Prevalence and Associated Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease among Relatives of Hemodialysis Patients in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In KSA, there are currently over 20,000 patients on dialysis and 9,810 patients undergoing follow up after kidney transplantation.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar The combined prevalence of renal replacement therapy in Saudi Arabia is estimated at 294.3 per million population.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle ScholarIn Saudi Arabia, the age-standardized prevalence of CKD (stages 1–2, stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5, not including renal replacement therapy) is estimated at 9,892 per 100,000, which is higher than the estimates for Western Europe (5,446 per 100,000) and North America (7,919 per 100,000).2Alsuwaida A.O. Farag Y.M. Al Sayyari A.A. et al.Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SEEK-Saudi investigators)-a pilot study.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010; 21: 1066-1072PubMed Google Scholar Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the prevalence of CKD in adults in the United States of America (US) is 11.7%.3Alqurashi K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar We found only a single study of the prevalence of CKD among the young Saudi population (mean age of 37.4 ± 11.3 years).4Fatani H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar This study estimated CKD prevalence within this segment of the Saudi population at 5.7% using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD)-3 equation and 5.3% using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.Individuals at higher risk for the development of CKD include those with a strong family history of CKD.5McClellan W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,S1-S3 Studies in the US have confirmed the high prevalence of CKD among relatives of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with 14% of screened relatives having GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (20-24). First or second-degree relatives of patients with ESKD are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop ESKD and are more likely to be obese and to have undetected hypertension.6Jurkovitz C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar,S1,S4,S5 Thus, individuals with a family history of CKD are a high-risk group as are hypertensive, diabetics, and those over 65 years of age.S3Here, we approached the first-degree relatives of 4,500 dialysis patients to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed CKD among first-degree relatives of Saudi hemodialysis patients.ResultsDemographic and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the total.Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the the Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In KSA, there are currently over 20,000 patients on dialysis and 9,810 patients undergoing follow up after kidney transplantation.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar The combined prevalence of renal replacement therapy in Saudi Arabia is estimated at 294.3 per million population.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar In Saudi Arabia, the age-standardized prevalence of CKD (stages 1–2, stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5, not including renal replacement therapy) is estimated at 9,892 per 100,000, which is higher than the estimates for Western Europe (5,446 per 100,000) and North America (7,919 per 100,000).2Alsuwaida A.O. Farag Y.M. Al Sayyari A.A. et al.Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SEEK-Saudi investigators)-a pilot study.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010; 21: 1066-1072PubMed Google Scholar Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the prevalence of CKD in adults in the United States of America (US) is 11.7%.3Alqurashi K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar We found only a single study of the prevalence of CKD among the young Saudi population (mean age of 37.4 ± 11.3 years).4Fatani H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar This study estimated CKD prevalence within this segment of the Saudi population at 5.7% using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD)-3 equation and 5.3% using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Individuals at higher risk for the development of CKD include those with a strong family history of CKD.5McClellan W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,S1-S3 Studies in the US have confirmed the high prevalence of CKD among relatives of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with 14% of screened relatives having GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (20-24). First or second-degree relatives of patients with ESKD are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop ESKD and are more likely to be obese and to have undetected hypertension.6Jurkovitz C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar,S1,S4,S5 Thus, individuals with a family history of CKD are a high-risk group as are hypertensive, diabetics, and those over 65 years of we approached the first-degree relatives of 4,500 dialysis patients to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed CKD among first-degree relatives of Saudi hemodialysis and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the total.Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the The characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened estimated chronic kidney Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was We the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which We among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > chronic kidney disease we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the In this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the In the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this We found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of In the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the the the We all the dialysis patients and their to in this We all of the and in all with with