The burden of unintentional drowning: global, regional and national estimates of mortality from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study

Richard C. Franklin(James Cook University), Amy E. Peden(UNSW Sydney), Erin B Hamilton(University of Washington), Catherine Bisignano(University of Washington), Chris D Castle(University of Washington), Zachary V Dingels(University of Washington), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Zichen Liu(University of Washington), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Washington), Nicholas L S Roberts(University of Washington), Dillon O Sylte(University of Washington), Theo Vos(University of Washington), Gdiom Gebreheat(Adigrat University), Akine Eshete(Debre Berhan University), Rushdiá Ahmed(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Fares Alahdab(Mayo Clinic), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Carl Abelardo T Antonio(Hong Kong Polytechnic University), Jalal Arabloo(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Aseb Arba(Wolaita Sodo University), Ashish Badiye(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Shankar M Bakkannavar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Maciej Banach(Medical University of Lodz), Palash Chandra Banik(Bangladesh University of Health Sciences), Amrit Banstola(Pokhara University), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Auckland), Akbar Barzegar(Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Mohsen Bayati(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Pankaj Bhardwaj(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Soumyadeep Bhaumik(George Institute for Global Health), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(Aga Khan University), Ali Bijani(Babol University of Medical Sciences), Archith Boloor(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Félix Carvalho(Universidade do Porto), Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury(University of South Carolina), Dinh‐Toi Chu(Hanoi National University of Education), Samantha Colquhoun(Australian National University), Henok Dagne(University of Gondar), Baye Dagnew(University of Gondar), Lalit Dandona(University of Washington), Rakhi Dandona(University of Washington), Ahmad Daryani(Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences), Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne(University of Peradeniya), Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Hoa Do(Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành), Tim Driscoll(The University of Sydney), Arielle Wilder Eagan(Tufts Medical Center), Ziad El‐Khatib(Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue), Eduarda Fernandes(Universidade do Porto), Irina Filip(Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center), Florian Fischer(Bielefeld University), Berhe Gebremichael(Haramaya University), Gaurav Gupta(World Health Organization - India), Juanita A. Haagsma(Erasmus MC), Shoaib Hassan(University of Bergen), Delia Hendrie(Curtin University), Chi Linh Hoang(Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành), Michael K. Hole(The University of Texas at Austin), Ramesh Holla(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Sorin Hostiuc(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Mowafa Househ(Hamad bin Khalifa University), Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of Ibadan), Leeberk Raja Inbaraj(Bangalore Baptist Hospital), Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani(Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences), M. Mofizul Islam(La Trobe University), Rebecca Ivers(UNSW Sydney), Achala Upendra Jayatilleke(University of Colombo), Farahnaz Joukar(Guilan University of Medical Sciences), Rohollah Kalhor(Jahrom University of Medical Sciences), Tanuj Kanchan(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Neeti Kapoor(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Amir Kasaeian(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Maseer Khan(Jazan University), Ejaz Ahmad Khan(Health Services Academy), Jagdish Khubchandani(Ball State University), Kewal Krishan(Panjab University), G Anil Kumar(Public Health Foundation of India), Paolo Lauriola(Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica), Alan D Lopez(The University of Melbourne), Mohammed Madadin(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Marek Majdán(University of Trnava), Venkatesh Maled(Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences), Navid Manafi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Ali Manafi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Martin McKee(London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Hagazi Gebre Meles(Mekelle University), Ritesh G. Menezes(Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University), Tuomo J Meretoja(University of Helsinki), Ted R. Miller(Curtin University), Prasanna Mithra(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Reza Mohammadpourhodki(Shahroud University of Medical Sciences), Farnam Mohebi(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mariam Molokhia(King's College London), Ghulam Mustafa(Nishtar Medical College and Hospital), Ionuţ Negoi(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Cuong Tat Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Huong Lan Thi Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Andrew T Olagunju(University of Lagos), Tinuke O Olagunju(McMaster University), Jagadish Rao Padubidri(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Keyvan Pakshir(Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Ashish Pathak(Karolinska Institutet), Suzanne Polinder(Erasmus MC), Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi(Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta), Navid Rabiee(Sharif University of Technology), Amir Radfar(University of Central Florida), Saleem Muhammad Rana(University of Lahore), Jennifer Rickard(University of Minnesota), Saeed Safari(Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Payman Salamati(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Abdallah M Samy(Ain Shams University), Abdur Razzaque Sarker(Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies), David C. Schwebel(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Faramarz Shaahmadi(Jahrom University of Medical Sciences), Masood Ali Shaikh, Jae Il Shin(Emory University), Pankaj Kumar Singh(Kathmandu University), Amin Soheili(Urmia University), Mark A. Stokes(Deakin University), Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria(The University of Melbourne), Ingan Ukur Tarigan(Ministry of Health), Mohamad‐Hani Temsah(Alfaisal University), Berhe Etsay Tesfay(Adigrat University), Pascual Valdéz, Yousef Veisani(Medical University of Ilam), Pengpeng Ye(National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention), Naohiro Yonemoto(National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry), Chuanhua Yu(Wuhan University), Hasan Yusefzadeh(Urmia University), Sojib Bin Zaman(International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research), Zhi‐Jiang Zhang(Wuhan University), Spencer L James(University of Washington)
Injury Prevention
February 20, 2020
10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043484
Cited by 225Open Access
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related mortality globally. Unintentional drowning (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes W65-74 and ICD9 E910) is one of the 30 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive causes of injury-related mortality in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This study's objective is to describe unintentional drowning using GBD estimates from 1990 to 2017. METHODS: Unintentional drowning from GBD 2017 was estimated for cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs), age, sex, country, region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and trends from 1990 to 2017. GBD 2017 used standard GBD methods for estimating mortality from drowning. RESULTS: Globally, unintentional drowning mortality decreased by 44.5% between 1990 and 2017, from 531 956 (uncertainty interval (UI): 484 107 to 572 854) to 295 210 (284 493 to 306 187) deaths. Global age-standardised mortality rates decreased 57.4%, from 9.3 (8.5 to 10.0) in 1990 to 4.0 (3.8 to 4.1) per 100 000 per annum in 2017. Unintentional drowning-associated mortality was generally higher in children, males and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh accounted for 51.2% of all drowning deaths in 2017. Oceania was the region with the highest rate of age-standardised YLLs in 2017, with 45 434 (40 850 to 50 539) YLLs per 100 000 across both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a decline in global drowning rates. This study shows that the decline was not consistent across countries. The results reinforce the need for continued and improved policy, prevention and research efforts, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.

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