The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22
Ian Dunham(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Adrienne Hunt(Wellcome Sanger Institute), John Collins(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Richard Bruskiewich(Wellcome Sanger Institute), David Beare(Wellcome Sanger Institute), M. Clamp(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Luc J Smink(Wellcome Sanger Institute), R. Ainscough(Wellcome Sanger Institute), J. P. Almeida(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Anne Babbage(Wellcome Sanger Institute), C. L. Bagguley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), J. Bailey(Wellcome Sanger Institute), K. F. Barlow(Wellcome Sanger Institute), K. Bates(Wellcome Sanger Institute), O. Beasley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Christine Bird(Wellcome Sanger Institute), S. Blakey(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Anne Bridgeman(Karolinska University Hospital), David Buck(Karolinska University Hospital), Joanne C. Burgess(Karolinska University Hospital), W. Burrill(Wellcome Sanger Institute), J.H. Burton(Wellcome Sanger Institute), C. Carder(Wellcome Sanger Institute), N. P. Carter(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Y. Chen(Wellcome Sanger Institute), G.M.G. Clark(Wellcome Sanger Institute), S. M. Clegg(Wellcome Sanger Institute), V. Cobley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Charlotte G. Cole(Wellcome Sanger Institute), R. E. Collier(Wellcome Sanger Institute), R. Connor(Karolinska University Hospital), D. Conroy(Karolinska University Hospital), N. Corby(Wellcome Sanger Institute), G. J. Coville(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Amelia Cox(Wellcome Sanger Institute), John Davis(Karolinska University Hospital), Elisabeth Dawson(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Pawandeep Dhami(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Cat Dockree(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Steve Dodsworth(Karolinska University Hospital), Richard Durbin(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Andrew Ellington(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Kathryn L. Evans(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jim Fey(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Keiran Fleming(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Lisa French(Wellcome Sanger Institute), A. A. Garner(Wellcome Sanger Institute), James Gilbert(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Melanie E. Goward(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Darren Grafham(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Mark Griffiths(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Carol Hall(Karolinska University Hospital), R. E. Hall(Wellcome Sanger Institute), G. Hall-Tamlyn(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Rosemary Heathcott(Karolinska University Hospital), Sarah K Ho(Wellcome Sanger Institute), S. Holmes(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Sarah Hunt(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Matthew C. Jones(Wellcome Sanger Institute), J. K. Kershaw(Wellcome Sanger Institute), A. M. Kimberley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Andrew King(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Gavin K. Laird(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Cordelia F. Langford(Wellcome Sanger Institute), M. Leversha(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Christine Lloyd(Wellcome Sanger Institute), David Lloyd(Wellcome Sanger Institute), I. D. Martyn(Wellcome Sanger Institute), M. Mashreghi-Mohammadi(Wellcome Sanger Institute), L. Matthews(Wellcome Sanger Institute), O. T. McCann(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Joseph L. McClay(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stuart McLaren(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Amanda A. McMurray(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stuart A. Milne(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Beverley Mortimore(Wellcome Sanger Institute), C. Odell(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Rebecca Pavitt(Wellcome Sanger Institute), A. V. Pearce(Wellcome Sanger Institute), D. Pearson(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Benjamin Phillimore(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stephen Phillips(Wellcome Sanger Institute), R. W. Plumb(Wellcome Sanger Institute), H. P. Ramsay(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Y. Ramsey(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Layne Rogers(Wellcome Sanger Institute), M. T. Ross(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Carol Scott(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Harminder Sehra(Wellcome Sanger Institute), C. D. Skuce(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Susan L. Smalley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), M. L. Smith(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Cari Soderlund(Wellcome Sanger Institute), L. Spragon(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Charles A. Steward(Wellcome Sanger Institute), John Sulston(Wellcome Sanger Institute), R. Mark Swann(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Mark D. Vaudin(Karolinska University Hospital), M. Wall(Wellcome Sanger Institute), J. M. Wallis(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Mathew N. Whiteley(Karolinska University Hospital), Dave Willey(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Leanne E. Williams(Wellcome Sanger Institute), S. Williams(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Helen Williamson(Karolinska University Hospital), T. E. Wilmer(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Laurens Wilming(Wellcome Sanger Institute), C. L. Wright(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Tim Hubbard(Wellcome Sanger Institute), D. R. Bentley(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Stephan Beck(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Jane Rogers(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Nobutaka Shimizu(Keio University Hospital), Satoshi Minoshima(Keio University Hospital), Kazuhiko Kawasaki(Keio University Hospital), Takashi Sasaki(Keio University Hospital), Shuichi Asakawa(Keio University Hospital), Jun Kudoh(Keio University Hospital), Ai Shintani(Keio University Hospital), Kazunori Shibuya(Keio University Hospital), Yumiko Yoshizaki(Keio University Hospital), Nanako Aoki(Keio University Hospital), Susumu Mitsuyama(Keio University Hospital), B.A. Roe(University of Oklahoma), F. Chen(University of Oklahoma), L Chu(University of Oklahoma), Judy S. Crabtree(University of Oklahoma), Stéphane Deschamps(University of Oklahoma), Ahn Do(University of Oklahoma), Thuy Do(University of Oklahoma), Alexandra Dorman(University of Oklahoma), Ferric C. Fang(University of Oklahoma), Ying Fu(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Ping Hu(University of Oklahoma), Axin Hua(University of Oklahoma), Steve Kenton(University of Oklahoma), Hongshing Lai(University of Oklahoma), Houyuan Lao(University of Oklahoma), Jennifer D. Lewis(University of Oklahoma), Suzanna E. Lewis(University of Oklahoma), Shau‐Ping Lin(University of Oklahoma), Po‐Ru Loh(University of Oklahoma), Eda Malaj(University of Oklahoma), T. Nguyen(University of Oklahoma), Huaqin Pan(University of Oklahoma), Stephen Phan(University of Oklahoma), Sulan Qi(University of Oklahoma), Y. Qian(University of Oklahoma), L. Ray(University of Oklahoma), Qun Ren(University of Oklahoma), Steve Shaull(University of Oklahoma), Daniel B. Sloan(University of Oklahoma), Linsheng Song(University of Oklahoma), Q. Wang(University of Oklahoma), Ying‐Ping Wang(University of Oklahoma), Zhili Wang(University of Oklahoma), James D. White(University of Oklahoma), Darrin L. Willingham(University of Oklahoma), Hongmin Wu(University of Oklahoma), Ziyun Yao(University of Oklahoma), Ming Zhan(University of Oklahoma), G. Zhang(University of Oklahoma), Stephanie L. Chissoe(Washington University in St. Louis), J. Murray(Washington University in St. Louis), Nancy Miller(Washington University in St. Louis), Pat Minx(Washington University in St. Louis), Robert S. Fulton(Washington University in St. Louis), D. Johnson(Washington University in St. Louis), Guy W. Bemis(Washington University in St. Louis), D. R. Bentley(Washington University in St. Louis), H. D. Bradshaw(Washington University in St. Louis), Steve Bourne(Washington University in St. Louis), M. Cordes(Washington University in St. Louis), Z. Du(Washington University in St. Louis), Lucinda A. Fulton(Washington University in St. Louis), D. Goela(Washington University in St. Louis), Tina Graves(Washington University in St. Louis), John S. Hawkins(Washington University in St. Louis), K. Hinds(Washington University in St. Louis), K. Kemp(Washington University in St. Louis), Phil Latreille(Washington University in St. Louis), Dan Layman(Washington University in St. Louis), Philip Ozersky(Washington University in St. Louis), Theresa Rohlfing(Washington University in St. Louis), Paul Scheet(Washington University in St. Louis), Calvin C Walker(Washington University in St. Louis), A. Wamsley(Washington University in St. Louis), P. Wohldmann(Washington University in St. Louis), Kymberlie Pepin(Washington University in St. Louis), Joanne O. Nelson(Washington University in St. Louis), Ian Korf(Washington University in St. Louis), J. A. Bedell(Washington University in St. Louis), LaDeana Hillier(Washington University in St. Louis), Elaine R. Mardis(Washington University in St. Louis), R Waterston(Washington University in St. Louis), Richard Wilson(Washington University in St. Louis), Beverly S. Emanuel(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Tamim H. Shaikh(University of Pennsylvania), Hiroki Kurahashi(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Sulagna C. Saitta(University of Pennsylvania), Marcia L. Budarf(University of Alberta), Heather E. McDermid(University of Alberta), A. Tim Johnson(University of Alberta), Andrew C. Wong(University of Alberta), Bernice E. Morrow(Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Lisa Edelmann(Albert Einstein College of Medicine), Usa Kim(California Institute of Technology), H. Shizuya(California Institute of Technology), Melvin I. Simon(California Institute of Technology), Jan P. Dumanski(Karolinska University Hospital), Myriam Peyrard(Karolinska University Hospital), Darek Kedra(Karolinska University Hospital), Eyal Seroussi(Karolinska University Hospital), Ingegerd Fransson(Karolinska University Hospital), I. Tapia(Karolinska University Hospital), Carl E.G. Bruder(Karolinska University Hospital), Kevin P. O'Brien(Karolinska University Hospital)
Cited by 1,165Open Access
Abstract
Knowledge of the complete genomic DNA sequence of an organism allows a systematic approach to defining its genetic components. The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes, including those without known function, their control elements, and, by inference, the proteins they encode, as well as all other biologically important sequences. Furthermore, the sequence is a rich and permanent source of information for the design of further biological studies of the organism and for the study of evolution through cross-species sequence comparison. The power of this approach has been amply demonstrated by the determination of the sequences of a number of microbial and model organisms. The next step is to obtain the complete sequence of the entire human genome. Here we report the sequence of the euchromatic part of human chromosome 22. The sequence obtained consists of 12 contiguous segments spanning 33.4 megabases, contains at least 545 genes and 134 pseudogenes, and provides the first view of the complex chromosomal landscapes that will be found in the rest of the genome.