ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries
Paul M. Thompson(University of Southern California), Neda Jahanshad(University of Southern California), Christopher R. K. Ching(University of Southern California), Lauren E. Salminen(University of Southern California), Sophia I. Thomopoulos(University of Southern California), Joanna K. Bright(University of Southern California), Bernhard T. Baune(The University of Melbourne), Sara Bertolín(Bellvitge University Hospital), Janita Bralten(Radboud University Nijmegen), Willem B. Bruin(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Robin Bülow(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Jian Chen(The Ohio State University), Yann Chye(Monash University), Udo Dannlowski(University of Münster), Carolien G. F. de Kovel(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Gary Donohoe(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Lisa T. Eyler(University of California San Diego), Stephen V. Faraone(SUNY Upstate Medical University), Pauline Favre(Inserm), Courtney A. Filippi(National Institute of Mental Health), Thomas Frodl(Trinity College Dublin), Daniel Garijo(University of Southern California), Yolanda Gil(University of Southern California), Hans J. Grabe(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Katrina L. Grasby(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Tomáš Hájek(Dalhousie University), Laura K. M. Han(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Sean N. Hatton(The University of Sydney), Kevin Hilbert(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Tiffany C. Ho(University of California, San Francisco), Laurena Holleran(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Georg Homuth(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Norbert Hosten(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Josselin Houenou(Inserm), Iliyan Ivanov(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Tianye Jia(King's College London), Sinéad Kelly(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Marieke Klein(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jun Soo Kwon(Seoul National University), Max A. Laansma(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Jeanne Leerssen(Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience), Ulrike Lueken(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Abraham Nunes(Dalhousie University), Joseph O' Neill(University of California, Los Angeles), Nils Opel(University of Münster), Fabrizio Piras(Fondazione Santa Lucia), Federica Piras(Fondazione Santa Lucia), Merel C. Postema(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Elena Pozzi(The University of Melbourne), Natalia Shatokhina(University of Southern California), Carles Soriano‐Mas(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Gianfranco Spalletta(Baylor College of Medicine), Daqiang Sun(University of California, Los Angeles), Alexander Teumer(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Amanda K. Tilot(University of Southern California), Leonardo Tozzi(Stanford University), Celia van der Merwe(Broad Institute), Eus J.W. Van Someren(Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience), Guido van Wingen(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Henry Völzke(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Esther Walton(University of Bath), Lei Wang(Northwestern University), Anderson M. Winkler(National Institute of Mental Health), Katharina Wittfeld(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Margaret J. Wright(The University of Queensland), Je‐Yeon Yun(Seoul National University), Guohao Zhang(University of Maryland, Baltimore County), Yanli Zhang‐James(SUNY Upstate Medical University), Bhim M. Adhikari(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Ingrid Agartz(University of Oslo), Moji Aghajani(Amsterdam Neuroscience), André Alemán(University Medical Center Groningen), Robert R. Althoff(University of Vermont), André Altmann(University College London), Ole A. Andreassen(Oslo University Hospital), David Baron(Western University of Health Sciences), Brenda Bartnik‐Olson(Loma Linda University Medical Center), Janna Marie Bas‐Hoogendam(Leiden University), Arielle Baskin–Sommers(Yale University), Carrie E. Bearden(University of California, Los Angeles), Laura A. Berner(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Premika S.W. Boedhoe(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Rachel M. Brouwer(Utrecht University), Jan K. Buitelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Karen Caeyenberghs(Deakin University), Charlotte A. M. Cecil(Erasmus University Rotterdam), Ronald A. Cohen(University of Florida Health), James H. Cole(UK Dementia Research Institute), Patricia Conrod(Université de Montréal), Stéphane A. De Brito(University of Birmingham), Sonja M. C. de Zwarte(Utrecht University), Emily L. Dennis(University of Southern California), Sylvane Desrivières(King's College London), Danai Dima(City, University of London), Stefan Ehrlich(Technische Universität Dresden), Carrie Esopenko(Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey), Graeme Fairchild(University of Bath), Simon E. Fisher(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jean‐Paul Fouché(University of Cape Town), Clyde Francks(Radboud University Nijmegen), Sophia Frangou(University of British Columbia), Barbara Franke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Hugh Garavan(University of Vermont), David C. Glahn(Boston Children's Hospital), Nynke A. Groenewold(University of Cape Town), Tiril P. Gurholt(Oslo University Hospital), Boris A. Gutman(Illinois Institute of Technology), Tim Hahn(University of Münster), Ian H. Harding(Monash University), Dennis Hernaus(Maastricht University), Derrek P. Hibar, Frank G. Hillary(Pennsylvania State University), Martine Hoogman(Radboud University Nijmegen), Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol(Utrecht University), Maria Jalbrzikowski(University of Pittsburgh), George A Karkashadze, Eduard T. Klapwijk(Leiden University), Rebecca Knickmeyer(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Peter Kochunov(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Inga K. Koerte(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Xiangzhen Kong(Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics), Sook‐Lei Liew(University of Southern California), Alexander Lin(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Mark W. Logue(Boston University), Eileen Lüders(University of Southern California), Fabìo Macciardi(University of California, Irvine), Scott Mackey(University of Vermont), Andrew R. Mayer(Mind Research Network), Carrie R. McDonald(University of California San Diego), Agnes B. McMahon(University of Southern California), Sarah E. Medland(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Gemma Modinos(King's College London), Rajendra A. Morey(Duke University), Sven C. Mueller(Universidad de Deusto), Pratik Mukherjee, Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova(Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University), Talia M. Nir(University of Southern California), Alexander Olsen(Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Peristera Paschou(Purdue University West Lafayette), Daniel Pine(National Institute of Mental Health), Fabrizio Pizzagalli(University of Southern California), Miguel E. Rentería(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Jonathan D. Rohrer(National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery), Philipp G. Sämann(Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry), Lianne Schmaal(The University of Melbourne), Günter Schumann(King's College London), Mark S. Shiroishi(University of Southern California), Sanjay M. Sisodiya(Epilepsy Research UK), Dirk J. A. Smit(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Ida E. Sønderby(Oslo University Hospital), Dan J. Stein(South African Medical Research Council), Jason L. Stein(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Masoud Tahmasian(Shahid Beheshti University), David F. Tate(Missouri Institute of Mental Health), Jessica A. Turner(Georgia State University), Odile A. van den Heuvel(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Nic J.A. van der Wee(Leiden University Medical Center), Ysbrand D. van der Werf(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Theo G.M. van Erp(University of California, Irvine), Neeltje E.M. van Haren(Utrecht University), Daan van Rooij(Radboud University Nijmegen), Laura S. van Velzen(The University of Melbourne), Ilya M. Veer(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Dick J. Veltman(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Julio E. Villalón‐Reina(University of Southern California), Henrik Walter(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Christopher D. Whelan(Biogen (United States)), Elisabeth A. Wilde(Baylor College of Medicine), Mojtaba Zarei(Shahid Beheshti University), Vladimir Zelman(University of Southern California)
Cited by 681Open Access
Abstract
This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors.
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