Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19
COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative(University of Helsinki), COVID-19 Host Genetics InitiativeLeadership(University of Helsinki), Mari Niemi(Broad Institute), Juha Karjalainen(Broad Institute), Rachel G. Liao(Broad Institute), Benjamin M. Neale(Broad Institute), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), Andrea Ganna(Broad Institute), Writing group(Broad Institute), Writing group leaders(Broad Institute), Gita A. Pathak(Hospital de Sant Pau), Shea J. Andrews(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Masahiro Kanai(Broad Institute), Writing group members(University of Helsinki), Kumar Veerapen(Broad Institute), Israel Fernández‐Cadenas(Queen Mary University of London), Eva C. Schulte(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Pasquale Striano(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), M. Marttila(University of Helsinki), Camelia C. Minică(Broad Institute), Eirini Marouli(Queen Mary University of London), Mohd Anisul Karim(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Frank R. Wendt(Queen Mary University of London), Jeanne E. Savage(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Laura Sloofman(Baylor College of Medicine), Guillaume Butler‐Laporte(Baylor College of Medicine), Han‐Na Kim(Ewha Womans University), Stavroula Kanoni(Queen Mary University of London), Yukinori Okada(University of Michigan), Jinyoung Byun(Baylor College of Medicine), Younghun Han(University of Helsinki), Mohammed Jashim Uddin(Broad Institute), George Davey Smith(University of Helsinki), Cristen J. Willer(Broad Institute), Joseph D. Buxbaum(Broad Institute), Analysis group(University of California, Los Angeles), Manuscript analyses team leader(Institut Pasteur), Manuscript analyses team member: meta-analysis(Institut Pasteur), Juha Mehtonen(University of Helsinki), Manuscript analyses team member: heritability, methods and supplements(The University of Queensland), Manuscript analyses team member: PHEWAS(Yale University), Manuscript analyses team member: Mendelian randomization(Open Targets), Manuscript analyses team member: PC projection and gene prioritization(Open Targets), Manuscript analyses team member: gene prioritization(Open Targets), Hilary K. Finucane(Broad Institute), Manuscript analyses team member: sensitivity analysis(University of Trieste), Mattia Cordioli(Broad Institute), Manuscript analyses team members: PC projection(Broad Institute), Alicia R. Martin(Broad Institute), Wei Zhou(Broad Institute), In silico analysis team members(Stanford University), Bogdan Paşaniuc(University of Siena), Hanna Julienne(Broad Institute), Hugues Aschard(Institut Pasteur), Huwenbo Shi(University Medical Center Groningen), Loïc Yengo(The University of Queensland), Renato Polimanti(Jewish General Hospital), Maya Ghoussaini(National Institutes of Health), Jeremy Schwartzentruber(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Ian Dunham(European Bioinformatics Institute), Project management group(University of Siena), Project management leader(Politecnico di Milano), Project management support(Politecnico di Milano), Karolina Chwiałkowska(Medical University of Białystok), Margherita Francescatto(University of Trieste), Amy Trankiem(Broad Institute), Mary K. Balaconis(Broad Institute), Phenotype steering group, Lea K. Davis(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), Sulggi A. Lee(European Bioinformatics Institute), James R. Priest(Broad Institute), Alessandra Renieri(University of Siena), Vijay G. Sankaran(Broad Institute), David A. van Heel(Broad Institute), Patrick Deelen(University Medical Center Groningen), J. Brent Richards(King's College London), Tomoko Nakanishi(École Centrale de Nantes), Les Biesecker(National Institutes of Health), V. Eric Kerchberger(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), J. Kenneth Baillie(Roslin Institute), Data dictionary(Broad Institute), Francesca Mari(University of Siena), Anna Bernasconi(Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases), J. Kenneth Baillie(Erasmus MC), Arif Canakoglu(Politecnico di Milano), Scientific communication group(University of Copenhagen), Scientific communication leaders(Genomics (United Kingdom)), Brooke Wolford(Medical University of Białystok), Scientific communication members(Genomics England), Annika Faucon(Vanderbilt University), Atanu Kumar Dutta(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Claudia Schurmann, Emi N. Harry(Erasmus MC), Ewan Birney(European Bioinformatics Institute), Huy Nguyen(Broad Institute), Jamal Nasir(University of Puerto Rico System), Mari Kaunisto(University of Helsinki), Matthew Solomonson(Broad Institute), Nicole Dueker(University of Miami), Nirmal Vadgama(Erasmus MC), Sophie Limou(École Centrale de Nantes), Translators(McGill University), Souad Rahmouni(Broad Institute), Hamdi Mbarek(Université de Montréal), Dima Darwish(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Md Mesbah Uddin(Broad Institute), Raquel Albertos(Hebron University), Jordi Pérez‐Tur(Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Ruolin Li(University of Turku), Lasse Folkersen(Institute of Biomedical Technologies), Ida Moltke(University of Copenhagen), Nils Koelling(University of Cambridge), Alexander Teumer(Medical University of Białystok), Athanasios Kousathanas(Broad Institute), Alicia Utrilla(Junta de Andalucía), Ricardo A. Verdugo(University of Chile), Ruth Zárate, Carolina Medina‐Gómez(Erasmus MC), David Gómez-Cabrero(Universidad Publica de Navarra), Elena Carnero‐Montoro(Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research), Carmen L. Cadilla(University of Puerto Rico System), Andrés Moreno‐Estrada(Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences), Adriana Garmendia(University of Groningen), Leire Moya(Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah), Bahareh Sedaghati-khayat(Erasmus MC), Palwendé Romuald Boua(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique), Marie-Julie Favé(University Medical Center Groningen), Laurent C. Francioli(Broad Institute), Audrey Lemaçon(Genomics England), Isabelle Migeotte(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Sanjay Patel(Institute for Systems Biology), Réka Várnai(Erasmus MC), József Szentpéteri(Erasmus MC), Csilla Sipeky(Sultan Idris Education University), Francesca Colombo(Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah), Kathrin von Hohenstaufen(AbbVie (United States)), Píetro Lió(University of Cambridge), Costanza L. Vallerga(Erasmus MC), Qingbo S. Wang(Broad Institute), Yosuke Tanigawa(23andMe (United States)), Hogune Im(23andMe (United States)), Chulho Han(23andMe (United States)), Han Song(23andMe (United States)), Jiwoo Lim(Age UK), Y.‐A. Lee(23andMe (United States)), Sugyeong Kim(Seoul National University Hospital), Sangyoon Im(23andMe (United States)), Biljana Atanasovska(University of Groningen), Hajar Fauzan Ahmad(Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah), Cindy G. Boer(Northwestern University), Philip R. Jansen(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Lude Franke(University Medical Center Groningen), Elżbieta Kaja(University of Chicago), Dorota Pasko(University of Chicago), Ingrid Kennis-Szilagyi(Erasmus MC), Sergey A. Kornilov(Northwestern University), Vid Prijatelj(Northwestern University), Ivana Nedeljković(Northwestern University), Ilangkumaran Sivanadhan(Northwestern University), Sarala Perumal(Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah), Sahar Esmaeeli(AbbVie (United States)), Nathaniel M. Pearson(George Washington University), Website Development(University of Chicago), Website development leaders(University of Illinois Chicago), 23andMe(Northwestern University), Analysis team leader(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Adam Auton(23andMe (United States)), Data collection leaders(Amsterdam Neuroscience), 23andMe COVID-19 Team*(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Janie F. Shelton(23andMe (United States)), Anjali J. Shastri(23andMe (United States)), Analysis team members(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Teresa Filshtein-Sonmez(23andMe (United States)), Daniella Coker(23andMe (United States)), Antony Symons(23andMe (United States)), Jorge Esparza-Gordillo(Age UK), Stella Aslibekyan(23andMe (United States)), Jared O’Connell(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Data collection members(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Chelsea Ye(23andMe (United States)), Catherine H. Weldon(23andMe (United States)), 23andMe COVID-19 Team(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), ACCOuNT(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Analysis team leader(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Minoli A. Perera(Northwestern University), Data collection leaders(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Kevin J. O’Leary(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Matthew Tuck(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Travis J. O’Brien(George Washington University), David Meltzer(University of Chicago), Peter H. O’Donnell(University of Chicago), Edith A. Nutescu(University of Illinois Chicago), Analysis team members(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Guang Yang(Northwestern University), Data collection members(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Cristina Alarcón(Northwestern University), Stefanie Herrmann(Northwestern University), Sophia Mazurek(Northwestern University), Jeff Banagan(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Zacharia Hamidi(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), April Barbour(George Washington University), Noora Raffat(University of Chicago), Diana Moreno(University of Illinois Chicago), Admin team member(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Paula N. Friedman(Northwestern University), Amsterdam UMC COVID Study Group(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Analysis team leader(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Bart Ferwerda(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Data collection leaders(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Diederik van de Beek(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Matthijs C. Brouwer(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Alexander P. J. Vlaar(Amsterdam Neuroscience), W. Joost Wiersinga(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Analysis team members(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Daniëlle Posthuma(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Elleke Tissink(Amsterdam Neuroscience), A. H. Koos Zwinderman(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Emil Uffelmann(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Data collection members(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Michiel A. van Agtmael(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Anna Geke Algera(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Frank van Baarle(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Diane Bax(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Martijn Beudel(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Harm Jan Bogaard(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Marije K. Bomers(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Peter I. Bonta(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Lieuwe D. J. Bos(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Michela Botta(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Justin de Brabander(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Godelieve de Bree(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Sanne de Bruin(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Marianna Bugiani(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Esther Bulle(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Osoul Chouchane(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Alex Cloherty(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Dave A. Dongelmans(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Paul Elbers(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Lucas M. Fleuren(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Suzanne E. Geerlings(Amsterdam University Medical Centers), Bart F. Geerts(Cancer Genomics Centre), Theo Geijtenbeek(Utah College of Applied Technology), Armand R. J. Girbes(Utah College of Applied Technology), Bram Goorhuis(Utah College of Applied Technology), Martin P. Grobusch(Utah College of Applied Technology), Florianne Hafkamp(Utah College of Applied Technology), Laura A. Hagens(Utah College of Applied Technology), Jörg Hamann(Utah College of Applied Technology), Vanessa Harris(Utah College of Applied Technology), Robert Hemke(Utah College of Applied Technology), Sabine Hermans(Utah College of Applied Technology), Leo Heunks(Utah College of Applied Technology), Markus W. Hollmann(Utah College of Applied Technology), Janneke Horn(Utah College of Applied Technology), Joppe W. Hovius(Utah College of Applied Technology), Menno D. de Jong(Utah College of Applied Technology), Rutger Koning(Utah College of Applied Technology), Niels van Mourik(Utah College of Applied Technology), Jeannine F. Nellen(Utah College of Applied Technology), Esther J. Nossent(Utah College of Applied Technology), Frederique Paulus(University of Liège), Edgar Peters(Centre Hospitalier Chrétien), Tom van der Poll(University of Liège), Bennedikt Preckel(University of Helsinki), Jan M. Prins(Broad Institute), Jorinde Raasveld(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Tom D. Y. Reijnders(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Michiel Schinkel(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Marcus J. Schultz(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Alex R. Schuurman(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Kim Sigaloff(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Marry R. Smit(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Cornelis Stijnis(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Willemke Stilma(University of Liège), Charlotte E. Teunissen(University of Liège), Patrick Thoral(University of Liège), Anissa M. Tsonas(University of Liège), Marc van der Valk(University of Liège), Denise P. Veelo(Centre Hospitalier Chrétien), Heder de Vries(University of Liège), Michèle van Vugt(University of Liège), Dorien Wouters(University of Liège), René Minnaar(Centre Hospitalier Chrétien), Adrie Kromhout(University of Liège), Kees W. J. van Uffelen(University of Liège), Ruud A. Wolterman(University of Liège), Analysis team leader(University of Liège), Genevieve Roberts(University of Liège), Data collection leader(University of Liège), Danny Park(University of Liège), Admin team leader(University of Liège), Catherine A. Ball(University of Liège), Analysis team members(University of Liège), Marie V. Coignet(University of Liège), Shannon McCurdy(University of Liège), Spencer C. Knight(University of Liège), Raghavendran Partha(University of Liège), Brooke Rhead(University of Liège), Data collection members(University of Liège), Miao Zhang(University of Liège), Nathan Berkowitz(University of Liège), Michael Gaddis(University of Liège), Keith Noto(University of Liège), Luong Ruiz(University of Liège), Miloš Pavlović(University of Liège), Admin team members(University of Liège), Eurie L. Hong(University of Liège), Kristin A. Rand(University of Liège), Ahna R. Girshick(University of Liège), Harendra Guturu(University of Liège), Asher Haug Baltzell(University of Liège), BelCovid(University of Liège), Analysis team leader(University of Liège), Data collection leaders(University of Liège), Souad Rahmouni(University of Liège), Julien Guntz(University of Liège), Admin team leader(University of Liège), Y Beguin(University of Liège), Analysis team members(University of Liège), Sara Pigazzini(University of Helsinki), Lindokuhle Nkambule(Broad Institute), Data collection members(University of Liège), Youssef Bouysran(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Adeline Busson(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Xavier Peyrassol(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Françoise Wilkin(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Bruno Pichon(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Guillaume Smits(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Isabelle Vandernoot(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Jean‐Christophe Goffard(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Michel Georges(University of Liège), Michel Moutschen(University of Liège), Benoît Misset(University of Liège), Gilles Darcis(University of Liège), Julien Guiot(University of Liège), Laurent Jadot(Jewish General Hospital), Samira Azarzar(University of Liège), Patricia Dellot(University of Liège), Stéphanie Gofflot(University of Liège), Sabine Claassen(Jewish General Hospital), Axelle Bertrand(University of Liège), Gilles Parzibut(University of Liège), Mathilde Clarinval(University of Liège), Catherine Moermans(University of Liège), Olivier Malaise(University of Liège), Kamilia El Kandoussi(University of Liège), Raphaël Thonon(University of Liège), Pascale Huynen(University of Liège), Alyssia Mesdagh(University of Liège), Sofia Ferreira Melo(University of Liège), Nicolas Jacques(University of Liège), Emmanuel Di Valentin(University of Liège), François Giroule(University of Liège), A. Collignon(University of Liège), Coraline Radermecker(University of Liège), Marielle Lebrun(University of Liège), Hélène Perée(University of Liège), Samuel Latour(University of Liège), Olivia Barada(University of Liège), Judit Sanchez(University of Liège), Claire Josse(University of Liège), Bouchra Boujemla(University of Liège), Margot Meunier(University of Liège), Emeline Mariavelle(University of Liège), Sandy Anania(University of Liège), Hélène Gazon(University of Liège), Danusia Juszczak(University of Liège), Marjorie Fadeur(University of Liège), Séverine Camby(University of Liège), Christelle Meuris(University of Liège), Marie Thys(University of Liège), Jessica Jacques(University of Bonn), Monique Henket(University of Bonn), Philippe Léonard(University of Bonn), Frédéric Frippiat(University of Bonn), Jean‐Baptiste Giot(University of Bonn), Anne-Sophie Sauvage(University of Bonn), Christian Von Frenckell(University of Liège), Myriam Mni(University of Liège), Marie Wéry(University of Liège), Alicia Staderoli(University of Liège), Yasmine Belhaj(University of Liège), Bernard Lambermont(University of Liège), Biobanque Quebec COVID-19(Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), Analysis team leader(Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), Data collection leader(Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), David Morrison(University of Cologne), Admin team leaders(University of Cologne), Vincent Mooser(University of Cologne), Analysis team members(University of Cologne), Vincenzo Forgetta(Jewish General Hospital), Rui Li(Erasmus MC), Data collection members(Medizinische Hochschule Hannover), Biswarup Ghosh(University of Cologne), Lætitia Laurent(Jewish General Hospital), Alexandre Bélisle(McGill Genome Centre), Danielle Henry(Jewish General Hospital), Tala Abdullah(Jewish General Hospital), Olumide Adeleye(Jewish General Hospital), Noor Mamlouk(Jewish General Hospital), Nofar Kimchi(Jewish General Hospital), Zaman Afrasiabi(Jewish General Hospital), Nardin Rezk(Eurac Research), Branka Vulesevic(Eurac Research), Meriem Bouab(Eurac Research), Charlotte Guzman(Eurac Research), Louis Petitjean(Eurac Research), Chris Tselios(Eurac Research), Xiaoqing Xue(Eurac Research), Jonathan Afilalo(Eurac Research), Marc Afilalo(Eurac Research), Maureen Oliveira(Eurac Research), Bluma Brenner(Eurac Research), Nathalie Brassard(Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal), Madéleine Durand(Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal), Admin team members(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus), Erwin Schurr(McGill University), Pierre Lepage(McGill Genome Centre), Jiannis Ragoussis(McGill Genome Centre), Daniel Auld(McGill Genome Centre), Michaël Chassé(Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal), Daniel E. Kaufmann(Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal), G. Mark Lathrop(McGill Genome Centre), Darin Adra(Jewish General Hospital), BioVU(Columbia University), Analysis team leaders(Columbia University), Lea K. Davis(Columbia University), Nancy J. Cox(Columbia University), Jennifer E. Below(Columbia University), Analysis team members(Columbia University), Julia Sealock(Columbia University), Annika Faucon(Vanderbilt University), Megan M. Shuey(Columbia University), Hannah G. Polikowsky(Columbia University), Lauren E. Petty(Columbia University), Douglas M. Shaw(University of Liverpool), Hung‐Hsin Chen(Columbia University), Wanying Zhu(Columbia University), Bonn Study of COVID-19 Genetics(Columbia University), Data collection leader(Kangbuk Samsung Hospital), Kerstin U. Ludwig(University of Bonn), Analysis team members(Ewha Womans University), Julia Schröder(University of Bonn), Carlo Maj(University of Bonn), Data collection members(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Selina Rolker(University of Bonn), Markus M. Nöthen(University of Bonn), Julia Fazaal(University of Bonn), Verena Keitel(Düsseldorf University Hospital), Björn‐Erik Ole Jensen(Düsseldorf University Hospital), Torsten Feldt(Düsseldorf University Hospital), Ingo Kurth(Kangbuk Samsung Hospital), Nikolaus Marx(Seoul National University Hospital), Michael Dreher(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Isabell Pink(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Markus Cornberg(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Thomas Illig(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Clara Lehmann(University of Cologne), Philipp Schommers(University of Cologne), Max Augustin(University of Copenhagen), Jan Rybniker(University of Cologne), Lisa Knopp(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Thomas Eggermann(RWTH Aachen University), Sonja Volland(Universität Hamburg), Janine Altmüller(University of Cologne), Marc Moritz Berger(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Thorsten Brenner(University of Duisburg-Essen), Anke Hinney(Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada), Oliver Witzke(University of Duisburg-Essen), Robert Bals(Saarland University), Christian Herr(University Hospital Regensburg), Nicole Ludwig(Innsbruck Medical University), Jörn Walter(Oslo University Hospital), CHRIS(European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure), Analysis team leader(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Christian Fuchsberger(Eurac Research), Data collection leaders(University of Cologne), Cristian Pattaro(Eurac Research), Alessandro De Grandi(Eurac Research), Admin team leader, Peter P. Pramstaller(Eurac Research), Analysis team members(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), David Emmert(Eurac Research), Roberto Melotti(Eurac Research), Luisa Foco(Eurac Research), Admin team members(University of the Basque Country), Deborah Mascalzoni(Eurac Research), Martin Gögele(Ikerbasque), Francisco S. Domingues(Eurac Research), Andrew A. Hicks(Eurac Research), Analysis team leader(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Christopher R. Gignoux(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus), Data collection leaders(University of Oslo), Stephen J. Wicks(Oslo University Hospital), Kristy Crooks(Oslo University Hospital), Admin team leader(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Kathleen C. Barnes(Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology), Analysis team members(Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology), Michelle Daya(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus), Jonathan Shortt(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus), Nicholas Rafaels(University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus), Sameer Chavan(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Analysis team leaders(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), David B. Goldstein(Columbia University), Krzysztof Kiryluk(Columbia University), Data collection leaders, Soumitra SenGupta(Columbia University), Wendy K. Chung(Oil Tools Of Norway (Norway)), Muredach P. Reilly(Universität Hamburg), Analysis team members(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Atlas Khan(Harvard University), Chen Wang(Columbia University), Gundula Povysil(Columbia University), Nitin Bhardwaj(Columbia University), Ali G. Gharavi(Columbia University), Iuliana Ionita‐Laza(Columbia University), Data collection members, Ning Shang(Columbia University), Sheila M. O’Byrne(University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), Renu Nandakumar(Columbia University), Amritha Menon(Columbia University), Yat S. So(Columbia University), Eldad A. Hod(Universidad de Alcalá), Admin team member(Osakidetza), Danielle Pendrick(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Corea (Genetics of COVID-19-related Manifestation)(Humanitas University), Analysis team leader(University of Oslo), Han‐Na Kim(Ewha Womans University), Data collection leaders(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Soo‐Kyung Park(Humanitas University), Hyung‐Lae Kim(Humanitas University), Chang Kyung Kang(Seoul National University Hospital), Hyo‐Jung Lee(Keio University), Kyoung‐Ho Song(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Admin team leaders(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Kyung Jae Yoon(Humanitas University), Nam‐Jong Paik(University Hospital of North Norway), Analysis team members(University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), Woojin Seok(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Heejun Yoon(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Data collection members(University of Oslo), Eun‐Jeong Joo(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Yoosoo Chang(Kangbuk Samsung Hospital), Seungho Ryu(Kangbuk Samsung Hospital), Wan Beom Park(Universidad de Alcalá), Jeong Su Park(University of Copenhagen), Kyoung Un Park(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Sin Young Ham(Universidad de Alcalá), Jongtak Jung(Seoul National University Bundang Hospital), Eu Suk Kim(Innsbruck Medical University), Hong Bin Kim(Goethe University Frankfurt), COVID-19-Hostage(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Analysis team leaders(Universidad de Alcalá), David Ellinghaus(University of Copenhagen), Frauke Degenhardt(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Mario Cáceres(Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Simonas Juzėnas(German Center for Infection Research), Tobias L. Lenz(Universität Hamburg), Data collection leaders(Humanitas University), Agustı́n Albillos(Universidad de Alcalá), Antonio Julià(Hospital de Basurto), Bettina Heidecker(Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Féderico García(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Florian Kurth(Universidad de Alcalá), Florian Tran(Universidad de Alcalá), Frank Hanses(University Hospital Regensburg), Heinz Zoller(Humanitas University), Jan Cato Holter(Oslo University Hospital), Javier Fernández(European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure), Leif Erik Sander(Hospital de Galdakao), Philip Rosenstiel(Humanitas University), Philipp Koehler(University of Cologne), Rafael de Cid(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Rosanna Asselta(Humanitas University), Stefan Schreiber(BioCruces Health research Institute), Ute Hehr(University Hospital Regensburg), Daniele Prati(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Guido Baselli(University of Milan), Luca Valenti(University of Milan), Luís Bujanda(University of the Basque Country), Jesús M. Bañales(Ikerbasque), Stefano Duga(Goethe University Frankfurt), Mauro D’Amato(IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital), Manuel Romero‐Gómez(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Marı́a Buti(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Pietro Invernizzi(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Admin team leaders(German Center for Infection Research), André Franke(University of Cologne), Johannes R. Hov(Oslo University Hospital), Tom H. Karlsen(Oslo University Hospital), Trine Folseraas(Oslo University Hospital), Douglas Maya‐Miles(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Analysis team members(Drammen Hospital), Ana Teles(Universität Hamburg), Clinton Azuure(University of the Basque Country), Eike Matthias Wacker(University of Oslo), Florian Uellendahl-Werth(Drammen Hospital), Hesham ElAbd(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Jatin Arora(Broad Institute), Jon Lerga-Jaso(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Lars Wienbrandt(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Malte Rühlemann(Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera), Mareike Wendorff(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), May Sissel Vadla(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Ole Bernt Lenning(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Onur Özer(Universität Hamburg), Ronny Myhre(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Soumya Raychaudhuri(Broad Institute), Anja Tanck(Goethe University Frankfurt), Christoph Gassner(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Georg Hemmrich‐Stanisak(Humanitas Gavazzeni), Jan Christian Kässens(Humanitas University), Maria E. Figuera Basso(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Martin Schulzky(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Michael Wittig(Ente Ospedaliero Ospedali Galliera), Nicole Braun(Universidad de Alcalá), Tanja Wesse(BioCruces Health research Institute), Wolfgang Albrecht(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Xiaoli Yi(Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria), Data collection members(University of Cologne), Aaron Blandino Ortíz(Universidad de Alcalá), Adolfo Garrido Chercoles(Osakidetza), Agustı́n Ruiz(University of the Basque Country), Alberto Mantovani(Humanitas University), Aleksander Rygh Holten(Oslo University Hospital), Alena Mayer(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Alessandro Cherubini(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Alessandro Protti(Humanitas University), Alessio Aghemo(Humanitas University), Alessio Gerussi(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Alfredo Ramı́rez(Goethe University Frankfurt), Alice Braun(IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital), Ana Barreira(University Hospital Regensburg), Ana Lleò(University of Copenhagen), Anders Benjamin Kildal(University Hospital of North Norway), Andreas Glück(University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), Anna Carreras(University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein), Anna Latiano(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Anne Ma Dyrhol‐Riise(Oslo University Hospital), Antonio Muscatello(Humanitas University), Antonio Voza(University Hospital of North Norway), Ariadna Rando‐Segura(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Aurora Solier(Universidad de Alcalá), Banasik Karina(University of Copenhagen), Beatriz Cortés(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Beatriz Mateos(Universidad de Alcalá), Beatriz Nafría-Jiménez(Goethe University Frankfurt), Benedikt Schaefer(Innsbruck Medical University), Carla Bellinghausen(Goethe University Frankfurt), Carlos Ferrando(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Carmen Quereda(Universidad de Alcalá), Carsten Skurk(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Charlotte Thibeault(University of Milan), Christoph D. Spinner(University of Milan), Christoph Lange(German Center for Infection Research), Cinzia Hu(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Claudio Cappadona(Humanitas University), Cristiana Bianco(University of Milan), Cristina Sancho(Oslo University Hospital), Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff(University of Milan), Daniela Galimberti(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), David Jiménez(University of Milan), David Pestaña(Universidad de Alcalá), David Toapanta(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Elena Azzolini(Humanitas University), Elio Scarpini(Humanitas University), Elisa T. Helbig(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Eloísa Urrechaga(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Elvezia Maria Paraboschi(Humanitas University), Emanuele Pontali(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Enric Reverter(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Enrique Navas(Universidad de Alcalá), Eunate Arana‐Arri(University of Milan), Félix García Sánchez(University of Milan), Ferruccio Ceriotti(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Francesco Malvestiti(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Francisco Mesonero(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Gianni Pezzoli(Oslo University Hospital), Giuseppe Lamorte(University of Milan), Holger Neb(Goethe University Frankfurt), Ilaria My(Humanitas University), Isabel Hernández(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Itziar de Rojas(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Iván Galván‐Femenía(Humanitas University), Jan Heyckendorf(Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Jan Rybniker(University of Cologne), Joan R. Badia(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Jochen G. Schneider(TUM Klinikum), Josune Goikoetxea(BioCruces Health research Institute), Julia Kraft(Østfold Hospital Trust), Karl Erik Müller(Drammen Hospital), Karoline I. Gaede(Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center), Koldo García‐Etxebarria(University of the Basque Country), Kristian Tonby(Oslo University Hospital), Lars Heggelund(Drammen Hospital), Laura Izquierdo‐Sánchez(University of the Basque Country), Lauro Sumoy(St Olav's University Hospital), Lena J. Lippert(Universitat de Barcelona), Leonardo Terranova(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Lucia Garbarino(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Luís Téllez(Universidad de Alcalá), Luisa Roade(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Mahnoosh Ostadreza(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Maider Intxausti(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Manolis Kogevinas(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), María A. Gutiérrez-Stampa(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild(Goethe University Frankfurt), Marta Marquié(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Massimo Castoldi(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Maurizio Cecconi(Humanitas University), Merçé Boada(Humanitas University), Michael Seilmaier(Humanitas University), Michela Mazzocco(University of Milan), Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Gandía(Universidad de Alcalá), Natale Imaz Ayo(University of Milan), Natàlia Blay(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Nilda Martínez(Humanitas University), Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group*(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Oliver A. Cornely(Humanitas University), Orazio Palmieri(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Paolo Tentorio(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Pedro M. Rodrigues(University of the Basque Country), Pedro Pablo España(George Washington University), Per Hoffmann(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Petra Bächer(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Phillip Suwalski(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Raúl de Pablo(Universidad de Alcalá), Rosa Nieto(Universidad de Alcalá), Salvatore Badalamenti(University of Milan), Sandra Ciesek(Goethe University Frankfurt), Sara Bombace(Oslo University Hospital), Sibylle Wilfling(University Hospital Regensburg), Søren Brunak(University of Copenhagen), Stefanie Heilmann‐Heimbach(University of Bonn), The Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force*(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force*(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Stephan Ripke(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Thomas Bahmer(Fundación Progreso y Salud), Ulf Landmesser(Humanitas University), Ulrike Protzer(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Valeria Rimoldi(Oslo University Hospital), Vegard Skogen(University Hospital of North Norway), Víctor Andrade(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Victor Moreno(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Wolfgang Poller(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Xavier Farré(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Xiaomin Wang(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Yascha Khodamoradi(Goethe University Frankfurt), Zehra Karadeniz(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Adolfo de Salazar(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Adriana Palom(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Alba-Estela Garcia-Fernandez(Universidad de Valladolid), Albert Blanco‐Grau(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Alberto Zanella(Universidad de Valladolid), Alessandra Bandera(University of Milan), Almut Nebel(University of Tartu), Andrea Biondi(University of Tartu), Andrea Caballero-Garralda(Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari), Andrea Gori(University of Milan), Andreas Lind(Oslo University Hospital), Anna Ludovica Fracanzani(University of Milan), Anna Peschuck(University of Tartu), Antonio Artigas(University of Milan), Carmen de la Horra(University of Chicago), Chiara Milani(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Cinzia Paccapelo(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Claudio Angelini(Humanitas University), Cristina Cea(East Tallinn Central Hospital), Eduardo Muñiz‐Díaz(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Elena Sandoval(East Tallinn Central Hospital), Enrique J. Calderón(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Erik Solligård(St Olav's University Hospital), Fátima Aziz(Tartu University Hospital), Filippo Martinelli Boneschi(University of Milan), Flora Peyvandi(University of Milan), Francesco Blasi(University of Milan), Francisco J. Medrano(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Francisco Rodríguez‐Frias(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Fredrik Müller(Oslo University Hospital), Giacomo Grasselli(University of Milan), Giorgio Costantino(University of Helsinki), Giulia Cardamone(University of Helsinki), Giuseppe Foti(University of Milano-Bicocca), Giuseppe Matullo(University of Turin), Hayato Kurihara(Humanitas University), Jan Egil Afset(Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Jan Kristian Damås(St Olav's University Hospital), Javier Ampuero(Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas), Javier Martı́n(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), Jeanette Erdmann(Kantonsspital St. Gallen), Jonas Bergan(University of Basel), Siegfried Goerg(University of Basel), José Ferrusquía‐Acosta(University of Geneva), José Hernández‐Quero(University Hospital of Geneva), Juan Delgado(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Juan M. Guerrero(Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla), Kari Risnes(University of St.Gallen), Laura Rachele Bettini(University of Basel), Leticia Moreira(Universitat de Barcelona), Lise Tuset Gustad(University of Basel), Luigi Santoro(University of Basel), Luigia Scudeller(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Mar Riveiro‐Barciela(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Marco Schaefer(Hôpital du Valais), Maria Carrabba(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Maria Grazia Valsecchi(University of Milano-Bicocca), María Hernandez-Tejero(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Marialbert Acosta‐Herrera(Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López - Neyra"), Mariella D’Angiò(University of Milano-Bicocca), Marina Baldini(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Marina Elena Cazzaniga(University of Milano-Bicocca), Michele Ciccarelli(Humanitas University), Monica Bocciolone(Humanitas University), Monica Miozzo(University of Milan), Natalia Chueca(Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada), Nicola Montano(University of Milan), Paola Faverio(University of Milano-Bicocca), Paoletta Preatoni(Humanitas University), Paolo Bonfanti(Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo), Paolo Omodei(Humanitas University), Pedro Castro(Hospital Clínic de Barcelona), Ricard Ferrer(Hebron University), Roberta Gualtierotti(University of Milan), Rocío Gallego‐Durán(George Washington University), Rubén Morilla(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Sammra Haider(Ålesund Hospital), Sara Marsal(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Serena Aneli(University of Turin), Serena Pelusi(University of Milan), Silvano Bòsari(University of Milan), Stefano Aliberti(University of Milan), Susanne Dudman(Oslo University Hospital), Tenghao Zheng(Monash University), Tomàs Pumarola(Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne), Trinidad González Cejudo(Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada), Valter Monzani(Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico), Vicente Friaza(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Wolfgang Peter(University of Lausanne), Ximo Dopazo(Fundación Progreso y Salud), Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group(University of Lausanne), Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force(University of Lausanne), Stefano Duga(Humanitas University), The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force(Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne), Admin team members(Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne), Sandra May(Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne), Marit M. Grimsrud(Oslo University Hospital), deCODE(University of Geneva), Analysis team leader(University of St.Gallen), Daníel F. Guðbjartsson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Data collection leader(Hôpital du Valais), Kāri Stefánsson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Analysis team members(University of St.Gallen), Patrick Sulem(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Garðar Sveinbjörnsson(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Páll Melsted(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Gudmundur L. Norddahl(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Kristjan Helgi Swerford Moore(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Data collection members(University of St.Gallen), Unnur Þorsteinsdóttir(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Hilma Holm(deCODE Genetics (Iceland)), Determining the Molecular Pathways & Genetic Predisposition of the Acute Inflammatory Process Caused by SARS-CoV-2(University of St.Gallen), Analysis team leader(University of St.Gallen), Marta E. Alarcón‐Riquelme(University of St.Gallen), Data collection leader(University of St.Gallen), David Bernardo(Universidad de Valladolid), Analysis team member(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Manuel Martínez‐Bueno(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Data collection member(Institut Català d'Ornitologia), Silvia Rojo‐Rello(Universidad de Valladolid), Estonian Biobank(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Analysis team leader(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Reedik Mägi(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Data collection leader(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Lili Milani(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Admin team leader(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Andres Metspalu(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Analysis team members(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Triin Laisk(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Kristi Läll(Barcelona Institute for Global Health), Maarja Lepamets(University of Siena), Data collection members(University of Siena), Tõnu Esko(University of Pavia), Ene Reimann(University of Tartu), Paul Naaber(Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Maggiore), Edward Laane(ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco), Jaana Pesukova(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Pärt Peterson(University of Siena), Kai Kisand(University of Siena), Jekaterina Tabri(University of Siena), Raili Allos(University of Siena), Kati Hensen(East Tallinn Central Hospital), Joel Starkopf(Tartu University Hospital), Inge Ringmets(Estonian E Health Foundation), Anu Tamm(Tartu University Hospital), Anne Kallaste(Tartu University Hospital), Admin team members(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Helene Alavere(Ospedale Misericordia - Grosseto), Kristjan Metsalu(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Mairo Puusepp(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), FinnGen(Ospedale San Donato), Data collection members(University of Milan), Kati Kristiansson(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Sami Koskelainen(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Markus Perola(University of Helsinki), Kati Donner(University of Helsinki), Katja Kivinen(University of Helsinki), Aarno Palotie(University of Helsinki), Admin team member(AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana), FinnGen Admin team leader(Ospedale Antonio Cardarelli), Aarno Palotie(University of Helsinki), Functional Host Genomics in Infectious Diseases (FHoGID)(Ospedale Monaldi), Analysis team leader(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Carlo Rivolta(University of Basel), Data collection leaders(Ospedale Policlinico San Martino), Pierre–Yves Bochud(University of St.Gallen), Stéphanie Bibert(University of Siena), Noémie Boillat‐Blanco(University of Siena), Semira Gonseth(Centre universitaire de médecine générale et santé publique, Lausanne), Werner C. Albrich(University of St.Gallen), Analysis team members, Mathieu Quinodoz(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Dhryata Kamdar(University of Basel), Data collection members(Milano Metropoli Development Agency), Noémie Suh(University of Geneva), Dionysios Neofytos(University Hospital of Geneva), Véronique Erard(Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri), Cathy Voide(Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri), FHoGID*(Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri), RegCOVID*, P-PredictUs*(Meyer Children's Hospital), SeroCOVID*(Ospedale Misericordia - Grosseto), CRiPSI*(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), FHoGID(University of Milan), Pierre–Yves Bochud(University of Milan), Carlo Rivolta(University of Basel), Stéphanie Bibert(University of L'Aquila), Mathieu Quinodoz(University of Basel), Dev Kamdar(University of Basel), Dionysios Neofytos(University of Siena), Véronique Erard(Fribourg Development Agency), Cathy Voide(Hôpital du Valais), R. Friolet(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Péter Vollenweider(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), J. L. Pagani(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Mauro Oddo(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Friederike Meyer zu Bentrup(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), A. Conen(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Olivier Clerc(University of Pisa), Oscar Marchetti(University of Pisa), A. Guillet(University of Siena), C. Guyat-Jacques(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), S. Foucras(University of Siena), M. Rime(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), J. Chassot(Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), M. Jaquet(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), R. Merlet Viollet(University of Siena), Y. Lannepoudenx(University of Siena), L. Portopena(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), RegCOVID(University of Siena), Florian Desgranges(University of Siena), Paraskevas Filippidis(University of Lausanne), Benoît Guéry(Politecnico di Milano), David Haefliger(Politecnico di Milano), Eleftheria Kampouri(Scuola Normale Superiore), Oriol Manuel(Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria), Aline Munting(Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria), Matthaios Papadimitriou‐Olivgeris(University of Lausanne), Jean Regina(University of Siena), L. Rochat-Stettler(University of Lausanne), V. Suttels(University of Pavia), Eliana Tadini(University of Siena), J Tschopp(University of Siena), Mathias Van Singer(University of Siena), Benjamin Viala(University of Siena), P-PredictUs(University of Siena), Noémie Boillat‐Blanco(University of Siena), T. Brahier(University of Siena), Olivier Hügli(University of Siena), J. Y. Meuwly(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), O. Pantet(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), SérocoViD(University of Siena), Semira Gonseth(University of Siena), Pierre–Yves Bochud(University of Siena), Valérie D’Acremont(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), S. Estoppey Younes(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), CRiPSI(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Werner C. Albrich(University of Siena), Noémie Suh(University of Siena), A. Cerny(University of Siena), L. O’Mahony(University of Siena), C. von Mering(University of Siena), Pierre–Yves Bochud(University of Siena), Mirjam Frischknecht(University of Siena), Gian‐Reto Kleger(University of Siena), M. Filipovic(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), C. R. Kahlert(University of St.Gallen), Hannah Wozniak(University of St.Gallen), Tommaso Rochat Negro(University of St.Gallen), J. Pugin(University of St.Gallen), Konstantinos Bouras(University of St.Gallen), C. Knapp(University of St.Gallen), Thomas Egger(University of St.Gallen), A. Perret(University of St.Gallen), P. Montillier(University of Milan), C. di Bartolomeo(University of St.Gallen), Beatrice Barda(University of St.Gallen), GCAT Genomes For Life(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Analysis team leader(University of Siena), Rafael de Cid(University of Siena), Data collection leaders(University of Siena), Anna Carreras(University of Siena), Victor Moreno(University of Siena), Analysis team members(University of Siena), Iván Galván‐Femenía(University of Siena), Natàlia Blay(University of Siena), Xavier Farré(University of Siena), Lauro Sumoy(University of Siena), Data collection members(University of Siena), Beatriz Cortés(Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol), Josep M. Mercader(Broad Institute), Marta Guindo-Martínez(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), David Torrents(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Judith García‐Aymerich(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Gemma Castaño‐Vinyals(Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Carlota Dobaño(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Analysis team leaders(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Marco Gori(University of Siena), Data collection leaders(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Alessandra Renieri(University of Siena), Mario U. Mondelli(University of Pavia), Francesco Castelli(University of Milan), Massimo Vaghi(University of Milan), Stefano Rusconi(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Francesca Montagnani(University of Siena), Elena Bargagli(University of Siena), Federico Franchi(University of Siena), Maria Antonietta Mazzei(University of Siena), Luca Cantarini(University of Siena), Danilo Tacconi(Ospedale San Donato), Marco Feri(AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana), Raffaele Scala(University of Padua), Genni Spargi(University of Padua), Cesira Nencioni(Ospedale Antonio Cardarelli), Maria Bandini(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Gian Piero Caldarelli(Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate (Italy)), Maurizio Spagnesi(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Anna Canaccini(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Agostino Ognibene(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Antonella d’Arminio Monforte(University of Milan), Massimo Girardis(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Andrea Antinori(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Daniela Francisci(University of Perugia), Elisabetta Schiaroli(University of Perugia), Pier Giorgio Scotton(Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Sandro Panese(University of Siena), Renzo Scaggiante(University of Siena), Matteo Della Monica(Ospedale Antonio Cardarelli), Mario Capasso(SDN Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare), Giuseppe Fiorentino(CTO Hospital), Marco Castori(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Filippo Aucella(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Antonio Di Biagio(Ospedale Policlinico San Martino), Luca Masucci(Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Serafina Valente(University of Siena), Marco Mandalà(University of Siena), Patrizia Zucchi(Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII), Ferdinando Giannattasio(CTO Hospital), Domenico Coviello(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Cristina Mussini(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Giancarlo Bosio(Aziende Socio Sanitarie Territoriale di Crema), Luisa Tavecchia(Milano Metropoli Development Agency), Lia Crotti(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Marco Rizzi(University of Siena), Maria Teresa La Rovere(University of Milan), Simona Sarzi Braga(Queen Mary University of London), Maurizio Bussotti(Queen Mary University of London), Sabrina Ravaglia(King's College London), Rosangela Artuso(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Antonio Perrella(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Davide Romani(National Health Service), Paola Bergomi(Queen Mary University of London), E Catena(National Health Service), Antonella Vincenti(Queen Mary University of London), Claudio Ferri(Queen Mary University of London), Davide Grassi(Queen Mary University of London), G Pessina(Queen Mary University of London), Mario Tumbarello(University of Siena), Massimo Di Pietro(Queen Mary University of London), Sabrina Ravaglia(Queen Mary University of London), Sauro Luchi(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Chiara Barbieri(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Donatella Acquilini(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Elena Andreucci(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Francesco Paciosi(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Francesco Vladimiro Segala(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Giusy Tiseo(University of Pisa), Marco Falcone(University of Pisa), Mirjam Lista(University of Siena), Monica Poscente(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Oreste De Vivo(University of Siena), Paola Petrocelli(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Alessandra Guarnaccia(Queen Mary University of London), Silvia Baroni(Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore), Valentina Perticaroli(University of Siena), Admin team leaders(Queen Mary University of London), Simone Furini(University of Siena), Simona Dei(Queen Mary University of London), Analysis team members(Queen Mary University of London), Elisa Benetti(University of Siena), Nicola Picchiotti(University of Siena), Maurizio Sanarico(Queen Mary University of London), Stefano Ceri(Queen Mary University of London), Pietro Pinoli(Queen Mary University of London), Francesco Raimondi(Scuola Normale Superiore), Filippo Biscarini(Queen Mary University of London), Alessandra Stella(Queen Mary University of London), Mattia Bergomi(Queen Mary University of London), Kristina Zguro(University of Siena), Katia Capitani(University of Siena), Marco Tanfoni(University of Pavia), Data collection members(University of Michigan), Chiara Fallerini(University of Siena), Sergio Daga(University of Siena), Margherita Baldassarri(University of Siena), Francesca Fava(University of Siena), Elisa Frullanti(University of Siena), Floriana Valentino(University of Siena), Gabriella Doddato(University of Siena), Annarita Giliberti(University of Siena), Rossella Tita(Universidade de São Paulo), Sara Amitrano(Universidade de São Paulo), Mirella Bruttini(University of Siena), Susanna Croci(University of Siena), Ilaria Meloni(University of Siena), Maria Antonietta Mencarelli(DNA Link (South Korea)), Caterina Lo Rizzo(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Anna Maria Pinto(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Giada Beligni(University of Siena), Andréa Tommasi(University of Siena), Laura Di Sarno(University of Siena), Maria Palmieri(University of Siena), Miriam Lucia Carriero(University of Siena), Diana Alaverdian(University of Siena), Nicola Iuso(University of Siena), G. Inchingolo(University of Siena), Stefano Busani(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Raffaele Bruno(Chungnam National University), Marco Vecchia(Chungnam National University), Mary Ann Belli(Chungnam National University), Stefania Mantovani(Kyungpook National University), Serena Ludovisi(University of Pavia), Eugenia Quirós-Roldán(Incheon Medical Center), Melania Degli Antoni(Incheon Medical Center), Isabella Zanella(Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia), Matteo Siano(University of Milan), Arianna Emiliozzi(Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani), Massimiliano Fabbiani(Pusan National University Hospital), Barbara Rossetti(Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese), Giacomo Zanelli(University of Siena), Laura Bergantini(University of Siena), Miriana d’Alessandro(Yonsei University), Paolo Cameli(University of Siena), David Bennet(University of Siena), Federico Anedda(University of Siena), Simona Marcantonio(University of Siena), Sabino Scolletta(University of Siena), Susanna Guerrini(University of Siena), Edoardo Conticini(University of Siena), Bruno Frediani(University of Siena), Chiara Spertilli(Illumina (United States)), Alice Donati(Illumina (United States)), Luca Guidelli(Ospedale San Donato), Marta Corridi(Ospedale Misericordia - Grosseto), Leonardo Croci(Ospedale Misericordia - Grosseto), Paolo Piacentini(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Elena Desanctis(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Silvia Cappelli(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Agnese Verzuri(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Valentina Anemoli(Azienda Usl 8 Arezzo), Alessandro Pancrazi(Ospedale San Donato), Maria Lorubbio(Ospedale San Donato), Esther Merlini(University of Milan), Federica Gaia Miraglia(University of Milan), Sophie Venturelli(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Andrea Cossarizza(University of Modena and Reggio Emilia), Alessandra Vergori(Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani), Arianna Gabrieli(University of Milan), Agostino Riva(University of Milan), Francesco Paciosi(IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca), Francesca Andretta(Ca' Foncello Hospital), Francesca Gatti(AULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana), Saverio Giuseppe Parisi(University of Padua), Stefano Baratti(University of Padua), Carmelo Piscopo(Ospedale Antonio Cardarelli), Roberta Russo(Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate (Italy)), Immacolata Andolfo(Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate (Italy)), Achille Iolascon(Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate (Italy)), Massimo Carella(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Giuseppe Merla(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Gabriella Maria Squeo(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Pamela Raggi(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Carmen Marciano(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Rita Perna(Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza), Matteo Bassetti(Ospedale Policlinico San Martino), Maurizio Sanguinetti(Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Alessia Giorli(University of Siena), Lorenzo Salerni(University of Siena), Pierpaolo Parravicini(Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della Valtellina e Alto Lario), E. Menatti(Kangbuk Samsung Hospital), Tullio Trotta(CTO Hospital), Gabriella Coiro(CTO Hospital), Fabio Lena(Ospedale Misericordia - Grosseto), Enrico Martinelli(Leeds General Infirmary), Sandro Mancarella(Milano Metropoli Development Agency), Chiara Gabbi(Helix (United States)), F Maggiolo(Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII), Diego Ripamonti(Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII), Tiziana Bachetti(Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri), Claudia Suardi(Helix (United States)), Gianfranco Parati(IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Giordano Bottà(Helix (United States)), Paolo Di Domenico(Desert Research Institute), Ilaria Rancan(Renown Health), Francesco Paolo Bianchi(University of Siena), Riccardo Colombo(University of Milan), Genes & Health(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Analysis team leader(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), David A. van Heel(Queen Mary University of London), Data collection leader, Karen A. Hunt(Queen Mary University of London), Admin team leader(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Richard C. Trembath(Queen Mary University of London), Analysis team members(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Qin Qin Huang(Queen Mary University of London), Hilary C. Martin(Queen Mary University of London), Data collection members(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Dan Mason(National Health Service), Bhavi Trivedi(Queen Mary University of London), John Wright(National Health Service), Admin team members(The University of Osaka), Sarah Finer(Queen Mary University of London), Chris Griffiths(Queen Mary University of London), Shaheen Akhtar(Queen Mary University of London), Mohammad Anwar(Queen Mary University of London), Elena Arciero(Queen Mary University of London), Samina Ashraf(Queen Mary University of London), Gerome Breen(Queen Mary University of London), Raymond T. Chung(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Charles Curtis(Queen Mary University of London), Maharun Chowdhury(Queen Mary University of London), Grainne Colligan(Queen Mary University of London), Panos Deloukas(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Ceri Durham(Queen Mary University of London), Sarah Finer(Queen Mary University of London), Chris Griffiths(Queen Mary University of London), Qin Qin Huang(Queen Mary University of London), Matt Hurles(Broad Institute), Karen A. Hunt(Queen Mary University of London), Shapna Hussain(Queen Mary University of London), Kamrul Islam(Queen Mary University of London), Ahsan Ali Khan(Queen Mary University of London), Amara Khan(Queen Mary University of London), Cath Lavery(Queen Mary University of London), Sang Hyuck Lee(Queen Mary University of London), Robin G. Lerner(Queen Mary University of London), Daniel G. MacArthur(Queen Mary University of London), Bev MacLaughlin(Queen Mary University of London), Hilary C. Martin(Queen Mary University of London), Dan Mason(National Health Service), Shefa Miah(Queen Mary University of London), Bill Newman(Queen Mary University of London), Nishat Safa(Queen Mary University of London), Farah Tahmasebi(Queen Mary University of London), Richard C. Trembath(Queen Mary University of London), Bhavi Trivedi(Queen Mary University of London), David A. van Heel(Queen Mary University of London), John Wright(National Health Service), Genes for Good(Kyoto University), Analysis team leader(University of Tsukuba), Albert V. Smith(University of Michigan), Data collection members(The University of Osaka), Andrew P. Boughton(University of Michigan), Kevin Li(University of Michigan), Jonathon LeFaive(University of Michigan), Aubrey Annis(University of Michigan), Genetic determinants of COVID-19 complications in the Brazilian population(The University of Osaka), Analysis team leader(The University of Osaka), Data collection leader(The University of Osaka), Cinthia Elim Jannes(Universidade de São Paulo), Admin team leaders(The University of Osaka), José Eduardo Krieger(Universidade de São Paulo), Alexandre C. Pereira(Universidade de São Paulo), Analysis team members(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Mariliza Velho(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Emanuelle Marques(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Data collection members(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Isabella Ramos Lima(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Maurício Teruo Tada(Universidade de São Paulo), Karina Ramos Valino(Universidade de São Paulo), Genetic influences on severity of COVID-19 illness in Korea(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Analysis team leaders(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Mark I. McCarthy(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Carrie M. Rosenberger(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Data collection leader(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Jong Eun Lee(DNA Link (South Korea)), Analysis team members(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Diana Chang(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Christian Hammer(Kyoto University), Julie Hunkapiller(National Center for Global Health and Medicine), Anubha Mahajan(Juntendo University), Sarah A. Pendergrass(Juntendo University), Lara E. Sucheston‐Campbell(Juntendo University), Brian L. Yaspan(Juntendo University), Data collection members(Juntendo University), Hyun Soo Lee(Keio University), Eun‐Soon Shin(DNA Link (South Korea)), Hye Yoon Jang(DNA Link (South Korea)), Sunmie Kim(Saitama Prefecture), Sungmin Kym(Chungnam National University), Kim Ys(Chungnam National University), Hyeongseok Jeong(Chungnam National University), Ki Tae Kwon(Saitama Prefecture), Shin‐Woo Kim(Seoul National University Hospital), Jin Yong Kim(Kawasaki Municipal Hospital), Young Rock Jang(Kawasaki Municipal Hospital), Hyun Ah Kim(Ewha Womans University), Ji Yeon Lee(DNA Link (South Korea)), Jeong Eun Lee(DNA Link (South Korea)), Shinwon Lee(Queen Mary University of London), Kang Won Choe(Saitama Municipal Hospital), Yu Min Kang(Saitama Municipal Hospital), Sun Ha Jee(Yonsei University), Keum Ji Jung(Yonsei University), Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2host genetics in coronavirus disease 2019(Eiju General Hospital), Data collection leaders(Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital), Victoria N. Parikh(Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital), Euan A. Ashley(Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital), Matthew T. Wheeler(Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital), Manuel A. Rivas(Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital), Carlos D. Bustamante(Tosei General Hospital), Benjamin A Pinksy(Fukujuji Hospital), Phillip G. Febbo(Illumina (United States)), Kyle Kai‐How Farh(Illumina (United States)), Gary P. Schroth(Illumina (United States)), Francis deSouza(Illumina (United States)), Admin team leaders(Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center), Karen Dalton(Japan Community Healthcare Organization), Jeffrey W. Christle(Tachikawa Hospital), Analysis team members(Tachikawa Hospital), Christopher DeBoever(Takeda (United States)), Sándor Szalma(Takeda (United States)), Yosuke Tanigawa(Tachikawa Hospital), Simone Rubinacci(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Olivier Delaneau(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Data collection members(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), John E. Gorzynski(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), H. De Jong(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Shirley Sutton(Kansai Medical University), Nathan Youlton(Kansai Medical University), Ruchi Joshi(Kansai Medical University), David Jimenez‐Morales(Kitasato Institute Hospital), Christopher W. Hughes(Kitasato Institute Hospital), David Amar(Kitasato Institute Hospital), Alex Ioannidis(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Steven G. Hershman(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Anna Kirillova(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Kinya Seo(Sapporo Kosei General Hospital), Yong Huang(Sapporo Kosei General Hospital), Massa J. Shoura(Sapporo Kosei General Hospital), Nathan Hammond(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), Nathaniel Watson(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), Archana N. Raja(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), ChunHong Huang(Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center), Malaya K. Sahoo(Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center), Hannah Wang(Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center), Admin team member(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Jimmy Zhen(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Genotek COVID-19 study(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Analysis team leader(NTT Medical Center), Alexander Rakitko(NTT Medical Center), Admin team leader(Showa University), Valery Ilinsky(Showa University), Analysis team members(Showa University), Danat Yermakovich(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Iaroslav Popov(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Alexander Chernitsov(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Elena Kovalenko(keiyu Hospital), Anna Krasnenko(keiyu Hospital), Nikolay Plotnikov(keiyu Hospital), И.Ф. Стеценко(National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center), Anna Kim(Tokyo Medical Center), Helix & Healthy Nevada Project Exome+ COVID-19 Phenotypes(Tokyo Medical Center), Analysis team leader(Tokyo Medical Center), Elizabeth T. Cirulli(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Analysis team members(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Kelly M. Schiabor Barrett(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Alexandre Bolze(Tohoku University), Simon White(Tohoku University), Nicole Washington(Tohoku University), James T. Lu(Nihon University), Data collection members(Nihon University), Stephen Riffle(Nihon University), Francisco Tanudjaja(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), X. Wang(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Jimmy M. Ramirez(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Nicole Leonetti(Kanazawa Medical Center), Efren Sandoval(Kanazawa Medical Center), Iva Neveux(Kanazawa Medical Center), Shaun Dabe(Renown Health), Joseph J. Grzymski(National Defense Medical College), 24Genetics & IdiPaz Genomic Variants associated to COVID-19 infection outcome(Fukuoka University), Analysis team leader(Fukuoka University), Juan Ignacio Esteban Miñano(Fukuoka University Hospital), Data collection leader(Saiseikai Central Hospital), Luis A. Aguirre(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Admin team leader(Saiseikai Central Hospital), Eduardo López‐Collazo(Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital), Analysis team members(Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital), Manuel de la Mata Pazos(Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital), Luciano Cerrato(National Kyushu Medical Center), Lasse Folkersen(Kurume University), Data collection members(National Kyushu Medical Center), Roberto Lozano‐Rodríguez(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), José Avendaño‐Ortiz(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Verónica Terrón Arcos(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Karla Montalbán‐Hernández(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Jaime Valentín Quiroga(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Alejandro Pascual‐Iglesias(Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research), Admin team members(Nagoya University), Charbel Maroun‐Eid(Fujisawa City Hospital), Alejandro Martín‐Quirós(Fujisawa City Hospital), Japan Coronavirus Taskforce(Fujisawa City Hospital), Analysis team leaders(Sapporo City General Hospital), Ho Namkoong(Chiba University), Yukinori Okada(Chiba University), Seiya Imoto(Chiba University), Data collection leaders(Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital), Kazuhiko Katayama(Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital), Koichi Fukunaga(Keio University), Yuko Kitagawa(Keio University), Toshiro Sato(Keio University), Naoki Hasegawa(Keio University), Atsushi Kumanogoh(Ome Municipal General Hospital), Akinori Kimura(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Masumi Ai(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Katsushi Tokunaga(National Center for Global Health and Medicine), Admin team leaders(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Takanori Kanai(Keio University), Satoru Miyano(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Seishi Ogawa(Tokai University), Analysis team members(Kumamoto Medical Center), Ryuya Edahiro(Kumamoto Medical Center), Kyuto Sonehara(Kumamoto Medical Center), Yuya Shirai(Tokyo Medical University Hospital), Masahiro Kanai(Broad Institute), Data collection members(Tokyo Medical University Hospital), Makoto Ishii(Keio University), Hiroki Kabata(Keio University), Katsunori Masaki(Keio University), Hirofumi Kamata(Keio University), Shinnosuke Ikemura(Keio University), Shotaro Chubachi(Keio University), Satoshi Okamori(Keio University), Hideki Terai(Keio University), Hiromu Tanaka(Keio University), Atsuho Morita(Keio University), Ho Lee(Keio University), Takanori Asakura(Keio University), Junichi Sasaki(Keio University), Hiroshi Morisaki(Keio University), Yoshifumi Uwamino(Keio University), Kosaku Nanki(Kyushu University), Yohei Mikami(Kyushu University), Kazunori Tomono(Kyushu University), Kazuto Kato(University of Tsukuba), Fumihiko Matsuda(University of Tsukuba), Meiko Takahashi(University of Tsukuba), Nobuyuki Hizawa(University of Tsukuba), Yoshito Takeda(Tokyo National Hospital), Haruhiko Hirata(Tokyo National Hospital), Takayuki Shiroyama(Shizuoka General Hospital), Satoru Miyawaki(Showa University), Ken Suzuki(Showa University), Yuichi Maeda(Showa University), Takuro Nii(Fukushima Medical University), Yoshimi Noda(Fukushima Medical University), Takayuki Niitsu(Fukushima Medical University), Yuichi Adachi(Kansai Electric Power Hospital), Takatoshi Enomoto(Kansai Electric Power Hospital), Saori Amiya(Kansai Electric Power Hospital), Reina Hara(Kumamoto City Hospital), Kunihiko Takahashi(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Tatsuhiko Anzai(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Takanori Hasegawa(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Satoshi Ito(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Ryuji Koike(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Akifumi Endo(National Hospital Organization), Yuji Uchimura(National Hospital Organization), Yasunari Miyazaki(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Takayuki Honda(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Tomoya Tateishi(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Shuji Tohda(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Naoya Ichimura(Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital), Kazunari Sonobe(Osaka Police Hospital), Chihiro Tani Sassa(JA Toride Medical Center), Jun Nakajima(Osaka Police Hospital), Yasuhito Nannya(University Medical Center Groningen), Yosuke Omae(University Medical Center Groningen), Kazuhisa Takahashi(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Norihiro Harada(University Medical Center Groningen), Makoto Hiki(University Medical Center Groningen), Haruhi Takagi(University Medical Center Groningen), Ai Nakamura(University Medical Center Groningen), Etsuko Tagaya(University Medical Center Groningen), Masatoshi Kawana(University Medical Center Groningen), Ken Arimura(University of British Columbia), Takashi Ishiguro(University of British Columbia), Noboru Takayanagi(University of British Columbia), Taisuke Isono(Saitama Prefecture), Yotaro Takaku(Saitama Prefecture), Kenji Takano(Saitama Prefecture), Ryusuke Anan(University of Washington), Yukiko Nakajima(University Medical Center Groningen), Yasushi Nakano(University Medical Center Groningen), Kazumi Nishio(Massachusetts General Hospital), Soichiro Ueda(Barcelona Supercomputing Center), Reina Hayashi(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Hiroki Tateno(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Isano Hase(Massachusetts General Hospital), Shuichi Yoshida(Massachusetts General Hospital), Shoji Suzuki(Broad Institute), Keiko Mitamura(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Fumitake Saito(Kansai Medical University), Tetsuya Ueda(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Masanori Azuma(University of Michigan), Tadao Nagasaki(University of Michigan), Yoshinori Yasui(University of Michigan), Yoshinori Hasegawa(University of Michigan), Yoshikazu Mutoh(Tosei General Hospital), Takashi Yoshiyama(Fukujuji Hospital), Tomohisa Shoko(Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center), Mitsuaki Kojima(Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center), Tomohiro Adachi(Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center), Motonao Ishikawa(Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center), Kenichiro Takahashi(Tokyo Medical and Dental University), Kazuyoshi Watanabe(Japan Community Healthcare Organization), Tadashi Manabe(Tachikawa Hospital), Fumimaro Ito(Tachikawa Hospital), Takahiro Fukui(Tachikawa Hospital), Yohei Funatsu(Tachikawa Hospital), Hidefumi Koh(Tachikawa Hospital), Yoshihiro Hirai(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Hidetoshi Kawashima(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Atsuya Narita(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Kazuki Niwa(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Yoshiyuki Sekikawa(Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety), Fukuki Saito(Kansai Medical University), Kazuhisa Yoshiya(Kansai Medical University), Tomoyuki Yoshihara(Kansai Medical University), Yusuke Suzuki(Kitasato Institute Hospital), Sohei Nakayama(Kitasato Institute Hospital), Keita Masuzawa(Kitasato Institute Hospital), Koichi Nishi(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Masaru Nishitsuji(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Maiko Tani(Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital), Takashi Inoue(Sapporo Kosei General Hospital), Toshiyuki Hirano(Sapporo Kosei General Hospital), Keigo Kobayashi(Sema4 (United States)), Naoki Miyazawa(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), Yasuhiro Kimura(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), Reiko Sado(Saiseikai Ibaraki Hospital), Takashi Ogura(Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center), Hideya Kitamura(Child Health and Development Institute), Kota Murohashi(Kanagawa Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center), Ichiro Nakachi(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Rie Baba(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Daisuke Arai(Saiseikai Utsunomiya hospital), Satoshi Fuke(Regeneron (United States)), Hiroshi Saito(Regeneron (United States)), Naota Kuwahara(Showa University), Akiko Fujiwara(Showa University), Takenori Okada(Showa University), Tomoya Baba(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Junya Noda(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Shuko Mashimo(Toyohashi Municipal Hospital), Kazuma Yagi(Regeneron (United States)), Tetsuya Shiomi(Regeneron (United States)), Mizuha Hashiguchi(Regeneron (United States)), Toshio Odani(National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center), Takao Mochimaru(Regeneron (United States)), Yoshitaka Oyamada(Tokyo Medical Center), N. Môri(Tokyo Medical Center), Namiki Izumi(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Kaoru Nagata(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Reiko Taki(Musashino Red Cross Hospital), Koji Murakami(Tohoku University), Mitsuhiro Yamada(Tohoku University), Hisatoshi Sugiura(Tohoku University), Kentarō Hayashi(Nihon University), Tetsuo Shimizu(Nihon University), Yasuhiro Gon(Nihon University), Shigeki Fujitani(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Tomoya Tsuchida(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Toru Yoshida(St. Marianna University School of Medicine), Takashi Kagaya(Kanazawa Medical Center), Toshiyuki Kita(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Satoru Sakagami(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Yoshifumi Kimizuka(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Akihiko Kawana(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Yoshihiko Nakamura(Fukuoka University), Hiroyasu Ishikura(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Tohru Takata(Fukuoka University Hospital), Takahide Kikuchi(University of Pavia), Daisuke Taniyama(Saiseikai Central Hospital), Morio Nakamura(University of Liège), Nobuhiro Kodama(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Yasunari Kaneyama(Karolinska Institutet), Shunsuke Maeda(Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital), Yoji Nagasaki(National Kyushu Medical Center), Masaki Okamoto(Kurume University), Sayoko Ishihara(Karolinska Institutet), Akihiro Ito(Matsumoto City Hospital), Yusuke Chihara(Suita Tokushukai Hospital), Mayumi Takeuchi(Suita Tokushukai Hospital), Keisuke Onoi(Suita Tokushukai Hospital), Naozumi Hashimoto(Nagoya University), Keiko Wakahara(Nagoya University), Akira Ando(Nagoya University), Makoto Masuda(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Aya Wakabayashi(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Hiroki Watanabe(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Hisako Sageshima(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Taka‐aki Nakada(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Ryuzo Abe(Chiba University), Tadanaga Shimada(Uppsala University), Kodai Kawamura(Uppsala University), Kazuya Ichikado(Uppsala University), Kenta Nishiyama(University of California, Los Angeles), Masaki Yamasaki(University of California, Los Angeles), Satoru Hashimoto(University of California, Los Angeles), Yu Kusaka(University of California, Los Angeles), Takehiko Ohba(University of California, Los Angeles), Susumu Isogai(University of California, Los Angeles), Minoru Takada, Hidenori Kanda, Yuko Komase(University of California, Los Angeles), Fumiaki Sano(University of California, Los Angeles), Koichiro Asano(Tokai University), Tsuyoshi Oguma(Tokai University), Masahiro Harada(Queen Mary University of London), Takeshi Takahashi(Genomics England), Takayuki Shibusawa(Genomics England), Shinji Abe(Tokyo Medical University Hospital), Yuta Kono(Tokyo Medical University Hospital), Yuki Togashi(Tokyo Medical University Hospital), Takehiro Izumo(Japanese Red Cross Medical Center), Minoru Inomata(Japanese Red Cross Medical Center), Nobuyasu Awano(Japanese Red Cross Medical Center), Shinichi Ogawa(Broad Institute), Tomouki Ogata(University of Oxford), Shoichiro Ishihara(National Kyushu Medical Center), Arihiko Kanehiro(John Radcliffe Hospital), Shinji Ozaki(John Radcliffe Hospital), Yasuko Fuchimoto(Public Health England), Yuichiro Kitagawa(Broad Institute), Shozo Yoshida(Harvard University), Shinji Ogura(Harvard University), Kei Nishiyama(Broad Institute), Kousuke Yoshida(Broad Institute), Satoru Beppu(Broad Institute), Satoru Fukuyama(Broad Institute), Yoshihiro Eriguchi(Broad Institute), Akiko Yonekawa(Broad Institute), Yoshiaki Inoue(Broad Institute), Kunihiro Yamagata(Broad Institute), Shigeru Chiba(Broad Institute), Osamu Narumoto(Broad Institute), Hideaki Nagai(Broad Institute), Nobuharu Ooshima(Broad Institute), Mitsuru Motegi(Broad Institute), Hironori Sagara(Broad Institute), Akihiko Tanaka(Broad Institute), Shin Ohta(Broad Institute), Yoko Shibata(Broad Institute), Yoshinori Tanino(Fukushima Medical University), Yuki Sato(Fukushima Medical University), Yuichiro Yamada(University of Oxford), Takuya Hashino(University of Oxford), Masato Shinoki(University of Oxford), Hajime Iwagoe(University of Oxford), Tomonori Imamura(George Washington University), Akira Umeda(Broad Institute), Hisato Shimada(Broad Institute), Mayu Endo(University of Cambridge), Shinichi Hayashi(University of Cambridge), Mai Takahashi(Kyoto University), Shigefumi Nakano(University of Cambridge), Masakiyo Yatomi(Gunma University), Toshitaka Maeno(Emory University), Tomoo Ishii(VA Boston Healthcare System), Mitsuyoshi Utsugi(VA Boston Healthcare System), Akihiro Ono(VA Boston Healthcare System), Kensuke Kanaoka(VA Palo Alto Health Care System), Shôichi Ihara(VA Boston Healthcare System), Kiyoshi Komuta(VA Boston Healthcare System), Lifelines(VA Boston Healthcare System), Analysis team leader(Ospedale di Bolzano), Lude Franke(University Medical Center Groningen), Data collection leader(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Marike Boezen(University Medical Center Groningen), Analysis team members(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Annique Claringbould(University Medical Center Groningen), Esteban Lopera(University Medical Center Groningen), Robert Warmerdam(University Medical Center Groningen), Judith M. Vonk(University Medical Center Groningen), Irene V. van Blokland(University Medical Center Groningen), Data collection members(University College Dublin), Pauline Lanting(University Medical Center Groningen), Anil P. S. Ori(University Medical Center Groningen), Data collection members(University of Liverpool), Ma’en Obeidat(University of British Columbia), Ana I. Hernández Cordero(University of British Columbia), Don D. Sin(University of British Columbia), Yohan Bossé(Darent Valley Hospital), Philippe Joubert(Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec), Ke Hao(East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust), David C. Nickle(University of Washington), Wim Timens(University Medical Center Groningen), Maarten van den Berge(University Medical Center Groningen), Mass General Brigham-Host Vulnerability to COVID-19(Furness General Hospital), Analysis team leaders(Castle Hill Hospital), Yen‐Chen Anne Feng(Hillingdon Hospital), Josep M. Mercader(Broad Institute), Data collection leaders(University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust), Scott T. Weiss(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Elizabeth W. Karlson(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Jordan W. Smoller(University of Liverpool), Shawn N. Murphy(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), James B. Meigs(Broad Institute), Ann E. Woolley(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Admin team leader(James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Robert C. Green(Broad Institute), Data collection member(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Emma Perez(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI)(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Analysis team leader(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Brooke Wolford(University of Michigan), Admin team leader(Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Sebastian Zöllner(University of Michigan), Analysis team members(Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust), Jiongming Wang(University of Michigan), Andrew F. Beck(University of Michigan), Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 Genomics Initiative(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Analysis team leader(St George's Hospital), Laura Sloofman(University of Liverpool), Data collection leaders(Barts Health NHS Trust), Steven Ascolillo(Salford Royal Hospital), Robert Sebra(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Brett Collins(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Tess Levy(Salisbury District Hospital), Admin team leaders(St Thomas' Hospital), Stuart C. Sealfon(Royal Oldham Hospital), Analysis team members(County Hospital), Daniel M. Jordan(Southampton General Hospital), Ryan C. Thompson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kyle Gettler(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kumardeep Chaudhary(Princess Royal Hospital), Gillian M. Belbin(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Michael Preuß(University of Bristol), Clive Hoggart(Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sam Choi(Diana Princess of Wales Hospital), Slayton J. Underwood(Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust), Data collection members(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Irene Salib(West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust), Bari Britvan(Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Katherine Keller(North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust), Lara Tang(Warwick Hospital), Michael Peruggia(Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust), Liam L. Hiester(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Kristi Niblo(Hywel Dda University Health Board), Alexandra Aksentijevich(University of Liverpool), Alexander Labkowsky(Bronglais General Hospital), Avrohom Karp(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Menachem Zlatopolsky(Rotherham General Hospital), Marissa Zyndorf(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Admin team members(Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Alexander W. Charney(Airedale NHS Foundation Trust), Noam D. Beckmann(Basildon Hospital), Eric E. Schadt(Sema4 (United States)), Noura S. Abul‐Husn(Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Judy H. Cho(Whittington Hospital), Yuval Itan(University of Liverpool), Eimear E. Kenny(Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust), Ruth J. F. Loos(Child Health and Development Institute), Girish N. Nadkarni(Western General Hospital), Ron Do(Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust), Paul F. O’Reilly(Hinchingbrooke Hospital), Laura M. Huckins(Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), MyCode Health Initiative(University Hospital Coventry), Analysis team leaders(University of Liverpool), Manuel A. R. Ferreira(Regeneron (United States)), Gonçalo R. Abecasis(Regeneron (United States)), Data collection leaders(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Joseph B. Leader(Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust), Michael Cantor(Regeneron (United States)), Admin team leaders(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), Anne E. Justice(Victoria Hospital), Dave J. Carey(Isle of Wight NHS Trust), Analysis team members(Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Geetha Chittoor(Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust), Navya Shilpa Josyula(Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Jack A. Kosmicki(Regeneron (United States)), Julie Horowitz(Regeneron (United States)), Aris Baras(Regeneron (United States)), Data collection members(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Matthew C. Gass(Leeds General Infirmary), Ashish Yadav(Leeds General Infirmary), Admin team member(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Tooraj Mirshahi(Arrowe Park Hospital), Netherlands Twin Register(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), Analysis team leader(Royal Shrewsbury Hospital), Jouke Jan Hottenga(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Data collection leader(East Surrey Hospital), Meike Bartels(Burton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Admin team leader(Hinchingbrooke Hospital), Eco J. C. de Geus(East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust), Analysis team member(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), Michel G. Nivard(Luton and Dunstable Hospital), Penn Medicine Biobank(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Analysis team leaders, Anurag Verma(Macclesfield District General Hospital), Marylyn D. Ritchie(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital), Admin team leader(University of Birmingham), Daniel J. Rader(Glangwili General Hospital), Analysis team members(St Thomas' Hospital), Binglan Li(George Eliot Hospital), Shefali S. Verma(Kettering General Hospital), Anastasia Lucas(Heartlands Hospital), Yuki Bradford(Russells Hall Hospital), Population controls(Imperial College London), Analysis team leader(Lister Hospital), Federico Zara(Musgrove Park Hospital), Analysis team members(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Vincenzo Salpietro(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Marcello Scala(Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust), Michele Iacomino(New Cross Hospital), Paolo Scudieri(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Renata Bocciardi(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Data collection members(Great Western Hospital), Carlo Minetti(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Antonella Riva(University of Milan), Maria Stella Vari(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Jean‐François Rahier(William Harvey Hospital), Elisa Giorgio(University of Pavia), Diana Carli(University of Liverpool), Data collection leaders(Dewsbury and District Hospital), Edouad Louis(University of Liège), Cynthia M. Bulik(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Mikael Landén(Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust), Alfredo Brusco(Broomfield Hospital), Giovanni Battista Ferrero(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Admin team leaders(University Hospital of North Tees), Francesca Madia(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Bengt T. Fundín(Karolinska Institutet), Qatar Genome Program(St Thomas' Hospital), Analysis team leader(East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust), Data collection leader(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), Said I. Ismail(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Analysis team members(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Chadi Saad(West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Yaser Al-Sarraj(Milton Keynes Hospital), Data collection members, Radja Badji(Royal Gwent Hospital), Wadha Al‐Muftah(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Asma Al Thani(Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Nahla Afifi(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Study of the COVID-19 host genetics in the population of Latvia(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Analysis team leader(Whiston Hospital), Jānis Kloviņš(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Data collection leader(Croydon University Hospital), Vita Rovīte(Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust), Analysis team members(Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Raimonds Reščenko(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Raitis Pečulis(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Data collection member(Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Monta Ustinova(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), The genetic predisposition to severe COVID-19(St Helier Hospital), Analysis team leader(Royal Berkshire Hospital), Data collection leader(University of Liverpool), Hugo Zeberg(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), Analysis team members(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Data collection members(London North West Healthcare NHS Trust), Robert Frithiof(Uppsala University), Michael Hultström(Uppsala University), Miklós Lipcsey(Uppsala University), UCLA Precision Health COVID-19 Host Genomics Biobank(Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Analysis team leader(University of Liverpool), Ruth Johnson(University of California, Los Angeles), Data collection leader(Leicester Royal Infirmary), UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group*(Grantham and District Hospital), UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group(University of Liverpool), Daniel H. Geschwind(University of California, Los Angeles), Admin team leaders(North Tyneside General Hospital), Nelson B. Freimer(University of California, Los Angeles), Manish J. Butte(University of California, Los Angeles), Daniel H. Geschwind(University of California, Los Angeles), Bogdan Paşaniuc(Roslin Institute), Analysis team members(Roslin Institute), Yi Ding(Roslin Institute), Alec Chiu(Western General Hospital), Timothy S. Chang(University of California, Los Angeles), Paul C. Boutros(Roslin Institute), UK 100,000 Genomes Project (Genomics England)(Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre), Analysis team leader(Western General Hospital), Loukas Moutsianas(Queen Mary University of London), Data collection leaders(Western General Hospital), Mark J. Caulfield(Centre for Human Genetics), Richard H. Scott(Roslin Institute), Analysis team members(Western General Hospital), Susan Walker(Roslin Institute), Alexander Stuckey(Roslin Institute), Christopher A. Odhams(Roslin Institute), Daniel R. Rhodes(Western General Hospital), Data collection members(Western General Hospital), Tom Fowler(Roslin Institute), Augusto Rendon(University of Cambridge), G. C. Chan(Genomics England), Prabhu Arumugam(Genomics England), UK Biobank(Queen Mary University of London), Analysis team leaders(Karolinska Institutet), Konrad J. Karczewski(Broad Institute), Daniel J. Wilson(University of Oxford), Chris Spencer(Western General Hospital), Data collection leaders(Roslin Institute), Derrick W. Crook(Western General Hospital), David Wyllie(The University of Queensland), Anne Marie O’Connell(Westlake University), Admin team leader(Sun Yat-sen University), Analysis team members(Roslin Institute), Elizabeth G. Atkinson(Broad Institute), Masahiro Kanai(Broad Institute), Kristin Tsuo(Broad Institute), Nikolas Baya(Broad Institute), Patrick Turley(Broad Institute), Rahul Gupta(Broad Institute), Raymond K. Walters(Broad Institute), Duncan S. Palmer(Broad Institute), Gopal Sarma(Broad Institute), Matthew Solomonson(Broad Institute), Nathan Cheng(Broad Institute), Wenhan Lu(Broad Institute), Claire Churchhouse(Broad Institute), Jacqueline I. Goldstein(Broad Institute), Daniel L. King(Broad Institute), Cotton Seed(Broad Institute), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), Benjamin M. Neale(Broad Institute), Sam Bryant(Broad Institute), F. Kyle Satterstrom(Broad Institute), Gavin Band(Centre for Human Genetics), Sarah G. Earle(Roslin Institute), Shang‐Kuan Lin(University of Oxford), Nicolas Arning(Roslin Institute), Data collection members(University of Edinburgh), Jacob Armstrong(University of Liverpool), Justine Rudkin(Queen Mary University of London), Admin team members(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Shawneequa Callier(George Washington University), Sam Bryant(Broad Institute), Caroline Cusick(Broad Institute), UK Blood Donors Cohort(Queen's University), Analysis team leaders(Queen's University Belfast), Nicole Soranzo(University of Cambridge), Jing Hua Zhao(University College Dublin), Data collection leaders(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), John Danesh(University of Liverpool), Emanuele Di Angelantonio(St Thomas' Hospital), Analysis team member(University of Cambridge), Adam S. Butterworth(University of Cambridge), VA Million Veteran Program (MVP)(Airedale General Hospital), Analysis team leaders(Airedale General Hospital), Yan V. Sun(Emory University), Jennifer E. Huffman(Airedale General Hospital), Data collection leader(Airedale General Hospital), Kelly Cho(Airedale General Hospital), Admin team leaders(Airedale General Hospital), Christopher J. O’Donnell(Barts Health NHS Trust), Philip S. Tsao(VA Palo Alto Health Care System), J. Michael Gaziano(Barts Health NHS Trust), Analysis team member(Barts Health NHS Trust), Gina M. Peloso(Boston University), Data collection member(Barts Health NHS Trust), Yuk‐Lam Ho(Barts Health NHS Trust), Val Gardena(Barts Health NHS Trust), Analysis team leader(Barts Health NHS Trust), Data collection leader(Barts Health NHS Trust), Michael Mian(Barts Health NHS Trust), Data collection member(Barts Health NHS Trust), Federica Scaggiante(Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Admin team members(Barts Health NHS Trust), CHOP_CAG(Barts Health NHS Trust), Xiao Chang(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Joseph R. Glessner(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Håkon Håkonarson(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), GenOMICC/ISARIC4C(Barts Health NHS Trust), Data collection leaders(Barts Health NHS Trust), Peter J. McGuigan(University of Ulster), Luke Moore(Barts Health NHS Trust), Marcela P. Vizcaychipi(Barts Health NHS Trust), Kathryn Hall(Barts Health NHS Trust), Andy Campbell(Barts Health NHS Trust), Ailstair Nichol(University College Dublin), Geraldine Ward(Barts Health NHS Trust), Valérie Page(Barts Health NHS Trust), Malcolm G. Semple(University of Liverpool), Kayode Adeniji(Barts Health NHS Trust), Daniel Agranoff(Barts Health NHS Trust), Ken Agwuh(Barts Health NHS Trust), Dhiraj Ail(Barts Health NHS Trust), Erin L. Aldera(Barts Health NHS Trust), Ana Alegria(Barts Health NHS Trust), Brian Angus(Barts Health NHS Trust), Abdul Ashish(Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust), Dougal Atkinson(Manchester Royal Infirmary), Shahedal Bari(Furness General Hospital), Gavin Barlow(Castle Hill Hospital), Stella Barnass(Hillingdon Hospital), Nicholas Barrett(St Thomas' Hospital), Christopher Bassford(University of Ulster), Sneha Basude(University of Ulster), David Baxter(University of Ulster), Michael Beadsworth(University of Ulster), Jolanta Bernatoniene(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), John C. Berridge(King George Hospital), Nicola Best(University of Liverpool), Pieter Bothma(King George Hospital), David Chadwick(James Cook University Hospital), Robin Brittain-Long(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Naomi Bulteel(King George Hospital), Tom Burden(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Andrew Burtenshaw(Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust), Vikki Caruth(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Duncan Chambler(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Nigel Chee(Royal Bournemouth Hospital), Jenny Child(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Srikanth Chukkambotla(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Tom Clark(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Paul Collini(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Catherine Cosgrove(St George's Hospital), Jason Cupitt(University of Liverpool), Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel(Barts Health NHS Trust), Paul Dark(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Chris Dawson(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Samir Dervisevic(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Phil Donnison(Salisbury District Hospital), Sam Douthwaite(St Thomas' Hospital), Andrew Drummond(Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust), Ingrid DuRand(Bronglais General Hospital), Ahilanadan Dushianthan(Bronglais General Hospital), Tristan Dyer(Bronglais General Hospital), Cariad Evans(Bronglais General Hospital), Chi Eziefula(Broomfield Hospital), Chris Fegan(Cardiff and Vale University Health Board), Adam Finn(Broomfield Hospital), Duncan Fullerton(Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Sanjeev Garg(Broomfield Hospital), Atul Garg(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Effrossyni Gkrania‐Klotsas(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Jo Godden(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Arthur Goldsmith(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Clive Graham(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Elaine Hardy(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Stuart Hartshorn(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Daniel Harvey(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Peter Havalda(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Daniel B. Hawcutt(University of Liverpool), Maria Hobrok(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Luke Hodgson(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Anil Hormis(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Michael Jacobs(Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust), Susan Jain(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Paul B. Jennings(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Agilan Kaliappan(Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Vidya Kasipandian(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Stephen Kegg(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Michael Kelsey(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Jason Kendall(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Caroline Kerrison(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Ian Kerslake(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Oliver Koch(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Gouri Koduri(Calderdale Royal Hospital), George Koshy(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Shondipon Laha(Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Steven Laird(University Hospital Coventry), Susan Larkin(University of Liverpool), Tamás Leiner(Hammersmith Hospital), Patrick Lillie(Hull Royal Infirmary), James Limb(County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust), Vanessa Linnett(Hammersmith Hospital), Jeff Little(Hammersmith Hospital), Mark D Lyttle(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), Michael MacMahon(Barnet Hospital), Emily MacNaughton(Isle of Wight NHS Trust), Ravish Mankregod(Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Huw Masson(Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust), Elijah Matovu(Mid Cheshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Katherine McCullough(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Ruth McEwen(Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Manjula Meda(Frimley Park Hospital), Gary Mills(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Jane Minton(Leeds General Infirmary), Karl Ward(Leeds General Infirmary), Mariyam Mirfenderesky(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Kavya Mohandas(Arrowe Park Hospital), Quen Mok(Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust), James Moon(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Elinoor Moore(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Patrick Morgan(Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Craig F. Morris(Burton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Katherine Mortimore(Hinchingbrooke Hospital), Samuel Moses(East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust), Mbiye Mpenge(University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust), Rohinton Mulla(Luton and Dunstable Hospital), Michael Murphy(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Megan Nagel(Addenbrooke's Hospital), Thapas Nagarajan(Macclesfield District General Hospital), Mark Nelson(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital), Matthew K. O’Shea(Addenbrooke's Hospital), Igor Otahal(University of Liverpool), Marlies Ostermann(St Thomas' Hospital), Mark Pais(University of Liverpool), Selva Panchatsharam(University of Liverpool), Danai Papakonstantinou(University of Liverpool), Hassan Paraiso(Arrowe Park Hospital), Brij Patel(Arrowe Park Hospital), Natalie Pattison(Arrowe Park Hospital), Justin Pepperell(Musgrove Park Hospital), Mark Peters(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Mandeep Phull(Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust), Stefania Pintus(Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust), Jagtur Singh Pooni(New Cross Hospital), Frank A. Post(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), David Price(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Rachel Prout(Great Western Hospital), Nikolas Rae(Ninewells Hospital), Henrik Reschreiter(Poole Hospital), Tim Reynolds(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), Neil Richardson(William Harvey Hospital), Mark Roberts(Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Devender Roberts(University of Liverpool), Alistair Rose(Bedford Hospital), Guy Rousseau(Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust), Brendan Ryan(Tameside Hospital), Taranprit Saluja(Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust), Aarti Shah(Broomfield Hospital), Prad Shanmuga(Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust), Anil Kumar Sharma(University Hospital of North Tees), Anna Shawcross(Bedford Hospital), Jeremy Sizer(Bedford Hospital), Manu Shankar-Hari(St Thomas' Hospital), Richard Smith(Borders General Hospital), Catherine Snelson(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), Nick Spittle(Borders General Hospital), Nikki Staines(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Tom Stambach(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Richard Stewart(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Pradeep Subudhi(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Tamas Szakmany(Royal Gwent Hospital), Kate Tatham(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), J. Regan Thomas(University of Liverpool), Chris Thompson(University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust), Robert W. Thompson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Ascanio Tridente(St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust), Darell Tupper-Carey(Conquest Hospital), Mary Twagira(Croydon University Hospital), Andrew Ustianowski(Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust), Nick Vallotton(Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Lisa Vincent-Smith(Medway Maritime Hospital), Shico Visuvanathan(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Alan Vuylsteke(Papworth Hospital), Sam Waddy(Derriford Hospital), Rachel Wake(St Helier Hospital), Andrew Walden(Royal Berkshire Hospital), Ingeborg Welters(University of Liverpool), Tony Whitehouse(University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust), Paul Whittaker(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Ashley Whittington(London North West Healthcare NHS Trust), Padmasayee Papineni(University of Liverpool), Meme Wijesinghe(University of Liverpool), Martin A. K. Williams(University of Liverpool), Lawrence Wilson(University of Liverpool), Sarah Cole(University of Liverpool), Stephen Winchester(University of Liverpool), Martin Wiselka(University of Liverpool), Adam Wolverson(University of Liverpool), Daniel G Wooton(University of Liverpool), Andrew Workman(University of Liverpool), Bryan Yates(North Tyneside General Hospital), P. A. Young(East Surrey Hospital), Analysis team members(East Surrey Hospital), Rupert Beale(The Francis Crick Institute), Andrew D. Bretherick(Western General Hospital), Sara Clohisey(Roslin Institute), Max Head Fourman(Roslin Institute), James Furniss(Roslin Institute), Elvina Gountouna(Good Hope Hospital), Graeme R. Grimes(Western General Hospital), Chris Haley(Roslin Institute), David A Harrison(County Hospital), Caroline Hayward(Western General Hospital), Seán Keating(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Lucija Klarić(Western General Hospital), Paul Klenerman(Centre for Human Genetics), Andy Law(Roslin Institute), Alison Meynert(Western General Hospital), Jonathan Millar(Roslin Institute), Erola Pairo‐Castineira(Roslin Institute), Nick Parkinson(Roslin Institute), Chris P. Ponting(Western General Hospital), David J. Porteous(Western General Hospital), Konrad Rawlik(Roslin Institute), Anne Richmond(Western General Hospital), Kathy Rowan(Manchester Royal Infirmary), Clark D. Russell(Roslin Institute), Richard H. Scott(Queen Mary University of London), Xia Shen(Sun Yat-sen University), Barbara Shih(Roslin Institute), Albert Tenesa(Roslin Institute), Véronique Vitart(Western General Hospital), Bo Wang(Roslin Institute), James F. Wilson(Western General Hospital), Yang Wu(The University of Queensland), Jian Yang(Westlake University), Zhijian Yang(Sun Yat-sen University), Marie Zechner(Roslin Institute), Ranran Zhai(Sun Yat-sen University), Chenqing Zheng(Sun Yat-sen University), Lisa Norman(University of Edinburgh), Riinu Pius(University of Edinburgh), Thomas M Drake(University of Edinburgh), Cameron J. Fairfield(Pilgrim Hospital), Stephen R Knight(Pilgrim Hospital), Kenneth A McLean(Pilgrim Hospital), Derek Murphy(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Catherine A. Shaw(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Jo Ann Dalton(University of Liverpool), Michelle Girvan(University of Liverpool), Egle Saviciute(University of Liverpool), Stephanie Roberts(University of Liverpool), Janet Harrison(University of Liverpool), Laura Marsh(University of Liverpool), Marie Connor(University of Liverpool), Sophie Halpin(University of Liverpool), Clare Jackson(University of Liverpool), Carrol Gamble(University of Liverpool), Gary Leeming(Manchester Academic Health Science Centre), Andrew Law(Roslin Institute), Murray Wham(Salford Royal Hospital), Ross Hendry(Roslin Institute), James Scott-Brown(Salford Royal Hospital), Data collection members(Salford Royal Hospital), Colin B. Begg(Royal Hospital for Children), Charles Hinds(Queen Mary University of London), Antonia Ho(Salford Royal Hospital), Peter Horby(University of Oxford), Julian C. Knight(Centre for Human Genetics), Lowell Ling(Chinese University of Hong Kong), David M. Maslove(Queen's University), Danny McAuley(Queen's University Belfast), Hugh Montgomery(Centre for Mental Health), Alistair Nichol(University College Dublin), Peter Openshaw(Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Malcolm G. Semple(University of Liverpool), Manu Shankar‐Hari(St Thomas' Hospital), Charlotte Summers(University of Cambridge), Timothy Walsh(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Lisa Armstrong(Airedale General Hospital), Hayley Bates(Airedale General Hospital), Emma Dooks(Airedale General Hospital), Fiona Farquhar(Airedale General Hospital), Brigid Hairsine(Airedale General Hospital), Colm McParland(Airedale General Hospital), Sophie Packham(Airedale General Hospital), Zoe Alldis(Barts Health NHS Trust), Raine Astin-Chamberlain(Barts Health NHS Trust), Fatima Bibi(Barts Health NHS Trust), Jack Biddle(Barts Health NHS Trust), Sarah Blow(Barts Health NHS Trust), Matthew L. Bolton(Barts Health NHS Trust), Catherine Borra(Barts Health NHS Trust), Ruth Bowles(Barts Health NHS Trust), Maudrian Burton(Barts Health NHS Trust), Yasmin Choudhury(Barts Health NHS Trust), David Collier(Barts Health NHS Trust), Amber Cox(Barts Health NHS Trust), Amy Easthope(Barts Health NHS Trust), Patrizia Ebano(Barts Health NHS Trust), Stavros Fotiadis(Barts Health NHS Trust), Jana Gurasashvili(Barts Health NHS Trust), Rosslyn Halls(Barts Health NHS Trust), Pippa Hartridge(Barts Health NHS Trust), Delordson Kallon(Barts Health NHS Trust), Jamila Kassam(Barts Health NHS Trust), Ivone Lancoma-Malcolm(Barts Health NHS Trust), Maninderpal Matharu(Barts Health NHS Trust), P. May(Barts Health NHS Trust), Oliver Mitchelmore(Barts Health NHS Trust), Tabitha Newman(Barts Health NHS Trust), Mital Patel(University College Hospital), Jane Pheby(Barts Health NHS Trust), Irene Pinzuti(University College Hospital), Zoe Prime(University College Hospital), Oleksandra Prysyazhna(University College Hospital), Julian Shiel(University College Hospital), Melanie Taylor(University College Hospital), Carey Tierney(University College Hospital), S. M. Wood(Barts Health NHS Trust), Anne Zak(Barts Health NHS Trust), Olivier Zongo(Barts Health NHS Trust), Miranda Forsey(Withybush General Hospital), Agilan Kaliappan(Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Anne Nicholson(Withybush General Hospital), Joanne Riches(Withybush General Hospital), Mark Vertue(Withybush General Hospital), Christopher W. Wasson(University of Ulster), Stephanie Finn(University of Ulster), Jackie Green(University of Ulster), Erin Collins(University of Ulster), Bernadette King(University of Ulster), Lina Grauslyte(King George Hospital), Musarat Hussain(King George Hospital), Mandeep Phull(Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust), Tatiana Pogreban(King George Hospital), Lace Rosaroso(King George Hospital), Erika Šalčiūtė(King George Hospital), George R. Franke(King George Hospital), Joanna Wong(King George Hospital), Aparna George(King George Hospital), Louise Akeroyd(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Shereen Bano(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Matt Bromley(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Lucy Gurr(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Tom Lawton(Bradford Royal Infirmary), James P. Morgan(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Kirsten Sellick(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Deborah Warren(West Cumberland Hospital), Brian J. Wilkinson(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Janet McGowan(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Camilla Ledgard(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Amelia Stacey(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Kate Pye(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Ruth Bellwood(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Michael J. Bentley(Bradford Royal Infirmary), Maria Hobrok(Bronglais General Hospital), Ronda Loosley(Bronglais General Hospital), Heather McGuinness(Bronglais General Hospital), Helen Tench(Bronglais General Hospital), Rebecca Wolf-Roberts(Bronglais General Hospital), Sian Gibson(Broomfield Hospital), Amanda Lyle(Broomfield Hospital), Fiona McNeela(Broomfield Hospital), Jayachandran Radhakrishnan(Broomfield Hospital), Alistair Hughes(Broomfield Hospital), Asifa Ali(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Megan Brady(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Sam Dale(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Annalisa Dance(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Lisa Gledhill(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Jill Greig(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Kathryn Hanson(Ealing Hospital), Kelly Holdroyd(Ealing Hospital), Marie Home(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Diane Kelly(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Ross Kitson(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Lear Matapure(Calderdale Royal Hospital), D. Salas y Mélia(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Samantha Mellor(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Tonicha Nortcliffe(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Jez Pinnell(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Matthew K. Robinson(Calderdale Royal Hospital), Lisa Shaw(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Ryan Shaw(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Lesley Thomis(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Alison Wilson(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Tracy Wood(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Lee-Ann Bayo(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Ekta Merwaha(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Tahira Ishaq(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Sarah Hanley(Glan Clwyd Hospital), David Antcliffe(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Dorota Banach(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Stephen J. Brett(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Phoebe Coghlan(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Ziortza Fernandez(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Anthony Gordon(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Roceld Rojo(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Sonia Sousa Arias(Hammersmith Hospital), Maie Templeton(Hammersmith Hospital), Rajeev Jha(Barnet Hospital), Vinodh Krishnamurthy(Barnet Hospital), Lai Lim(Barnet Hospital), Rehana Bi(Great Western Hospital), Barney Scholefield(Great Western Hospital), Lydia Ashton(Great Western Hospital), Alison S. Williams(University Hospital of Wales), Claire Cheyne(St Thomas' Hospital), Anne Saunderson(St Thomas' Hospital), Angela Allan(St Thomas' Hospital), Felicity Anderson(St Thomas' Hospital), Callum Kaye(St Thomas' Hospital), Jade Liew(St Thomas' Hospital), Jasmine Medhora(St Thomas' Hospital), Teresa Scott(St Thomas' Hospital), Erin Trumper(St Thomas' Hospital), Adriana Botello(St Thomas' Hospital), Petra Polgarova(Harefield Hospital), Katerina Stroud(Harefield Hospital), Eoghan Meaney(Harefield Hospital), Megan Jones(Harefield Hospital), Anthony Ng(Harefield Hospital), Shruti Agrawal(Royal Gwent Hospital), Nazima Pathan(Harefield Hospital), Deborah L. White(Harefield Hospital), Esther Daubney(Harefield Hospital), Kay Elston(Harefield Hospital), Robert S. Parker(University of Liverpool), Amie Reddy(University of Liverpool), Ian Turner-Bone(University of Liverpool), Laura Wilding(University of Liverpool), Peter Harding(University of Liverpool), Reni Jacob(Arrowe Park Hospital), Cathy Jones(Arrowe Park Hospital), Craig Denmade(Arrowe Park Hospital), Maria Croft(Heartlands Hospital), Ian White(Heartlands Hospital), Li Hong Idris Lim(Barnet Hospital), Denise Griffin(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), Nycola Muchenje(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), McDonald Mupudzi(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), Richard Partridge(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), Jo-Anna Conyngham(Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital), Rachel Thomas(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Mary Wright(James Paget University Hospital), Maria Alvarez Corral(James Paget University Hospital), Victoria Bastion(James Paget University Hospital), Daphene Clarke(Bedford Hospital), Beena David(Bedford Hospital), Harriet Kent(Bedford Hospital), Rachel Lorusso(Bedford Hospital), Gamu Lubimbi(Bedford Hospital), Sophie Murdoch(Bedford Hospital), Melchizedek Penacerrada(Bedford Hospital), Alastair Thomas(Bedford Hospital), Jennifer Valentine(Bedford Hospital), Ana Vochin(Bedford Hospital), Retno Wulandari(Bedford Hospital), Brice Djeugam(Bedford Hospital), Joy Dawson(Borders General Hospital), Sweyn Garrioch(Borders General Hospital), Melanie Tolson(Borders General Hospital), Jonathan Aldridge(Borders General Hospital), Laura Gomes de Almeida Martins(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Jaime Carungcong(Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Sarah Beavis(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Katie Dale(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Rachel Gascoyne(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Joanne Hawes(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Kelly Pritchard(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Lesley Stevenson(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Amanda Whileman(Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Anne Cowley(Conquest Hospital), Judith Highgate(Conquest Hospital), Rikki Crawley(Kingston Hospital), Abigail Crew(Kingston Hospital), Mishell Cunningham(Kingston Hospital), Allison Daniels(Kingston Hospital), L. Harrison(Kingston Hospital), Susan Hope(Kingston Hospital), Ken Inweregbu(Kingston Hospital), Siân Jones(Kingston Hospital), Nicola Lancaster(Lincoln County Hospital), Jamie Matthews(Lincoln County Hospital), Alice Nicholson(Lincoln County Hospital), Gemma Wray(Lincoln County Hospital), Leonie Benham(University of Liverpool), Zena Bradshaw(University of Liverpool), Joanna Brown(University of Liverpool), Melanie Caswell(University of Liverpool), Jason Cupitt(University of Liverpool), Sarah Melling(University of Liverpool), Stephen Preston(University of Liverpool), Nicola Slawson(University of Liverpool), Emma Stoddard(University of Liverpool), Scott Warden(University of Liverpool), Edward Combes(East Surrey Hospital), Teishel Joefield(East Surrey Hospital), Sonja Monnery(East Surrey Hospital), Valerie Beech(East Surrey Hospital), Sallyanne Trotman(East Surrey Hospital), Bridget Hopkins(Good Hope Hospital), James Scriven(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Laura Thrasyvoulou(Good Hope Hospital), Heather Willis(Good Hope Hospital), Susan M. Anderson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Janine Birch(Medway Maritime Hospital), Emma Collins(University of Ulster), Kate Hammerton(Milton Keynes Hospital), Ryan O’Leary(Milton Keynes Hospital), C. R. Abernathy(Hull Royal Infirmary), Louise Foster(Hull Royal Infirmary), Andrew Gratrix(Hull Royal Infirmary), Vicky Martinson(Hull Royal Infirmary), Priyai Parkinson(Hull Royal Infirmary), Elizabeth Stones(Hull Royal Infirmary), Llucia Carbral-Ortega(Hull Royal Infirmary), Ritoo Kapoor(Morriston Hospital), David Loader(Morriston Hospital), Karen J. Castle(Morriston Hospital), Craig Brandwood(Morriston Hospital), Lara Smith(Manchester Royal Infirmary), Richard E. Clark(Western General Hospital), Katie Birchall(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Laurel Kolakaluri(Manchester Royal Infirmary), Deborah L. Baines(University College Hospital), Anila Sukumaran(Manchester Royal Infirmary), Isheunesu Mapfunde(Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust), Megan Meredith(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Lucy Morris(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Lucy Ryan(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Amy Clark(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Julia Sampson(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Cecilia Peters(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Martin Dent(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Margaret Langley(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Saima Ashraf(Queen Mary University of London), Shuying Wei(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Angela Andrew(North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust), Manish Chablani(Pilgrim Hospital), Amy Kirkby(Pilgrim Hospital), Kimberley Netherton(Pilgrim Hospital), Michelle Bates(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), J Dasgin(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Jaspret Gill(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Annette Nilsson(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), James Scriven(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Elena Apetri(Salford Royal Hospital), Cathrine Basikolo(Salford Royal Hospital), Bethan Blackledge(North Manchester General Hospital), Laura Catlow(North Tyneside General Hospital), Bethan Charles(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Paul Dark(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Reece Doonan(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Jade Harris(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Alice Harvey(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Daniel Horner(Peterborough City Hospital), Karen Knowles(Peterborough City Hospital), Stephanie J. Lee(Queen Mary University of London), Diane Lomas(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Chloe Lyons(Salford Royal Hospital), Tracy Marsden(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Danielle McLaughlan(Salford Royal Hospital), Liam McMorrow(Salford Royal Hospital), Jessica Pendlebury(Salford Royal Hospital), Jane Perez(Salford Royal Hospital), Maria Poulaka(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Nicola Proudfoot(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Melanie Slaughter(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Kathryn Slevin(Princess Royal Hospital), Melanie Taylor(Barts Health NHS Trust), Vicky Thomas(Princess Royal Hospital), D. Walker(Princess Royal Hospital), Angiy Michael(Princess of Wales Hospital), Matthew Collis(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Martyn Clark(University Hospital of North Tees), M Coulding(Tameside Hospital), Edward B. Jude(Tameside Hospital), Jacqueline McCormick(Tameside Hospital), Oliver Mercer(Tameside Hospital), Darsh Potla(Tameside Hospital), Hafiz Muhammad Rehman(Tameside Hospital), Heather Savill(Tameside Hospital), Victoria Turner(Tameside Hospital), Miriam Davey(Maidstone Hospital), David B.K. Golden(Maidstone Hospital), Rebecca Seaman(Maidstone Hospital), Jodie Hunt(North Devon District Hospital), Joy Dearden(Royal Oldham Hospital), Emma Dobson(Royal Oldham Hospital), Michelle Mulcahy(Royal Oldham Hospital), Sheila Munt(Royal Oldham Hospital), Gráinne O’Connor(Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Hospital), Jennifer Philbin(Queen Victoria Hospital), Chloe Rishton(Queen Victoria Hospital), Redmond Tully(Royal Oldham Hospital), Sarah Winnard(Royal Oldham Hospital), Lenka Cagova(Papworth Hospital), Adama Fofano(Papworth Hospital), Lucie Garner(Papworth Hospital), Helen Holcombe(Papworth Hospital), Sue Mepham(Papworth Hospital), Alice Michael Mitchell(Papworth Hospital), Lucy Mwaura(Papworth Hospital), Krithivasan Praman(Papworth Hospital), Alain Vuylsteke(Papworth Hospital), Julie Zamikula(Papworth Hospital), Georgia Bercades(University College Hospital), David Brealey(University College Hospital), Ingrid Hass(University College Hospital), Niall MacCallum(University College Hospital), Gladys Martir(University College Hospital), Eamon Raith(University College Hospital), Anna Reyes(University College Hospital), Deborah Smyth(University College Hospital), Abigail Taylor(Withybush General Hospital), Rachel Anne Hughes(Withybush General Hospital), Helen Thomas(Withybush General Hospital), A.R. Rees(Withybush General Hospital), Michaela Dušková(Withybush General Hospital), Janet Phipps(Withybush General Hospital), Suzanne Brooks(Withybush General Hospital), Michelle Edwards(Withybush General Hospital), Peter Alexander(Wythenshawe Hospital), Schvearn Allen(Wythenshawe Hospital), Joanne Bradley-Potts(Wythenshawe Hospital), Craig Brantwood(Wythenshawe Hospital), Jasmine Egan(Wythenshawe Hospital), Timothy Felton(Wythenshawe Hospital), Grace Padden(Wythenshawe Hospital), Luke Ward(Wythenshawe Hospital), Stuart Moss(Wythenshawe Hospital), Susannah Glasgow(Wythenshawe Hospital), Kate Beesley(Yeovil District Hospital), Sarah Board(Yeovil District Hospital), Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko(Yeovil District Hospital), Alison Lewis(Yeovil District Hospital), Jess Perry(Yeovil District Hospital), Lucy Pippard(Yeovil District Hospital), Di Wood(Yeovil District Hospital), Clare Buckley(Yeovil District Hospital), Alison Brown(Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Jane Gregory(Cumberland Infirmary), Susan O’Çonnell(Royal Preston Hospital), Timothy F. Smith(West Cumberland Hospital), Zakaula Belagodu(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Bridget Fuller(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Anca Gherman(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Olumide Olufuwa(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Remi Paramsothy(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Carmel Stuart(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Naomi Oakley(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Charlotte Kamundi(Royal Surrey County Hospital), David Tyl(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Katy Collins(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Pedro Silva(Royal Surrey County Hospital), June S. Taylor(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Laura King(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Charlotte Coates(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Maria Crowley(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Phillipa Wakefield(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Jane Beadle(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Laura Johnson(Darent Valley Hospital), Janet Sargeant(Darent Valley Hospital), Madeleine Anderson(Darent Valley Hospital), Catherine Jardine(Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary), Dewi Williams(Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary), Victoria Parris(Ealing Hospital), Sheena Quaid(Ealing Hospital), Ekaterina Watson(Ealing Hospital), Julie Melville(Fairfield General Hospital), Jay Naisbitt(Fairfield General Hospital), Rosane Joseph(Fairfield General Hospital), Maria Lazo(Fairfield General Hospital), Olivia Walton(Fairfield General Hospital), Alan Neal(Fairfield General Hospital), Michaela Hill(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Thogulava Kannan(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Laura Wild(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Elizabeth Allan(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Kate Darlington(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Ffyon Davies(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Jack Easton(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Sumit Kumar(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Richard Lean(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Daniel Menzies(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Richard Pugh(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Xinyi Qiu(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Llinos Davies(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Hannah Williams(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Jeremy Scanlon(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Gwyneth A. Davies(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Callum Mackay(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Joannne Lewis(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Stephanie Rees(Glan Clwyd Hospital), Samantha Coetzee(Glangwili General Hospital), Alistair Gales(Glangwili General Hospital), Igor Otahal(Glangwili General Hospital), Meena Raj(Glangwili General Hospital), Craig Sell(Glangwili General Hospital), Helen Langton(Great Western Hospital), Rachel Prout(Great Western Hospital), Malcolm Watters(Great Western Hospital), Catherine Novis(Great Western Hospital), Gill Arbane(St Thomas' Hospital), Aneta Bociek(St Thomas' Hospital), Sara Campos(St Thomas' Hospital), Neus Grau(St Thomas' Hospital), Tim Jones(St Thomas' Hospital), Rosario Lim(St Thomas' Hospital), Martina Marotti(St Thomas' Hospital), Marlies Ostermann(St Thomas' Hospital), Manu Shankar-Hari(St Thomas' Hospital), R. Chris Whitton(St Thomas' Hospital), Anthony Barron(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Ciara Collins(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Sundeep Kaul(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Heather Passmore(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Claire Prendergast(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Anna Reed(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Paula Rogers(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Rajvinder Shokkar(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Meriel Woodruff(Royal Gwent Hospital), Hayley Middleton(Royal Gwent Hospital), Oliver Polgar(Royal Gwent Hospital), Claire M. Nolan(Royal Gwent Hospital), Vicky Thwaites(Royal Gwent Hospital), Kanta Mahay(Royal Gwent Hospital), Chunda Sri-Chandana(Royal Gwent Hospital), Joslan Scherewode(Royal Gwent Hospital), Lorraine Stephenson(Northern General Hospital), Sarah Marsh(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Hollie Bancroft(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Mary Bellamy(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Margaret Carmody(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Jacqueline Daglish(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Faye Moore(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Joanne Rhodes(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Mirriam Sangombe(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Salma Kadiri(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), James Scriven(Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham), Amanda Ayers(James Paget University Hospital), Dean Harris(James Paget University Hospital), Julie North(James Paget University Hospital), Anna Cavazza(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Maeve Cockrell(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Eleanor Corcoran(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Maria Depante(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Clare Finney(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Ellen Jerome(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Mark McPhail(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Monalisa Nayak(King's College Hospital), Harriet Noble(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kevin O’Reilly(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Evita Pappa(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Rohit Saha(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Sian Saha(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), John Smith(Russells Hall Hospital), Abigail Knighton(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Mandy Gill(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Paul Paul(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Valli Ratnam(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Sarah Shelton(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Inez Wynter(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), David Baptista(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Rebecca Crowe(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Rita Fernandes(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Rosaleen Herdman-Grant(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Anna Joseph(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), Adam Loveridge(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), India McKenley(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), Eriko Morino(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), Andrés Naranjo(Royal Hampshire County Hospital), Richard Simms(Kingston Hospital), Kathryn Sollesta(Kingston Hospital), Andrew Swain(Kingston Hospital), Harish Venkatesh(Kingston Hospital), Jacyntha Khera(Kingston Hospital), Jonathan Fox(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Russell Barber(Lincoln County Hospital), Claire Hewitt(Lincoln County Hospital), Annette Hilldrith(Lincoln County Hospital), Karen Jackson-Lawrence(Salisbury District Hospital), Sarah Shepardson(Salisbury District Hospital), Maryanne Wills(Lincoln County Hospital), Susan Butler(Lincoln County Hospital), Silvia Tavares(Lincoln County Hospital), Amy Cunningham(Lincoln County Hospital), Julia Hindale(Lincoln County Hospital), Sarwat Arif(Lincoln County Hospital), Linsha George(University of Liverpool), Sophie Twiss(University of Liverpool), David J. Wright(University of Liverpool), Maureen Holland(Macclesfield District General Hospital), Natalie Keenan(Macclesfield District General Hospital), Marc Lyons(Macclesfield District General Hospital), Helen Wassall(Scarborough General Hospital), Chris Marsh(Scarborough General Hospital), Mervin Mahenthran(Scarborough General Hospital), Emma Carter(Scarborough General Hospital), Thomas Kong(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Oluronke Adanini(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Nikhil Bhatia(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Maines Msiska(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Louise Mew(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Esther Mwaura(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Richard Stewart(Southmead Hospital), Felicity Williams(Southmead Hospital), Lynn Wren(Southmead Hospital), Sara-Beth Sutherland(Southmead Hospital), Ceri Battle(Southmead Hospital), Elaine Brinkworth(Southmead Hospital), Rachel Harford(Southmead Hospital), Carl Murphy(Southmead Hospital), Luke Newey(Southmead Hospital), Tabitha Rees(Southmead Hospital), Marie Williams(Morriston Hospital), Sophie Arnold(Morriston Hospital), David Brealey(University College Hospital), John Hardy(St George's Hospital), Henry Houlden(St George's Hospital), Eleanor Moncur(St George's Hospital), Eamon Raith(University College Hospital), Ambreen Tariq(St George's Hospital), Arianna Tucci(St George's Hospital), Karen Convery(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Deirdre Fottrell-Gould(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Lisa Hudig(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Jocelyn Keshet-Price(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Georgina Randell(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Katie Stammers(Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital), Marwa Abdelrazik(St George's Hospital), Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam(St George's Hospital), Munzir Elhassan(St George's Hospital), Arunkumar Ganesan(St George's Hospital), Anne Haldeos(St George's Hospital), Jerónimo Moreno-Cuesta(St George's Hospital), Dharam Purohit(St George's Hospital), Rachel Vincent(St George's Hospital), Kugan Xavier(St George's Hospital), Kumar Rohit(St George's Hospital), Frater Alasdair(St George's Hospital), Malik Saleem(St George's Hospital), Carter David(St Mary's Hospital), Samuel Jenkins(Poole Hospital), Zoe Lamond(St Mary's Hospital), Alanna Wall(St Mary's Hospital), Bryan Yates(North Tyneside General Hospital), Jessica Reynolds(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Helen Campbell(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Maria Thompsom(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Steve Dodds(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Stacey Duffy(Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust), Deborah Butcher(Peterborough City Hospital), Susie O’Sullivan(Sunderland Royal Hospital), Nicola Butterworth‐Cowin(Peterborough City Hospital), Bethan Deacon(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Meg Hibbert(Sunderland Royal Hospital), Carla Pothecary(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Dariusz Tetla(Sunderland Royal Hospital), Christopher Woodford(Sunderland Royal Hospital), Latha Durga(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Gareth Kennard-Holden(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Emily Peasgood(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Claire Phillips(Royal Sussex County Hospital), Denise Skinner(Princess Royal Hospital), Jane Gaylard(Princess Royal Hospital), Dee Mullan(Princess Royal Hospital), Julie Newman(Princess Royal Hospital), Ellie Davies(Princess of Wales Hospital), L Roche(Princess of Wales Hospital), Sonia Sathe(Princess of Wales Hospital), Lutece Brimfield(Queen Alexandra Hospital), Zoe Daly(Queen Alexandra Hospital), David Pogson(Queen Alexandra Hospital), Steve Rose(Queen Alexandra Hospital), Amy Collins(Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Waqas Khaliq(Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Estefania Treus Gude(Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Louise Allen(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Eva Beranová(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Nikki Crisp(Worcestershire Royal Hospital), Joanne Deery(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Tracy Hazelton(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Alicia Knight(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Carly Price(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Sorrell Tilbey(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Salah Turki(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Sharon Turney(The Christie NHS Foundation Trust), Julian Giles(Queen Victoria Hospital), Simon Booth(Queen Victoria Hospital), Gillian Bell(Queen's Hospital), Katy English(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Amro Katary(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Louise Wilcox(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Rachael Campbell(Raigmore Hospital), Noreen Clarke(Raigmore Hospital), Jonathan Whiteside(Raigmore Hospital), Mairi Mascarenhas(Raigmore Hospital), Avril Donaldson(Raigmore Hospital), Joanna Matheson(Raigmore Hospital), Fiona Barrett(Raigmore Hospital), Marianne O’Hara(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Laura O’Keefe(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Clare Bradley(Raigmore Hospital), Dawn Collier(University of Liverpool), Anil Hormis(University of Liverpool), Rachel Walker(University of Liverpool), Victoria Maynard(University of Liverpool), Tahera Patel(University of Liverpool), Matthew Smith(University of Liverpool), Srikanth Chukkambotla(University of Liverpool), Aayesha Kazi(University of Liverpool), Janice Hartley(University of Liverpool), Joseph Dykes(University of Liverpool), Muhammad Hijazi(University of Liverpool), Sarah Keith(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Meherunnisa Khan(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Janet Ryan-Smith(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Philippa Springle(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Jacqueline Thomas(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Nick Truman(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Samuel Saad(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Dabheoc Coleman(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Christopher Fine(Torbay Hospital), Roseanna Matt(Torbay Hospital), Bethan Gay(Torbay Hospital), Jack Dalziel(Monklands Hospital), Syamlan Ali(Monklands Hospital), Drew Goodchild(Monklands Hospital), Rhiannan Harling(University Hospital Lewisham), Ravi Bhatterjee(University Hospital of North Durham), Wendy Goddard(University Hospital of North Durham), Chloe Davison(University Hospital of North Durham), Stephen Duberly(University Hospital of North Durham), Jeanette Hargreaves(University Hospital of North Durham), Rachel Bolton(University Hospital of North Durham), Shondipon Laha(Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Mark Verlander(University Hospital of North Durham), Alexandra Williams(University Hospital of North Tees), H. Blackman(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Ben Creagh-Brown(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Sinead Donlon(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Natalia Michalak-Glinska(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Sheila Mtuwa(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Veronika Pristopan(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Armorel Salberg(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Eleanor Smith(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Sarah Stone(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Charles Piercy(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Jerik Verula(Royal Surrey County Hospital), D Burda(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Rugia Montaser(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Lesley Harden(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Irving Mayangao(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Cheryl Marriott(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Paul Bradley(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Celia B. Harris(Royal Surrey County Hospital), Joshua Cooper(Royal Albert Edward Infirmary), Cheryl Finch(Royal Albert Edward Infirmary), Sarah Liderth(Royal Albert Edward Infirmary), Alison Quinn(Royal Albert Edward Infirmary), Natalia Waddington(Warrington Hospital), Katy Fidler(Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital), Emma Tagliavini(Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital), Kevin Donnelly(Royal Alexandra Children's Hospital), Lynn Abel(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Michael Brett(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Brian Digby(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Lisa Gemmell(West Cumberland Hospital), James Hornsby(West Cumberland Hospital), Patrick MacGoey(West Cumberland Hospital), Pauline O’Neil(West Cumberland Hospital), R. Arlen Price(West Cumberland Hospital), Natalie Rodden(West Cumberland Hospital), Kevin Rooney(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Radha Sundaram(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Nicola Thomson(Royal Alexandra Hospital), Rebecca C. Flanagan(Royal Bolton Hospital), Gareth Hughes(Royal Bolton Hospital), Scott Latham(Royal Bolton Hospital), Emma McKenna(Royal Bolton Hospital), Jennifer Anderson(Royal Bolton Hospital), Robert Hull(Royal Bolton Hospital), Kat Rhead(Royal Bolton Hospital), Debbie Branney(Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Jordan Frankham(Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Sally Pitts(Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Nigel White(Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Daniele Cristiano(Royal Brompton Hospital), Natalie Dormand(Royal Brompton Hospital), Zohreh Farzad(Royal Brompton Hospital), Mahitha Gummadi(Royal Brompton Hospital), Kamal Liyanage(Royal Brompton Hospital), Brijesh Patel(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Sara Salmi(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Geraldine Sloane(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Vicky Thwaites(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Mathew Varghese(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Anelise Catelan Zborowski(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Sarah Bean(York Hospital), Karen Burt(York Hospital), Michael Z. Spivey(York Hospital), Christine Eastgate-Jackson(York Hospital), Helder Filipe(York Hospital), Daniel Martín(York Hospital), Amitaa Maharajh(York Hospital), Sara Mingo Garcia(York Hospital), Mark De Neef(The Royal Free Hospital), Bethan Deacon(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Ceri Lynch(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Carla Pothecary(Royal Glamorgan Hospital), L Roche(University of Liverpool), Gwenllian Sera Howe(University of Liverpool), Jayaprakash Singh(University of Liverpool), Keri Turner(University of Liverpool), Hannah Ellis(University of Liverpool), Natalie Stroud(University of Liverpool), Shiney Cherian(University of Liverpool), Sean Cutler(University of Liverpool), Anne Emma Heron(University of Liverpool), Anna Roynon-Reed(University of Liverpool), Tamas Szakmany(University of Liverpool), Gemma Williams(University of Liverpool), Owen Richards(University of Liverpool), Yusuf Cheema(Royal Gwent Hospital), Norfaizan Ahmad(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Joann Barker(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kris Bauchmüller(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Sarah Bird(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kay Cawthron(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kate Harrington(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Yvonne Jackson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Faith Kibutu(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Becky Lenagh(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Shamiso Masuko(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Gary Mills(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Ajay Raithatha(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), M. D. Wiles(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Jayne Willson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Helen Newell(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Alison Lye(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Lorenza Nwafor(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Claire Jarman(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Sarah Rowland‐Jones(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), David Foote(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Joby Cole(University Hospital of Wales), A. A. Roger Thompson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), James Watson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Lisa Hesseldon(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Irene Macharia(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Luke Chetam(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Jacqui Smith(Russells Hall Hospital), Amber Ford(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Samantha Anderson(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kathryn Birchall(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Kay Housley(Royal Hallamshire Hospital), Sara E. Walker(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), L Milner(University of Liverpool), Helena Hanratty(University of Liverpool), Helen Trower(University of Liverpool), Patrick Phillips(University of Liverpool), Simon Oxspring(University of Liverpool), B. Donne(University of Liverpool), Emily Bevan(University of Liverpool), Jane Martin(University of Liverpool), Dawn Trodd(University of Liverpool), Geoff Watson(University of Liverpool), Caroline Wrey Brown(University of Liverpool), Lara Bunni(Derriford Hospital), Claire Jennings(Derriford Hospital), Monica Latif(Derriford Hospital), Rebecca Marshall(Derriford Hospital), Gayathri Subramanian(Derriford Hospital), Nageswar Bandla(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Minnie Gellamucho(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Michelle Davies(Royal Stoke University Hospital), C. C. Thompson(University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust), Fiona Trim(Salisbury District Hospital), Beena Eapen(Salisbury District Hospital), Cecilia Ahmed(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Balvinder Baines(Glenfield Hospital), Sarah Clamp(Gloucestershire Royal Hospital), Julie Colley(Gloucestershire Royal Hospital), Risna Haq(Gloucestershire Royal Hospital), Anne Hayes(Gloucestershire Royal Hospital), Jonathan Hulme(Golden Jubilee National Hospital), Samia Hussain(Queen Mary University of London), Sibet Joseph(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Rita Kumar(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Zahira Maqsood(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Manjit Purewal(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Ben Chandler(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Kerry Elliott(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Janine Mallinson(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Alison E. Turnbull(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Kathy Dent(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Elizabeth Horsley(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Muhmmad Nauman Akhtar(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Sandra Pearson(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Dorota Potoczna(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Sue Spencer(Scunthorpe General Hospital), Hayley Blakemore(Southmead Hospital), Borislava Borislavova(Southmead Hospital), Beverley Faulkner(Southmead Hospital), Emma Gendall(Southmead Hospital), Elizabeth Goff(James Cook University Hospital), Kati Hayes(James Cook University Hospital), Matt Thomas(James Cook University Hospital), Ruth Worner(James Cook University Hospital), Kerry Smith(Southmead Hospital), Deanna Stephens(Southmead Hospital), Carlos Castro Delgado(John Radcliffe Hospital), Deborah Dawson(John Radcliffe Hospital), Lijun Ding(John Radcliffe Hospital), Georgia Durrant(Leicester Royal Infirmary), Obiageri Ezeobu(Leicester Royal Infirmary), Sarah Farnell-Ward(Leicester Royal Infirmary), Abiola Harrison(Lister Hospital), Rebecca Kanu(Lister Hospital), Susannah Leaver(New Cross Hospital), Elena Maccacari(New Cross Hospital), Soumendu Manna(New Cross Hospital), Romina Pepermans Saluzzio(New Cross Hospital), Joana Queiroz(New Cross Hospital), T Samakomva(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Christine Sicat(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Joana Texeira(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Edna Fernandes Da Gloria(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Ana Lisboa(Royal Victoria Infirmary), John Rawlins(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Jisha Mathew(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Ashley Kinch(Royal Victoria Infirmary), William James Hurt(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Nirav R. Shah(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Victoria Clark(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Maria Thanasi(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Nikki Yun(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Kamal Patel(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Vikki Crickmore(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Gabor Debreceni(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Joy Wilkins(Ninewells Hospital), Liz Nicol(Ninewells Hospital), Iona Burn(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Geraldine Hambrook(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Katarina Manso(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Ruth Penn(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Pradeep Shanmugasundaram(Stoke Mandeville Hospital), Julie Tebbutt(North Devon District Hospital), Danielle Thornton(North Devon District Hospital), Anthony Rostron(North Devon District Hospital), Alistair Roy(North Devon District Hospital), Lindsey Woods(North Devon District Hospital), Sarah Cornell(North Devon District Hospital), Fiona Wakinshaw(North Devon District Hospital), Kimberley Rogerson(North Devon District Hospital), Jordan Jarmain(North Devon District Hospital), Peter H. Anderson(North Devon District Hospital), Katie E. Archer(North Devon District Hospital), Karen Austin(North Devon District Hospital), Caroline Davis(University of Liverpool), Alison Durie(North Manchester General Hospital), Olivia Kelsall(North Manchester General Hospital), Jessica Thrush(North Manchester General Hospital), Charlie Vigurs(North Manchester General Hospital), Laura Wild(North Manchester General Hospital), Hannah-Louise Wood(North Manchester General Hospital), Helen Tranter(North Manchester General Hospital), Alison Harrison(North Manchester General Hospital), Nicholas Cowley(North Manchester General Hospital), Michael McAlindon(North Manchester General Hospital), Andrew Burtenshaw(Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust), Stephen Digby(North Manchester General Hospital), Emma Low(North Manchester General Hospital), Aled Morgan(North Manchester General Hospital), Naiara Cother(North Manchester General Hospital), Tobias Rankin(North Manchester General Hospital), Sarah Clayton(North Manchester General Hospital), Alex McCurdy(North Manchester General Hospital), Suzanne Allibone(Northwick Park Hospital), Roman Mary-Genetu(Northwick Park Hospital), Vidya Kasipandian(Northwick Park Hospital), Amit R. Patel(Northwick Park Hospital), Ainhi Mac(Northwick Park Hospital), Anthony Murphy(Prince Philip Hospital), Parisa Mahjoob(Prince Philip Hospital), Roonak Nazari(Prince Philip Hospital), Lucy Worsley(Glangwili General Hospital), Andrew Fagan(Prince Philip Hospital), Inthakab Ali Mohamed Ali(Prince Philip Hospital), Karen Beaumont(Prince Philip Hospital), Mark Blunt(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Zoe Coton(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Hollie Curgenven(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Mohamed Elsaadany(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Kay Fernandes(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Sameena Mohamed Ally(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Harini Rangarajan(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Varun Sarathy(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Sivarupan Selvanayagam(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Dave Vedage(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Matthew White(Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust), Jaime Fernandez-Roman(University of Liverpool), David Hamilton(Roslin Institute), Emily Johnson(University of Liverpool), Brian Johnston(University of Liverpool), Maria Lopez Martinez(University of Liverpool), Suleman Mulla(University of Liverpool), David Shaw(University of Liverpool), Alicia Waite(University of Liverpool), Victoria Waugh(University of Liverpool), Ingeborg Welters(University of Liverpool), Karen Williams(University of Liverpool), Thomas Bemand(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Ethel Black(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Arnold Dela Rosa(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Ryan Howle(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Shaman Jhanji(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Ravishankar Rao Baikady(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Kate Tatham(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Benjamin Thomas(Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust), Matthew Halkes(Torbay Hospital), Pauline Mercer(Torbay Hospital), Lorraine Thornton(Torbay Hospital), Joe West(Monklands Hospital), Tracy Baird(Monklands Hospital), Jim Ruddy(Monklands Hospital), Rosie Reece-Anthony(Princess Royal Hospital), Mark Birt(University Hospital of North Durham), Amanda Cowton(University Hospital of North Durham), Andrea Kay(University Hospital of North Durham), Melanie Kent(University Hospital of North Durham), Kathryn Potts(University Hospital of North Durham), Ami Wilkinson(University Hospital of North Durham), Suzanne Naylor(University Hospital of North Durham), Ellen Brown(University Hospital of North Durham), Michele Clark(University Hospital of North Tees), Sarah Purvis(University Hospital of North Tees), Jade Cole(University Hospital of Wales), Michelle Davies(Royal Stoke University Hospital), Rhys Davies(University Hospital of Wales), Donna Duffin(University Hospital of Wales), Helen Hill(University Hospital of Wales), Ben Player(University Hospital of Wales), Emma Thomas(University Hospital of Wales), Angharad Williams(University Hospital of Wales), Claire Beith(Wishaw General Hospital), Karen Black(Wishaw General Hospital), Suzanne Clements(Wishaw General Hospital), Alan Morrison(Wishaw General Hospital), Dominic Strachan(Wishaw General Hospital), Margaret Taylor(Barts Health NHS Trust), Michelle Clarkson(Wishaw General Hospital), Stuart D’Sylva(Queen Elizabeth University Hospital), K. Norman(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Tina Coventry(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Susan A. Fowler(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Michael MacMahon(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Amanda McGregor(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Ailbhe Brady(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Rebekah Chan(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Jeff Little(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Shane McIvor(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Helena Prady(Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust), Helen Whittle(Royal Derby Hospital), Bijoy Mathew(Royal Derby Hospital), Melanie Clapham(Royal Derby Hospital), Rosemary Harper(Royal Derby Hospital), Una Poultney(Royal Derby Hospital), Polly Rice(Royal Derby Hospital), Timothy F. Smith(Royal Derby Hospital), Rachel Mutch(West Cumberland Hospital), Yolanda Baird(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Aaron Butler(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Indra Chadbourn(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Linda Folkes(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Heather Fox(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Amy Gardner(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Raquel Gomez(Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital), Gillian Hobden(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Luke Hodgson(Worthing Hospital), Kirsten King(University of Liverpool), Michael Margarson(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Tim Martindale(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Emma Meadows(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Dana Raynard(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Yvette Thirlwall(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), David Helm(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Jordi Margalef(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Sandra Greer(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Karen Shuker(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Ascanio Tridente(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), Sara Smuts(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Joseph Duffield(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Oliver Smith(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Lewis Mallon(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Watkins Claire(Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Isobel Birkinshaw(York Hospital), J. W. S. Carter(York Hospital), Kate Howard(York Hospital), Joanne Ingham(York Hospital), Rosie Joy(York Hospital), Harriet Pearson(York Hospital), Samantha Roche(York Hospital), Zoë Scott(York Hospital), Ellen Knights(Russells Hall Hospital), Alicia Price(Russells Hall Hospital), Alice Thomas(Russells Hall Hospital), Chris Thorpe(Russells Hall Hospital), Azmerelda Abraheem(University of Liverpool), Peter Bamford(University of Liverpool), Kathryn Cawley(University of Liverpool), Charlie Dunmore(University of Liverpool), Maria Faulkner(University of Liverpool), Rumanah Girach(University of Liverpool), Helen Jeffrey(University of Liverpool), Rhianna Jones(University of Liverpool), Emily London(University of Liverpool), Imrun Nagra(University of Liverpool), Farah Nasir(University of Liverpool), Hannah Sainsbury(University of Liverpool), Clare Smedley(University of Liverpool), Reena Khade(Southampton General Hospital), Ashok Sundar(Southampton General Hospital), George Tsinaslanidis(Southampton General Hospital), Teresa Behan(Southampton General Hospital), Caroline Burnett(Southampton General Hospital), Jonathan Hatton(Southampton General Hospital), Elaine Heeney(Southampton General Hospital), Atideb Mitra(Southampton General Hospital), Maria Newton(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Rachel E. Pollard(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Rachael Stead(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Jenny Birch(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Laura Bough(Dorset County Hospital), Josie Goodsell(Dorset County Hospital), Rebecca Tutton(Dorset County Hospital), Patricia Williams(Leeds General Infirmary), Sarah Williams(Leeds General Infirmary), Barbara Winter-Goodwin(Leeds General Infirmary), F. C. Auld(Leeds General Infirmary), Joanne Donnachie(Forth Valley Royal Hospital), Ian Edmond(Forth Valley Royal Hospital), Lynn Prentice(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Nikole Runciman(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Dario Salutous(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Lesley Symon(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Anne Todd(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Patricia Turner(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Abigail Short(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Laura Sweeney(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Euan Murdoch(Stepping Hill Hospital), Dhaneesha Senaratne(Stepping Hill Hospital), Karen E. A. Burns(Stepping Hill Hospital), Andrew Higham(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), Taya Anderson(University of Liverpool), Daniel B. Hawcutt(University of Liverpool), Laura O’Malley(Stepping Hill Hospital), Laura Rad(University of Liverpool), Naomi Rogers(University of Liverpool), Paula Saunderson(University of Liverpool), Kathryn Allison(University of Liverpool), Deborah Afolabi(University of Liverpool), Jennifer Whitbread(University of Liverpool), Dawn Jones(University of Liverpool), Rachael Dore(University of Liverpool), Liana Lankester(University Hospital Crosshouse), Nikitas Nikitas(University Hospital Crosshouse), Colin Wells(University Hospital Crosshouse), Bethan Stowe(Hairmyres Hospital), Kayleigh Spencer(Hairmyres Hospital), Susanne Cathcart(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Katharine Duffy(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Alex Puxty(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Kathryn Puxty(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Lynne Turner(Glasgow Royal Infirmary), Jane Ireland(Craigavon Area Hospital), Gary Semple(Craigavon Area Hospital), Peter Barry(Craigavon Area Hospital), Paula Hilltout(Warwick Hospital), Jayne Evitts(Warwick Hospital), Amanda Tyler(Watford General Hospital), Joanne Waldron(West Middlesex University Hospital), Val Irvine(West Middlesex University Hospital), Ben Shelley(West Middlesex University Hospital), Olugbenga Akinkugbe(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Alasdair Bamford(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Emily Beech(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Holly Belfield(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Michael J. Bell(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Charlene Davies(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Gareth A. Jones(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Tara McHugh(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Hamza Meghari(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Lauran O’Neill(Whittington Hospital), Mark Peters(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Samiran Ray(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Ana Luisa Tomas(Great Ormond Street Hospital), Amy Easthope(Barts Health NHS Trust), Claire Gorman(William Harvey Hospital), Abhinav Gupta(William Harvey Hospital), Elizabeth Timlick(William Harvey Hospital), Rebecca Brady(William Harvey Hospital), Stephen Bonner(William Harvey Hospital), Keith Hugill(William Harvey Hospital), Jessica Jones(James Cook University Hospital), Steven Liggett(James Cook University Hospital), Archana Bashyal(John Radcliffe Hospital), Neil Davidson(John Radcliffe Hospital), Paula Hutton(John Radcliffe Hospital), Stuart McKechnie(John Radcliffe Hospital), Jean Amos Wilson(Western General Hospital), Neil Flint(Leicester Royal Infirmary), Patel Rekha(Leicester Royal Infirmary), Dawn Hales(Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine), Carina Cruz(Lister Hospital), Natalie Pattison(Lister Hospital), Shameer Gopal(University of Liverpool), Nichola Harris(New Cross Hospital), Victoria Lake(University of Liverpool), Stella Metherell(New Cross Hospital), Elizabeth J. Radford(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), I Clement'(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Bijal Patel(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Arvind Gulati(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Carole Hays(University of Liverpool), Kimberly Webster(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Anne Hudson(University of Liverpool), Andrea J. Webster(University of Liverpool), Elaine Stephenson(King's College London), Louise McCormack(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Victoria Slater(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Rachel Nixon(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Helen Hanson(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Maggie Fearby(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Sinéad Kelly(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Victoria Bridgett(Royal Victoria Infirmary), Philip Robinson(University of Liverpool), Christine Almaden-Boyle(Ninewells Hospital), Pauline Austin(Centre for Human Genetics), Louise Cabrelli(Ninewells Hospital), Stephen Cole(University of Liverpool), Matt Casey(Ninewells Hospital), Susan Chapman(Ninewells Hospital), Clare Whyte(University of Liverpool), Adam Brayne(North Devon District Hospital), Emma Fisher(University of Liverpool), Jane Hunt(North Devon District Hospital), Peter K. Jackson(North Devon District Hospital), Duncan Kaye(North Devon District Hospital), Nicholas Love(North Devon District Hospital), Juliet Parkin(North Devon District Hospital), Victoria Tuckey(North Devon District Hospital), Lynne van Koutrik(North Devon District Hospital), Sasha Carter(North Devon District Hospital), Benedict Andrew(North Devon District Hospital), L. Findlay(North Devon District Hospital), Katie Adams(North Devon District Hospital), Michelle Bruce(North Manchester General Hospital), Karen Connolly(North Manchester General Hospital), Tracy Duncan(North Manchester General Hospital), Helen Michael(North Manchester General Hospital), Gabriella Lindergard(University of Liverpool), Samuel Hey(University of Liverpool), Claire Fox(North Manchester General Hospital), Jordan Alfonso(North Manchester General Hospital), Laura Jayne Durrans(University of Liverpool), Jacinta Guerin(University of Liverpool), Bethan Blackledge(University of Liverpool), Jade Harris(University of Liverpool), Martin Hruška(University of Liverpool), Ayaa Eltayeb(University of Liverpool), Thomas Lamb(University of Liverpool), Tracey Hodgkiss(North Manchester General Hospital), Lisa Cooper(University of Liverpool), Joanne Rothwell(University of Liverpool), Catherine Dennis(University of Liverpool), Alastair McGregor(University of Liverpool), Victoria Parris(University of Liverpool), Sinduya Srikaran(University of Liverpool), Anisha Sukha(University of Liverpool), Kim Davies(University of Liverpool), Linda O’Brien(University of Liverpool), Zohra Omar(University of Liverpool), Igor Otahal(University of Liverpool), Emma Perkins(University of Liverpool), Tracy R. Lewis(University of Liverpool), Isobel Sutherland(University of Liverpool), Hollie Brooke(University of Liverpool), Sarah Buckley(University of Liverpool), Jose Cebrian Suarez(University of Liverpool), Ruth Charlesworth(University of Liverpool), Karen Hansson(University of Liverpool), John W. Norris(University of Liverpool), Alice Poole(University of Liverpool), Alastair Rose(University of Liverpool), Rajdeep Sandhu(University of Liverpool), Brendan Sloan(University of Liverpool), Elizabeth Smithson(University of Liverpool), Muthu Thirumaran(University of Liverpool), Veronica Wagstaff(Pinderfields Hospital), Alexandra Metcalfe(University of Liverpool), Julie Camsooksai(University of Liverpool), Charlotte Humphrey(University of Liverpool), Sarah M. Jenkins(Poole Hospital), Henrik Reschreiter(University of Liverpool), Beverley Wadams(University of Liverpool), Yasmin DeAth(University of Liverpool), Colene Adams(University of Liverpool), Anita Agasou(University of Liverpool), Tracie Arden(Princess Royal Hospital), Amy Bowes(University of Liverpool), Pauline Boyle(University of Liverpool), Mandy Beekes(University of Liverpool), Heather Button(University of Liverpool), Nigel Capps(University of Liverpool), Mandy Carnahan(University of Liverpool), Anne Carter(University of Liverpool), Danielle Childs(University of Liverpool), Denise Donaldson(University of Liverpool), Kelly Hard(University of Liverpool), F Hurford(University of Liverpool), Yasmin Hussain(University of Liverpool), Ayesha Javaid(University of Liverpool), James Jones(University of Liverpool), Sanal Jose(University of Liverpool), Michael Leigh(University of Liverpool), Terry Martin(University of Liverpool), Helen Millward(Princess Royal Hospital), Nichola Motherwell(University of Liverpool), Rachel Rikunenko(University of Liverpool), Jo Stickley(University of Liverpool), Julie Summers(University of Liverpool), Louise Ting(University of Liverpool), Helen Tivenan(University of Liverpool), Louise Tonks(University of Liverpool), Rebecca Wilcox(University of Liverpool), Maria Bokhari(University of Liverpool), Vanessa Linnett(University of Liverpool), Rachael Lucas(University of Liverpool), W McCormick(University of Liverpool), Jenny Ritzema(University of Liverpool), Amanda Sanderson(Western General Hospital), Helen Wild(Western General Hospital), Nicola Baxter(Western General Hospital), Steven Henderson(Western General Hospital), Sophie Kennedy-Hay(Western General Hospital), Christopher McParland(Roslin Institute), Laura Rooney(Roslin Institute), Malcolm Sim(Roslin Institute), Gordan McCreath(Western General Hospital), Mark Brunton(Western General Hospital), Jess Caterson(Roslin Institute), Holly Coles(Roslin Institute), Matthew Frise(Western General Hospital), Sabi Gurung(Roslin Institute), Nicola Jacques(University of Liège), Liza Keating(Roslin Institute), Emma Tilney(Western General Hospital), Shauna Bartley(Roslin Institute), Parminder Bhuie(Western General Hospital), Charlotte Downes(Roslin Institute), Kathleen Holding(Roslin Institute), Katie Riches(Roslin Institute), Mary A. Hilton(Royal Derby Hospital), Melanie Hayman(Royal Derby Hospital), Deepak Subramanian(Roslin Institute), Priya Daniel(Royal Derby Hospital), Letizia Zitter(Roslin Institute), Sarah Benyon(Roslin Institute), Suzie Marriott(University of Liverpool), Linda Park(Western General Hospital), Samantha Keenan(Western General Hospital), Elizabeth Gordón(Roslin Institute), Helen R. Quinn(Roslin Institute), Kizzy Baines(Roslin Institute), Gillian Andrew(Leiden University Medical Center), J. Kenneth Baillie(Roslin Institute), Lucy Barclay(Roslin Institute), Marie Callaghan(Roslin Institute), Rachael Campbell(Roslin Institute), Sarah Clark(Roslin Institute), Dave Hope(Western General Hospital), Lucy Marshall(Roslin Institute), Corrienne McCulloch(Roslin Institute), Kate Briton(Roslin Institute), Jo Singleton(Roslin Institute), Sophie Birch(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Andrew Higham(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), Kerry Simpson(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), Jayne Craig(Roslin Institute), Carrie Demetriou(Royal United Hospital), Charlotte Eckbad(University College Dublin), Sarah Hierons(University College Dublin), Lucy Howie(University College Dublin), Sarah Mitchard(Royal United Hospital), Lidia Ramos(University of Liverpool), Alfredo Serrano-Ruiz(University of Liverpool), Katie White(Royal United Hospital), F. M. Kelly(Royal United Hospital), Vishal Amin(Russells Hall Hospital), Elena Anastasescu(Russells Hall Hospital), Vikram Anumakonda(Russells Hall Hospital), Komala Karthik(Russells Hall Hospital), Rizwana Kausar(Russells Hall Hospital), Karen Reid(Russells Hall Hospital), Jacqueline Smith(Russells Hall Hospital), Janet Imeson-Wood(Russells Hall Hospital), Arianna Bellini(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Jade Bryant(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Anton Mayer(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Amy Pickard(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Nicholas Roe(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Jason Sowter(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Alex Howlett(Sheffield Children's Hospital), Kristine Criste(Southampton General Hospital), Rebecca Cusack(Southampton General Hospital), Kim Golder(Southampton General Hospital), Hannah Golding(Southampton General Hospital), Oliver Jones(Southampton General Hospital), Samantha Leggett(Southampton General Hospital), Michelle Male(Southampton General Hospital), Martyna Marani(Southampton General Hospital), Kirsty Prager(Southampton General Hospital), Toran Williams(Southampton General Hospital), Belinda Roberts(Southampton General Hospital), Karen Salmon(Southampton General Hospital), Prisca Gondo(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Bernard Hadebe(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Abdul Kayani(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Bridgett Masunda(Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Ashar Ahmed(Southport and Formby District General Hospital), Anna Morris(Southport and Formby District General Hospital), Srinivas Jakkula(Southport and Formby District General Hospital), Kate Long(Leeds General Infirmary), Simon Whiteley(Leeds General Infirmary), Elizabeth Wilby(Leeds General Infirmary), Bethan Ogg(Leeds General Infirmary), Sam Moultrie(St John's Hospital), Miranda Odam(St John's Hospital), Jeremy Bewley(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Zoe Garland(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Lisa Grimmer(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Bethany Gumbrill(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Rebekah Johnson(University of California, Los Angeles), Katie Sweet(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Denise Webster(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Georgia Efford(Bristol Royal Infirmary), Sara E. Bennett(Stepping Hill Hospital), Emma C. Goodwin(Stepping Hill Hospital), Matthew P. Jackson(Stepping Hill Hospital), Alissa Kent(Stepping Hill Hospital), Clare Tibke(Stepping Hill Hospital), Wiesia Woodyatt(Stepping Hill Hospital), Ahmed Zaki(Stepping Hill Hospital), Amelia Daniel(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Joanne Finn(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Rajnish Saha(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Nikki Staines(Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust), Amy Easthope(Barts Health NHS Trust), Pamela Bremmer(University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust), John Allan(University Hospital Crosshouse), Timothy G. Geary(University Hospital Crosshouse), J. Graeme Houston(University Hospital Crosshouse), A.W. Meikle(University Hospital Crosshouse), Peter C. O’Brien, Dina Bell(Hairmyres Hospital), Rosalind Boyle(Hairmyres Hospital), Katie M. Douglas(Hairmyres Hospital), Lynn Glass(Hairmyres Hospital), Emma Lee(Hairmyres Hospital), Liz Lennon(Hairmyres Hospital), Austin Rattray(Hairmyres Hospital), Rob Charnock(Craigavon Area Hospital), Denise McFarland(Craigavon Area Hospital), Denise Cosgrove(Craigavon Area Hospital), Ben Attwood(Warwick Hospital), Penny Parsons(Warwick Hospital), Siobhain Carmody(Watford General Hospital), Metod Oblak(West Middlesex University Hospital), Monica Popescu(West Middlesex University Hospital), Mini Thankachen(West Middlesex University Hospital), Rosie Baruah(Western General Hospital), Sheila Morris(Western General Hospital), Susie Ferguson(Western General Hospital), Amy Shepherd(Western General Hospital), Abdelhakim Altabaibeh(Whittington Hospital), Ana Alvaro(Whittington Hospital), Kayleigh Gilbert(Whittington Hospital), Louise Ma(Whittington Hospital), Loreta Mostoles(Whittington Hospital), Chetan Parmar(Whittington Hospital), Kathryn Simpson(Royal Lancaster Infirmary), Champa Jetha(Whittington Hospital), Lauren Booker(Whittington Hospital), Anezka Pratley(Whittington Hospital), Tracey Cosier(William Harvey Hospital), Gemma Millen(William Harvey Hospital), Neil Richardson(William Harvey Hospital), Natasha Schumacher(William Harvey Hospital), Heather Weston(William Harvey Hospital), James Rand(William Harvey Hospital), Beatrice Alex(University of Edinburgh), Benjamin Bach(University of Edinburgh), William Barclay(Imperial College London), Debby Bogaert(Centre for Inflammation Research), Meera Chand(Public Health England), G Cooke(Imperial College London), Annemarie B Docherty(University of Edinburgh), Jake Dunning(Public Health England), Ana da Silva Filipe(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Tom Fletcher(Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine), Chris Green(University of Birmingham), Ewen M. Harrison(University of Edinburgh), Julian A. Hiscox(University of Liverpool), Samreen Ijaz(Public Health England), Saye Khoo(University of Liverpool), Paul Klenerman(Centre for Human Genetics), Wei Shen Lim(Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust), Alexander J. Mentzer(John Radcliffe Hospital), Laura Merson(University of Oxford), Mahdad Noursadeghi(University College London), Shona C. Moore(University of Liverpool), Massimo Palmarini(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), William A. Paxton(University of Liverpool), Georgios Pollakis(University of Liverpool), Nicholas Price(King's College London), Andrew Rambaut(University of Edinburgh), David Robertson(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Clark D. Russell(Roslin Institute), Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu(Imperial College London), J T Scott(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), Thushan I. de Silva(University of Sheffield), Louise Sigfrid(University of Oxford), Tom Solomon(University of Liverpool), Shiranee Sriskandan(Imperial College London), David I. Stuart(Centre for Human Genetics), Richard S. Tedder(Public Health England), Emma C. Thomson(MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research), A. A. Roger Thompson(University of Sheffield), Ryan S. Thwaites(Imperial College London), Lance Turtle(University of Liverpool), Rishi K Gupta(Broad Institute), Carlo Palmieri(University of Liverpool), Olivia Swann(University of Edinburgh), Maria Zambon(Public Health England), Marc‐Emmanuel Dumas(Imperial College London), Julian L. Griffin(Imperial College London), Zoltán Takáts(Imperial College London), Kanta Chechi(Imperial College London), Petros Andrikopoulos(Imperial College London), Anthonia Osagie(Imperial College London), Michael Olanipekun(Imperial College London), Sonia Liggi(Imperial College London), Matthew R. Lewis(Imperial College London), Gonçalo dos Santos Correia(Imperial College London), Caroline Sands(Imperial College London), Panteleimon G. Takis(Imperial College London), Lynn Maslen(Imperial College London), William Greenhalf(University of Liverpool), Victoria Shaw(University of Liverpool), Sarah E. McDonald(University of Liverpool), Seán Keating(Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), Katie A. Ahmed(University of Liverpool), J. A. Armstrong(University of Liverpool), Milton Ashworth(University of Liverpool), Innocent G. Asiimwe(University of Liverpool), Siddharth Bakshi(University of Liverpool), Samantha L Barlow(University of Liverpool), Laura Booth(University of Liverpool), Benjamin Brennan(University of Glasgow), Katie Bullock(University of Liverpool), Benjamin WA Catterall(University of Liverpool), Jordan J Clark(University of Liverpool), Emily A Clarke(University of Liverpool), Louise Cooper(University of Liverpool), Helen Cox(University of Liverpool), Christopher Davis(University of Liverpool), Oslem Dincarslan(University of Liverpool), Chris Dunn(University of Liverpool), Philip Dyer(University of Liverpool), Angela Elliott(University of Liverpool), Anthony Evans(University of Liverpool), Lorna Finch(University of Liverpool), Lewis WS Fisher(University of Liverpool), Terry Foster(University of Liverpool), Isabel García-Dorival(University of Liverpool), William Greenhalf(University of Liverpool), Philip Gunning(University of Liverpool), Catherine Hartley(University of Liverpool), Rebecca L. Jensen(University of Liverpool), Christopher B. Jones(Arrowe Park Hospital), Trevor R. Jones(St Thomas' Hospital), Shadia Khandaker(University of Liverpool), Katharine King(University of Liverpool), Robyn T. Kiy(University of Liverpool), Chrysa Koukorava(University of Liverpool), Annette Lake(University of Glasgow), Suzannah Lant(University of Liverpool), Diane Latawiec(University of Liverpool), Lara Lavelle-Langham(University of Liverpool), Daniella Lefteri(University of Glasgow), Lauren Lett(University of Liverpool), Lucia A Livoti(University of Liverpool), Maria Vittoria Mancini(University of Liverpool), Sarah E. McDonald(University of Liverpool), Laurence McEvoy(University of Liverpool), John McLauchlan(University of Glasgow), Soeren Metelmann(University of Liverpool), Nahida S Miah(University of Liverpool), Joanna Middleton(University of Liverpool), Joyce Mitchell(University of Liverpool), Shona C. Moore(University of Liverpool), E. Gordon Murphy(University of Liverpool), Rebekah Penrice-Randal(University of Liverpool), Jack Pilgrim(University of Liverpool), Tessa Prince(University of Liverpool), Will Reynolds(University of Liverpool), Paul Ridley(University of Liverpool), Debby Sales(University of Liverpool), Victoria Shaw(University of Liverpool), Rebecca K. Shears(University of Liverpool), Benjamin Small(University of Liverpool), Krishanthi Subramaniam(University of Liverpool), Agnieska Szemiel(University of Liverpool), Aislynn Taggart(University of Glasgow), Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes(University of Liverpool), Jordan Thomas(University of Liverpool), Erwan Trochu(University of Liverpool), Libby van Tonder(University of Liverpool), Eve Wilcock(University of Liverpool), Eunice J. Zhang(University of Liverpool), Lisa Flaherty(University of Liverpool), Nicole Maziere(University of Liverpool), Emily Cass(University of Liverpool), Alejandra Doce Carracedo(University of Liverpool), Nicola Carlucci(University of Liverpool), Anthony Holmes(University of Liverpool), Hannah Massey(University of Liverpool), Lee Murphy(University College Dublin), Nicola Wrobel(Western General Hospital), Sarah McCafferty(Western General Hospital), Kirstie Morrice(Western General Hospital), Alan Maclean(Western General Hospital), Admin team members, Ruth Armstrong(Roslin Institute), Ceilia Boz(Roslin Institute), Adam B. Brown(Roslin Institute), Richard E. Clark(Western General Hospital), Audrey Coutts(Western General Hospital), Louise Cullum(Roslin Institute), Nicky Day(Roslin Institute), Lorna Donnelly(Western General Hospital), Esther Duncan(Roslin Institute), Angie Fawkes(Western General Hospital), Paul Finernan(Roslin Institute), Tammy Gilchrist(Western General Hospital), Ailsa Golightly(Roslin Institute), Katarzyna Hafezi(Western General Hospital), Dawn Law(Roslin Institute), R. M. Law(Roslin Institute), Sarah Law(Roslin Institute), Louise MacGillivray(Western General Hospital), Alan Maclean(Western General Hospital), Hanning Mal(Roslin Institute), Sarah McCafferty(Western General Hospital), Ellie Mcmaster(Roslin Institute), Jen Meikle(Roslin Institute), Shona C. Moore(University of Liverpool), Kirstie Morrice(Western General Hospital), Lee Murphy(University College Dublin), Wilna Oosthuyzen(Roslin Institute), Trevor Paterson(Roslin Institute), Andrew Stenhouse(Roslin Institute), Maaike Swets(Roslin Institute), Helen Szoor-McElhinney(Roslin Institute), Filip Taneski(Roslin Institute), Tony Wackett(Roslin Institute), Mairi Ward(Roslin Institute), Jane Weaver(Roslin Institute), Nicola Wrobel(Western General Hospital), J. Terrence Coyle(Roslin Institute), Bernadette Gallagher(Roslin Institute), Rebecca Lidstone-Scott(Roslin Institute), Debbie Hamilton(Roslin Institute), Katherine Schon(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Anita Furlong(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Heather Biggs(Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Fiona Griffiths(Roslin Institute), Eleanor Andrews(County Hospital), Kathy Brickell(University College Dublin), Michelle Smyth(University College Dublin), Lorna Murphy(University College Dublin), Gail Carson(University of Oxford), Hayley Hardwick(University of Liverpool), Chloe Donohue(University of Liverpool), COVID-19 HGI corresponding authors
Cited by 1,115Open Access
Abstract
Abstract The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 1,2 , host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases 3–7 . They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.
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