Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee(University of Washington), Lauren E. Schaeffer(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Local Burden of Disease Exclusive Breastfeeding Collaborators(University of Washington), Dan Lu(University of Washington), Megan F. Schipp(University of Washington), Alice Lazzar-Atwood(University of Washington), Katie M. Donkers(University of Washington), Gdiom Gebreheat(Cairo University), Foad Abd-Allah(Cairo University), Ahmed Abdelalim(Arba Minch University), Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo(Debre Markos University), Ayenew Negesse Abejie(Debre Berhan University), Akine Eshete Abosetugn(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo(University of Sharjah), Eman Abu‐Gharbieh(Harvard University), Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk(Bayero University Kano), Aishatu L. Adamu(Olabisi Onabanjo University), Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji(Griffith University), Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin(King's College London), Victor Adekanmbi(Stellenbosch University), Olatunji Adetokunboh(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Marcela Agudelo‐Botero(Jenderal Soedirman University), Budi Aji(University of Ibadan), Oluwaseun Akinyemi(Debre Markos University), Alehegn Aderaw Alamneh(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Fahad Alanezi(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Turki M Alanzi(University of Washington), James Albright(University of Washington), Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal(Arba Minch University), Biresaw Wassihun Alemu(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Robert Kaba Alhassan(Sulaimani Polytechnic University), Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali(Sultan Qaboos University), Saqib Ali(Urmia University), Cyrus Alinia(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Vahid Alipour(Ateneo de Manila University), Arianna Maever L. Amit(African Population and Health Research Center), Dickson A Amugsi(Samara University), Etsay Woldu Anbesu(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Robert Ancuceanu(Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences), Mina Anjomshoa(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Fereshteh Ansari(University of the Philippines Manila), Carl Abelardo T Antonio(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Davood Anvari(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Jalal Arabloo(Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals), Amit Arora(Airlangga University), Kurnia Dwi Artanti(Bahir Dar University), Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn(Mizan Tepi University), Wondwossen Niguse Asmare(Philadelphia University), Maha Atout(University of Leicester), Marcel Ausloos(Wolaita Sodo University), Nefsu Awoke(La Trobe University), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Health and Allied Sciences), Martin Amogre Ayanore(Debre Berhan University), Yared Asmare Aynalem(Mekelle University), Muluken Altaye Ayza(University of Gondar), Zelalem Nigussie Azene(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), B. B. Darshan(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Ashish Badiye(Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Atif Amin Baig(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shankar M Bakkannavar(Medical University of Lodz), Maciej Banach(Bangladesh University of Health Sciences), Palash Chandra Banik(Heidelberg University), Till Bärnighausen(University of Aden), Huda Basaleem(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Mohsen Bayati(Ambo University), Bayisa Abdissa Baye(Gandhi Medical College), Neeraj Bedi(Bahir Dar University), Sefealem Assefa Belay(Charles University), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(The University of Adelaide), Dinesh Bhandari(Government Medical College), Nikha Bhardwaj(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Pankaj Bhardwaj(University of Toronto), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(Babol University of Medical Sciences), Ali Bijani(University of Gondar), Tsegaye Adane Birhan(Ethiopian Public Health Institute), Binyam Minuye Birhane(St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College), Zebenay Workneh Bitew(Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah), Somayeh Bohlouli(Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences), Mahdi Bohluli(Haramaya University), Hunduma Amensisa Bojia(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Archith Boloor(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Oliver J. Brady(University of Genoa), Nicola Luigi Bragazzi(Universidade de São Paulo), André R. Brunoni, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki(Employees State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research), Sharath Burugina Nagaraja(University of Waterloo), Zahid A Butt(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana), Rosario Cárdenas(Universidade de São Paulo), João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia(Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud), Franz Castro(Regione Siciliana), Achille Cernigliaro(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Jaykaran Charan(Johns Hopkins University), Pranab Chatterjee(Medanta The Medicity), Souranshu Chatterjee(University of Toronto), Vijay Kumar Chattu(D.Y. Patil University), Sarika Chaturvedi(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Dinh‐Toi Chu(University of Washington), Michael L. Collison(University of Washington), Aubrey J. Cook(University of Washington), Michael A. Cork(Universidade do Porto), Rosa A S Couto(University of Gondar), Baye Dagnew(Central South University), Haijiang Dai(University of Washington), Lalit Dandona(Public Health Foundation of India), Rakhi Dandona(Johns Hopkins University), Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad(University of Human Development), Aso Mohammad Darwesh(Tanta University), Amira Hamed Darwish(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Ahmad Daryani(Aga Khan University), Jai K Das(University of South Carolina), Rajat Das Gupta(Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias México), Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes(Imperial College London), Adrian Charles Davis(University of Washington), Nicole Davis Weaver(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez(Brighton and Sussex Medical School), Kebede Deribe(Haramaya University), Assefa Desalew(Emory University), Aniruddha Deshpande(University of Gondar), Awrajaw Dessie, Keshab Deuba(University of Washington), Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne(Nepal Health Research Council), Meghnath Dhimal(Far-western University), Govinda Prasad Dhungana(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Daniel Díaz(Urmia University), Alireza Didarloo(University of Ibadan), Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu(Duy Tan University), Linh Phuong Doan(Hawassa University), Bereket Duko(Universidade Federal da Bahia), André Rodrigues Durães(University of Washington), Laura Dwyer‐Lindgren(University of Washington), Lucas Earl(Mansoura University), Maysaa El Sayed Zaki(Alexandria University), Maha El Tantawi(Arsi University), Teshome Bekele Elema(Cairo University), Hala Rashad Elhabashy(Cairo University), Shaimaa I El-Jaafary(University of Pavia), Pawan Faris(Universidade Federal de Sergipe), André Faro(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Farshad Farzadfar(Auckland University of Technology), Valery L. Feigin(Bahir Dar University), Berhanu Elfu Feleke(Hawassa University), Tomas Y Ferede(University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg-Weingarten), Florian Fischer(National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine), Nataliya A Foigt(Obafemi Awolowo University), Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan(James Cook University), Richard C. Franklin(Cleveland Clinic), Mohamed M. Gad(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Shilpa Gaidhane(University of Washington), William M. Gardner(Madda Walabu University), Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam(Debre Berhan University), Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis(Addis Ababa University), Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin(Haramaya University), Berhe Gebremichael(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Fariborz Ghaffarpasand(University of Lahore), Syed Amir Gilani(University of KwaZulu-Natal), Themba G. Ginindza(Arba Minch University), Mustefa Glagn(Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar), Mahaveer Golechha(Madda Walabu University), Kebebe Bekele Gonfa(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Nachiket Gudi(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Davide Guido(Jigjiga University), Rashid Abdi Guled(Monash University), Yuming Guo(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Samer Hamidi(Wachemo University), Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso(Al-Azhar University), Ahmed I Hasaballah(Cairo University), Amr Hassan(University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences), Khezar Hayat(Cairo University), Mohamed Hegazy(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Behnam Heidari(University of Oxford), Nathaniel J Henry(Bucharest University of Economic Studies), Claudiu Herţeliu(Adigrat University), Hagos Degefa Hidru(University of Hong Kong), Hung Chak Ho(Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành), Chi Linh Hoang(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ramesh Holla(University of Washington), Julia Hon(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mostafa Hosseini(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh(Hamad bin Khalifa University), Mowafa Househ(Tunis University), Mohamed Hsaïri(Central South University), Guoqing Hu(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Tanvir Huda(China Medical University), Bing‐Fang Hwang(University of Ibadan), Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye(University of Ibadan), Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of Belgrade), Irena Ilić(University of Kragujevac), Milena Ilić(Bangalore Baptist Hospital), Leeberk Raja Inbaraj(Taipei Medical University), Usman Iqbal(Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences), Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani(La Trobe University), M. Mofizul Islam(University of Pretoria), Chidozie C D Iwu(South African Medical Research Council), Chinwe Juliana Iwu(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Animesh Jain(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Manthan D Janodia(Boston University), Tahereh Javaheri(University of Ibadan), Yetunde O. John-Akinola(University of Washington), Kimberly B. Johnson(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Farahnaz Joukar(University of Opole), Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Ali Kabir(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Leila R Kalankesh(Qazvin University of Medical Sciences), Rohollah Kalhor(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ashwin Kamath(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Naser Kamyari(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Other Tanuj Kanchan(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Neeti Kapoor(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Behzad Karami Matin(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Salah Eddin Karimi(Wollega University), Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye(Hawassa University), Getinet Kassahun(University of Washington), Nicholas J Kassebaum(Institute of Human Virology), Gbenga A Kayode(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Ali Kazemi Karyani(University of Nairobi), Peter Njenga Keiyoro(University of Gondar), Bayew Kelkay(University of Management and Technology), Nauman Khalid(Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University), Md Nuruzzaman Khan(Sheffield Hallam University), Khaled Khatab(Cairo University), Amir M Khater(Cairo University), Mona M Khater(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib(Xiamen University Malaysia), Yun Jin Kim(Simmons University), Ruth W Kimokoti(University of Washington), Damaris K. Kinyoki(Høyskolen Kristiania), Adnan Kısa(OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University), Sezer Kısa, Soewarta Kosen(Panjab University), Kewal Krishan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vaman Kulkarni(Public Health Foundation of India), G Anil Kumar(University of Nairobi), Manasi Kumar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Nithin Kumar(International Institute for Population Sciences), Pushpendra Kumar(Coventry University), Om Kurmi(Imperial College London), Dian Kusuma(University of Milan), Carlo La Vecchia(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Sheetal D Lad(University of Baghdad), Faris Lami(Institute of Medical Sciences), Iván Landires, Van Charles Lansingh(Father Muller Medical College Hospital), Savita Lasrado(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Paul H. Lee(University of Washington), Kate E LeGrand(University of Washington), Ian D. Letourneau(University of Oxford), Sonia Lewycka(Shenzhen University), Bingyu Li(China Medical University), Ming‐Chieh Li(Monash University), Shanshan Li(University of Michigan), Xuefeng Liu(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Rakesh Lodha(University of the Philippines Manila), Alan D Lopez(University of Washington), Celia Louie(Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Daiane Borges Machado(Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences & Hospital), Venkatesh Maled(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Shokofeh Maleki(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Déborah Carvalho Malta(The University of Queensland), Abdullah Al Mamun(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Navid Manafi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Alì Mansournia(University of Zambia), Chabila Christopher Mapoma(University of Washington), Laurie B. Marczak(Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará), Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo(BLK Super Speciality Hospital), Man Mohan Mehndiratta(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez(Wollo University), Tefera Chane Mekonnen(United Nations Population Fund), Walter Mendoza(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Ritesh G. Menezes(Bahir Dar University), Endalkachew Worku Mengesha(Arba Minch University), Abera Mersha(Curtin University), Ted R. Miller(Institute of Public Health Bengaluru), GK Mini(Kyrgyz State Medical Academy), Erkin М Мirrakhimov(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Sanjeev Misra(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences), Masoud Moghadaszadeh(Salahaddin University-Erbil), Dara K. Mohammad(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(Samara University), Jemal Mohammed(Ahmadu Bello University), Shafiu Mohammed(University of Washington), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Miami), Pablo A. Montero-Zamora(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Masoud Moradi(Arak University of Medical Sciences), Rahmatollah Moradzadeh(King Abdullah University of Science and Technology), Paula Moraga(University of Washington), Jonathan F Mosser(Kerman University of Medical Sciences), Seyyed Meysam Mousavi(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), Amin Mousavi Khaneghah(University of Washington), Sandra B. Munro(University of Nairobi), Moses Muriithi, Ghulam Mustafa(Mekelle University), Muthupandian Saravanan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Gurudatta Naik(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Mukhammad David Naimzada(Suraj Eye Institute), Vinay Nangia(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Bruno Ramos Nascimento(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Vinod C Nayak(Makerere University), Rawlance Ndejjo(South African Medical Research Council), Duduzile Ndwandwe(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Ionuţ Negoi(Université de Yaoundé I), Georges Nguefack‐Tsague(University of Embu), Josephine W Ngunjiri(Duy Tan University), Cuong Tat Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Diep Ngoc Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Huong Lan Thi Nguyen(Mizan Tepi University), Samuel Negash Nigussie(Mizan Tepi University), Tadesse T. N. Nigussie(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Rajan Nikbakhsh(South African Medical Research Council), Chukwudi A Nnaji, Virginia Núñez-Samudio(University of Bucharest), Bogdan Oancea(University of Ibadan), Onome Bright Oghenetega(McMaster University), Andrew T Olagunju(Centre for Healthy Start Initiative), Bolajoko O. Olusanya(Centre for Healthy Start Initiative), Jacob Olusegun Olusanya(Jigjiga University), Muktar Omer Omer(University of Nigeria), Obinna Onwujekwe(Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Doris V Ortega-Altamirano(University of Washington), Aaron Osgood‐Zimmerman(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Nikita Otstavnov(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Stanislav S Otstavnov(University of Ibadan), Mayowa Owolabi(JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), P A Mahesh(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pană(Public Health Foundation of India), Anamika Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal(Ministry of Health), Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shradha S. Parsekar(University of Pittsburgh Medical Center), Deepak Kumar Pasupula(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Urvish Patel(Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College), Ashish Pathak(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar), Mona Pathak(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Sanjay Pattanshetty(The University of Melbourne), George Patton(Wolaita Sodo University), Kebreab Paulos(Ateneo de Manila University), Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito(University of Washington), Brandon V. Pickering(Universidade do Porto), Marina Pinheiro(Gates Foundation), Ellen Piwoz(Nepal Development Research Institute), Khem Narayan Pokhrel(University of Maragheh), Hadi Pourjafar(Fundación Valle del Lili), Sergio I. Prada(Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta), Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Zahiruddin Quazi Syed(Amirkabir University of Technology), Mohammad Rabiee(Sharif University of Technology), Navid Rabiee(Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences), Fakher Rahim(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Shadi Rahimzadeh(Charles Sturt University), Azizur Rahman(Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana), Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman(National Yunlin University of Science and Technology), Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Prateek Rastogi(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Priya Rathi(Imperial College London), David Laith Rawaf(Imperial College London), Salman Rawaf(Boston University), Reza Rawassizadeh(Gates Foundation), Rahul Rawat(International Institute for Population Sciences), Ramu Rawat(Haramaya University), Lemma Demissie Regassa(Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Maria Albertina Santiago Rego(University of Washington), Robert C. Reiner(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Bhageerathy Reshmi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Aziz Rezapour(Universidade do Porto), Ana Isabel Ribeiro(University of Minnesota), Jennifer Rickard(Universidade Federal de Uberlândia), Leonardo Roever(University of Oxford), Susan F. Rumisha(University of Botswana), Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera(All India Institute of Medical Sciences), Rajesh Sagar(Soran University), S. Mohammad Sajadi(Cairo University), Marwa Rashad Salem(Ain Shams University), Abdallah M Samy(University of Belgrade), Milena M Santric-Milicevic(PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research), Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy(Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies), Abdur Razzaque Sarker(University of Oxford), Benn Sartorius(Hamad Medical Corporation), Brijesh Sathian(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Deepak Saxena(University of Washington), Alyssa N. Sbarra(Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi), Debarka Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran(Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology), Feng Sha(Johns Hopkins University), Omid Shafaat(An-Najah National University), Amira Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh(Ain Shams University), Ali Shalash(BLDE (Deemed to be University)), Mohammed Shannawaz(University of Edinburgh), Aziz Sheikh(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), B. Suresh Kumar Shetty(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ranjitha S Shetty(King's College London), Kenji Shibuya(Debre Berhan University), Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw(Yonsei University), Jae Il Shin(Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), Diego Augusto Santos Silva(Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University), Narinder Pal Singh(Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee), Pushpendra Singh(ICMR National Institute for Research in Environmental Health), Surya Singh(Haramaya University), Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina(Semnan University of Medical Sciences), Amin Soheili(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Shahin Soltani(Arba Minch University), Muluken Bekele Sorrie(University of Washington), Emma Elizabeth Spurlock(University of Washington), Krista M. Steuben(Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta), Agus Sudaryanto(Ahmadu Bello University), Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan(University of California, San Francisco), Scott J. Swartz(Arba Minch University), Eyayou Girma Tadesse(University of Gondar), Animut Tagele Tamiru(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Leili Tapak(University of Rajshahi), Md. Ismail Tareque(Ministry of Health), Ingan Ukur Tarigan(University of Gondar), Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema(Mekelle University), Fisaha Haile Tesfay(Arba Minch University), Abinet Teshome(University of Gondar), Zemenu Tadesse Tessema(Central University of Kerala), Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Rekha Thapar(Christian Medical College, Vellore), Nihal Thomas(Jagiellonian University), Roman Topór-Mądry(Universidade de São Paulo), Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone(Utrecht University), Eugenio Traini(Hanoi Medical University), Bach Xuan Tran(University of Twente), Phuong N. Truong(Hawassa University), Berhan Tsegaye Negash(Iqra National University), Irfan Ullah(Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki), Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay(University of Nigeria), Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu(Gates Foundation), John D. VanderHeide(University of Bologna), Francesco Saverio Violante(HUTECH University), Bay Vo(African Population and Health Research Center), Yohannes Dibaba Wado(Foundation University Islamabad), Yasir Waheed(Northeastern University), Richard G. Wamai(Wuhan University), Fang Wang(Wuhan University), Yafeng Wang(Universidade de São Paulo), Yuan‐Pang Wang(Rajarata University of Sri Lanka), Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe(Johns Hopkins University), Kirsten E. Wiens(University of Cape Town), Charles Shey Wiysonge(University of Washington), Lauren Woyczynski(Wenzhou Medical University), Aimin Wu(Duke Kunshan University), Chenkai Wu(The University of Tokyo), Tomohide Yamada(University of Ottawa), Sanni Yaya(Wolkite University), Alex Yeshaneh(University of Gondar), Yigizie Yeshaw(Arba Minch University), Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila(Wollega University), Mekdes Tigistu Yilma(University of Hong Kong), Paul Yip(National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry), Naohiro Yonemoto(Mizan Tepi University), Tewodros Yosef(Jackson State University), Mustafa Z Younis(Jigjiga University), Abdilahi Yousuf(Wuhan University), Chuanhua Yu(Hubei University of Medicine), Yong Yu(Hacettepe University Hospital), Deniz Yüce, Shamsa Zafar(Dow University of Health Sciences), Syed Saoud Zaidi(Tarbiat Modares University), Leila Zaki(University of Cartagena), Josefina Zakzuk(Arak University of Medical Sciences), Maryam Zamanian(University of Cape Town), Heather J. Zar, Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин(Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education), Anasthasia Zastrozhina(Bahir Dar University), Desalege Amare Zelellw(Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Yunquan Zhang(Wuhan University), Zhi-Jiang Zhang(Wuhan University), Xiu‐Ju Zhao(Institute of Public Health Bengaluru), Sanjay Zodpey(Department of Health), Yves Miel H Zuñiga(University of Washington), Simon I. Hay(Adigrat University)
Cited by 165Open Access
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)-giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life-is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.
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