Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi(University of California, Davis), Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar(University of California, Davis), Nithin Kumar(University of California, Davis), Alexander Kwarteng, Carlo La Vecchia(University of California, Davis), Qing Lan(University of California, Davis), Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee(University of California, Davis), Wei‐Chen Lee(University of California, Davis), Yeong Yeh Lee(University of California, Davis), Yo Han Lee(University of California, Davis), James Leigh(University of California, Davis), Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li(University of California, Davis), Jiarui Li(University of California, Davis), Ming‐Chieh Li(University of California, Davis), Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu(University of California, Davis), Stany W. Lobo, Joana A. Loureiro, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevičius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek(University of California, Davis), Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek(University of California, Davis), Morteza Mahmoudi(University of California, Davis), Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Shilpa Male, Mohammad‐Reza Malekpour(University of California, Davis), Reza Malekzadeh(University of California, Davis), Ahmad Azam Malik, Mohammed A. Mamun(University of California, Davis), Navid Manafi, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, Santi Martini, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Manu Raj Mathur(University of California, Davis), Colm McAlinden, Ravi Mehrotra(University of California, Davis), Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Meštrović, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, Ted R. Miller, Alemu Basazin Mingude, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei(University of California, Davis), Sanjeev Misra(University of California, Davis), Prasanna Mithra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad(University of California, Davis), Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki(University of California, Davis), Arif Ahmed Mohammed(University of California, Davis), Shafiu Mohammed(University of California, Davis), Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed(University of California, Davis), Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H. Mokdad(University of California, Davis), Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Ali Moni(University of California, Davis), Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane D. Morrison, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah(University of California, Davis), Christine Mpundu‐Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Lillian Mwanri, Ashraf Nabhan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi(University of California, Davis), Mukhammad David Naimzada, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Sabina O. Nduaguba, Ionuţ Negoi, Șerban Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sandhya Neupane Kandel(University of California, Davis), Haruna Asura Nggada, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Hamed Nosrati(University of California, Davis), Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi(University of California, Davis), Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In‐Hwan Oh(University of California, Davis), Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi O. Olakunde, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Emad Omar(University of California, Davis), Ahmed Omar Bali(University of California, Davis), Sokking Ong, Obinna Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mayowa Owolabi, P A Mahesh(University of California, Davis), Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pană, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Maja Pasovic, Jenil Patel, Siddhartha Pati, Sanjay Pattanshetty, Uttam Paudel, Renato B. Pereira, Mário Fernando Prieto Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maarten J. Postma, Hadi Pourjafar(University of California, Davis), Akram Pourshams, Akila Prashant(University of California, Davis), Thejodhar Pulakunta, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Mohammad Rabiee(University of California, Davis), Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar(University of California, Davis), Raghu Radhakrishnan(University of California, Davis), Ata Rafiee(University of California, Davis), Alireza Rafiei(University of California, Davis), Sima Rafiei, Fakher Rahim(University of California, Davis), Shadi Rahimzadeh, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani‐Doroh, Kamal Ranabhat(University of California, Davis), Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao(University of California, Davis), Sowmya J Rao(University of California, Davis), Sina Rashedi(University of California, Davis), Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal(University of California, Davis), Reza Rawassizadeh(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Misganu Teshoma Regasa, André M. N. Renzaho, Maryam Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei(University of California, Davis), Mohsen Rezaeian(University of California, Davis), Aziz Rezapour, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Abanoub Riad, Ligia Estefania Rios Lopez, Jefferson Antonio Buendía(University of California, Davis), Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Maha Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian(University of California, Davis), Umar Saeed(University of California, Davis), Amirhossein Sahebkar(University of California, Davis), KM Saif‐Ur‐Rahman(University of California, Davis), S. Mohammad Sajadi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Sana Salehi(University of California, Davis), Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria(University of California, Davis), Francesco Sanmarchi(University of California, Davis), Arash Sarveazad(University of California, Davis), Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Susan M. Sawyer, Mete Şaylan, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Endalew Gemechu Sendo, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Kenbon Seyoum, Feng Sha(University of California, Davis), Omid Shafaat(University of California, Davis), Masood Ali Shaikh, Erfan Shamsoddin, Mohammed Shannawaz(University of California, Davis), Rajesh Sharma, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Jae Il Shin, Reza Shirkoohi(University of California, Davis), K. M. Shivakumar(University of California, Davis), Parnian Shobeiri, Soraya Siabani, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Diego Augusto Santos Silva(University of California, Davis), Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya D. Singh, Ambrish Singh, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Surjit Singh, Abiy H Sinke, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Lee Smith(University of California, Davis), Ahmad Sofi‐Mahmudi(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Sadegh Soltani‐Zangbar, Suhang Song, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Kurt Straif, Ranjeeta Subedi, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Saima Sultana, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Mohammadreza Tabary(University of California, Davis), Takahiro Tabuchi, Hooman Tadbiri, Majid Taheri, Amir Taherkhani(University of California, Davis), Ken Takahashi, Mircea Tampa, Ker‐Kan Tan(University of California, Davis), Vivian Y Tat, Ahmad Tavakoli(University of California, Davis), Abdelghani Tbakhi, Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi(University of California, Davis), Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Bekele Tesfaye(University of California, Davis), Jarnail Singh Thakur, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Arulmani Thiyagarajan, Nihal Thomas(University of California, Davis), Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay(University of California, Davis), Tolassa Wakayo Ushula, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Paul J. Villeneuve, Francesco Saverio Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Ning Wang(University of California, Davis), Paul Ward(University of California, Davis), Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Yi Feng Wen(University of California, Davis), Ronny Westerman, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Suowen Xu(University of California, Davis), Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang(University of California, Davis), Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi‐Feyzabadi(University of California, Davis), Taklo Simeneh Yazie, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Zabihollah Yousefi, Chuanhua Yu(University of California, Davis), Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Mohammad Zamani(University of California, Davis), Maryam Zamanian, Hamed Zandian(University of California, Davis), Fariba Zare(University of California, Davis), Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Jianrong Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arash Ziapour(University of California, Davis), Mohammad Zoladl(University of California, Davis), Christopher J L Murray, Christina Fitzmaurice, Archie Bleyer, Nickhill Bhakta
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. FINDINGS: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11-1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5-65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8-57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9-15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6-14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9-25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9-3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4-98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. INTERPRETATION: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute.
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