Abdulla Al Sayyari

There are no available data about the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its risk factors in the general population of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To estimate the prevalence of CKD and its associated risk factors in the Saudi population, we conducted a pilot community-based screening program in commercial centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Candidates were interviewed and blood and urine samples were collected. Participants were categorized to their CKD stage according to their estimated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD3)-based, the new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and the presence of albuminuria. The sample comprised 491 (49.9% were males) adult Saudi nationals. The mean age was 37.4 ± 11.3 years. The over-all prevalence of CKD was 5.7% and 5.3% using the MDRD-3 and CKD-EPI glomerular filtration equations, respectively. Gender, age, smoking status, body mass index, hypertension and diabetes mel-litus were not significant predictors of CKD in our cohort. However, CKD was significantly higher in the older age groups, higher serum glucose, waist/hip ratio and blood pressure. Only 7.1% of the CKD patients were aware of their CKD status, while 32.1% were told that they had protein or blood in their urine and 10.7% had known kidney stones in the past. We conclude that prevalence of CKD in the young Saudi population is around 5.7%. Our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of screening for CKD. Screening of high-risk individuals is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy to detect CKD patients.

There have been a marked rise in the prevalence and incidence of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Saudi Arabia over the last 3 decades. This rise exceeds those reported from many countries. The enormous and rapid changes in lifestyle, high population growth, and fast increase in life expectancy, and massive urbanization that has occurred over the last 3 decades combined to make the current CKD status different to what it was. The 2 major factors that influence the CKD status are the very high rate of diabetic nephropathy and shift in age demographics.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an extremely distressing problem experienced by patients on dialysis; the prevalence appears to be greater than in the general population, with a wide variation from 6.6% to 80%. The diagnosis of RLS is a clinical one, and its definition has been clarified and standardized by internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, published in 1995 by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). This study was designed to find out the prevalence of RLS in Saudi patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance dialysis. This is a cross sectional study carried out between May and Sept 2007 at two centers, King Abdulaziz Medical City-King Fahad National Guard Hospital (KAMC-KFNGH), Riyadh and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFHRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were gathered on 227 Saudi patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis or chronic peritoneal dialysis. The prevalence of RLS was measured using IRLSSG's RLS Questionnaire (RLSQ). Potential risk factors for RLS including other sleep disorders, underlying cause of chronic renal failure, duration on dialysis, dialysis shift, biochemical tests and demographic data were also evaluated. The overall prevalence of RLS was 50.22% including 53.7% males and 46.3% females. Their mean age was 55.7 +/- 17.2 years and mean duration on dialysis 40.4 +/- 37.8 months. Significant predictors of RLS were history of diabetes mellitus (DM), coffee intake, afternoon dialysis, gender and type of dialysis (P= 0.03, 0.01, < 0.001, 0.05 and 0.009 respectively). Patients with RLS were found to be at increased risk of having insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (P= < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Our study suggests that RLS is a very common problem in dialysis population and was significantly associated with other sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, and EDS. Optimal care of dialysis patient should include particular attention to the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In KSA, there are currently over 20,000 patients on dialysis and 9,810 patients undergoing follow up after kidney transplantation.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar The combined prevalence of renal replacement therapy in Saudi Arabia is estimated at 294.3 per million population.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle ScholarIn Saudi Arabia, the age-standardized prevalence of CKD (stages 1–2, stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5, not including renal replacement therapy) is estimated at 9,892 per 100,000, which is higher than the estimates for Western Europe (5,446 per 100,000) and North America (7,919 per 100,000).2Alsuwaida A.O. Farag Y.M. Al Sayyari A.A. et al.Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SEEK-Saudi investigators)-a pilot study.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010; 21: 1066-1072PubMed Google Scholar Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the prevalence of CKD in adults in the United States of America (US) is 11.7%.3Alqurashi K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar We found only a single study of the prevalence of CKD among the young Saudi population (mean age of 37.4 ± 11.3 years).4Fatani H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar This study estimated CKD prevalence within this segment of the Saudi population at 5.7% using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD)-3 equation and 5.3% using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.Individuals at higher risk for the development of CKD include those with a strong family history of CKD.5McClellan W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,S1-S3 Studies in the US have confirmed the high prevalence of CKD among relatives of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with 14% of screened relatives having GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (20-24). First or second-degree relatives of patients with ESKD are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop ESKD and are more likely to be obese and to have undetected hypertension.6Jurkovitz C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar,S1,S4,S5 Thus, individuals with a family history of CKD are a high-risk group as are hypertensive, diabetics, and those over 65 years of age.S3Here, we approached the first-degree relatives of 4,500 dialysis patients to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed CKD among first-degree relatives of Saudi hemodialysis patients.ResultsDemographic and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the total.Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the the Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In KSA, there are currently over 20,000 patients on dialysis and 9,810 patients undergoing follow up after kidney transplantation.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar The combined prevalence of renal replacement therapy in Saudi Arabia is estimated at 294.3 per million population.1Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation.http://www.scot.gov.saGoogle Scholar In Saudi Arabia, the age-standardized prevalence of CKD (stages 1–2, stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5, not including renal replacement therapy) is estimated at 9,892 per 100,000, which is higher than the estimates for Western Europe (5,446 per 100,000) and North America (7,919 per 100,000).2Alsuwaida A.O. Farag Y.M. Al Sayyari A.A. et al.Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SEEK-Saudi investigators)-a pilot study.Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010; 21: 1066-1072PubMed Google Scholar Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the prevalence of CKD in adults in the United States of America (US) is 11.7%.3Alqurashi K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar We found only a single study of the prevalence of CKD among the young Saudi population (mean age of 37.4 ± 11.3 years).4Fatani H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar This study estimated CKD prevalence within this segment of the Saudi population at 5.7% using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD)-3 equation and 5.3% using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) Individuals at higher risk for the development of CKD include those with a strong family history of CKD.5McClellan W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,S1-S3 Studies in the US have confirmed the high prevalence of CKD among relatives of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with 14% of screened relatives having GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (20-24). First or second-degree relatives of patients with ESKD are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop ESKD and are more likely to be obese and to have undetected hypertension.6Jurkovitz C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar,S1,S4,S5 Thus, individuals with a family history of CKD are a high-risk group as are hypertensive, diabetics, and those over 65 years of we approached the first-degree relatives of 4,500 dialysis patients to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed CKD among first-degree relatives of Saudi hemodialysis and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the total.Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table and Clinical CharacteristicsThe characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 kg/m2.Table 1Characteristics of first-degree relatives of hemodialysis patients in Saudi ArabiaRegional distribution in Saudi ArabiaN (%)Central1187 (23.2%)Eastern1059 (20.7%)Western1479 (28.9%)Southern1329 (27.2%)Relationship to index patientOffspring3130 (63.7%)Sibling1307 (26.6%)Parent477 (9.7%)DemographicsAge in mean ± SD (range) years34.3 ± 14.3 (01 – 95)Male2602 (50.9%)Female2510 (49.1%)Medical HistoryHistory of hypertension731(14.3%)History of diabetes mellitus1196(23.4%)Previous pregnancy91 (31.1%) of married women Open table in a new tab In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the The characteristics of the 5177 relatives (26% of total invited) are shown in Table 1. Relatives presented for CKD screening from all regions of KSA: 23.2%, 20.7%, 28.9 % and 27.2% from the central, eastern, western, and southern regions. The most common relatives screened were offspring (63.7%). The mean age of the screened relatives was 34.3 ± 14.3 years, and mean BMI was 29.6 ± 11.8 In the index patients (Table S1), most had a primary diagnosis for their CKD of DM (45.5%), followed by those of unknown etiology (20.2%) and hypertension (19.8%). Inherited kidney diseases contributed only 0.12% of the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated FactorsMean serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened of chronic kidney disease in first-degree relatives of hemodialysis or mean ± SD serum creatinine ± 22.6 < 90 < 60 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 GFR of 60 – 90 ml/min/1.73m2 with – 2 – ± 11.8 – > > ± – ± – > > 90 estimated chronic kidney Open table in a new tab Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > for more kidney disease among the relatives of hemodialysis – ± ± of of of index > > diagnosis of the index chronic kidney disease Open table in a new tab we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table of for with 2 – CKD in relatives of hemodialysis of of 3, offspring of Open table in a new tab this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table serum creatinine was 80.9 ± 26.4 μmol/l, and the mean eGFR was 96.4 ± 22.6 ml/min/1.73m2 (Table 2). Of all relatives screened, 54.6% had eGFR > 90 ml/min/1.73m2, indicative of healthy kidney status, 39.6% had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2, and 5.8% had eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Of the relatives with eGFR 60 and 90 ml/min/1.73m2, had Thus, the prevalence of CKD was eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 with and eGFR 60 – 90 were in CKD – and in 2 – The prevalence rates of and were and among all of the screened estimated chronic kidney Relatives with BMI > indicative of of the higher had BMI > indicative of was ± and was ± only a history of we found had hypertension and had undiagnosed hypertension was We the of and DM in the relatives with CKD and those CKD (Table hypertension was more common in the relatives with CKD to those Of the relatives > had a BMI of > and % on had which We among the screened relatives in mean in the and in the the there were more relatives with CKD from the than in the regions in the in the and 5.3% in the Western risk were with more kidney we the characteristics of the relatives with – disease to those with 2 – disease (Table The relatives with were ± those in the ± and had a higher prevalence of a history of hypertension or DM and a BMI > chronic kidney disease we found relatives with 2 – had the risk and hypertension (Table this of the relatives screened, are on with on and on The patients in the had the of including and (Table this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the In this we screened more than first-degree relatives of Saudi patients on The of from the regions of Saudi Arabia and had distribution and The of the total of relatives The prevalence of CKD among the relatives screened was which is times in the Saudi population for age H.H. Mira S.A. El-Zubier A.G. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia.Diabetes Care. 1987; 10: 180-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar have shown higher prevalence of CKD among hemodialysis in the population from of the W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google C. Franch H. Shoham D. Bellenger J. McClellan W. Family members of patients treated for ESRD have high rates of undetected kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1173-1178Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (44) Google The relatives screened in study to be young (mean age 34.3 is as the prevalence of CKD among be of study to on a which is to to high or was the prevalence of CKD among the screened relatives of patients from the southern was 2 to higher than the prevalence in regions. the relatives from the southern had higher prevalence of the prevalence of diabetes among the relatives and their index was the among the regions. The characteristics were in the relatives from the which had the prevalence of DM and the prevalence of the family history of CKD is by than are common within Saudi there is is more common in the A.S. A.A. among the Saudi PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Thus, the a kidney disease was in the In the Saudi population of the age as screened the prevalence of diabetes is K.A. Aljabri K.S. Bokhari S.A. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community.Ann Saudi Med. 2011; 31: 19-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (195) Google Scholar which was the prevalence of the relatives a history of diabetes the of only of the had This to the history be at to the the a history of DM be We found the prevalence of DM and CKD in the relatives among the regions. in the and southern were relatives with the prevalence of hypertension was higher than among the relatives CKD This is with W.M. Satko S.G. Gladstone E. Krisher J.O. Narva A.S. Freedman B.I. Individuals with a family history of ESRD are a high-risk population for CKD: implications for targeted surveillance and intervention activities.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: S100-S106Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar the of of the relatives had only a history of Thus, a of undiagnosed hypertension of was hypertension in are with study from Saudi Arabia, which of were and of this We found in the screened the prevalence of of > was which is higher than for the Saudi population higher prevalence of was in the relatives with 2 – CKD with those in – This is in with among dialysis patients was with a family history of This the of a of In the combined prevalence of CKD was and was in the southern of Saudi kidney was more likely in relatives and those with or relatives had undiagnosed hypertension and undiagnosed or screening to be to health to with the of CKD in the the the We all the dialysis patients and their to in this We all of the and in all with with