First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama(Woodwell Climate Research Center), A. Alberdi(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), W. Alef(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Keiichi Asada(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rebecca Azulay(Universitat de València), Anne-Kathrin Baczko(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), David Ball(University of Arizona), Mislav Baloković(Woodwell Climate Research Center), John Barrett(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dan Bintley(East Asian Observatory), Lindy Blackburn(Woodwell Climate Research Center), W. Boland(Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie), Katherine L. Bouman(California Institute of Technology), Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Christiaan D. Brinkerink(Radboud University Nijmegen), Roger Brissenden(Woodwell Climate Research Center), S. Britzen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Avery E. Broderick(University of Waterloo), Dominique Broguière(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Thomas Bronzwaer(Radboud University Nijmegen), Do‐Young Byun(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), J. E. Carlstrom(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Andrew Chael(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Chi‐kwan Chan(University of Arizona), Shami Chatterjee(Cornell University), Koushik Chatterjee(University of Amsterdam), Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Pierre Christian(University of Arizona), J. E. Conway(Chalmers University of Technology), J. M. Cordes(Cornell University), G. Crew(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Yuzhu Cui(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Jordy Davelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Goethe University Frankfurt), Roger Deane(Rhodes University), Jessica Dempsey(East Asian Observatory), G. Desvignes(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jason Dexter(Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), Sheperd S. Doeleman(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Ralph P. Eatough(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Vincent L. Fish(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ed Fomalont(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Raquel Fraga-Encinas(Radboud University Nijmegen), William T. Freeman(Google (United States)), Per Friberg(East Asian Observatory), Christian M. Fromm(Goethe University Frankfurt), José L. Gómez(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), Peter Galison(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Charles F. Gammie(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Roberto García(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Olivier Gentaz(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Boris Georgiev(University of Waterloo), C. Goddi(Leiden University), Roman Gold(Goethe University Frankfurt), Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Kazuhiro Hada(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), M. H. Hecht(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ronald Hesper(University of Groningen), Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Mareki Honma(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Chih-Wei L. Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lei 磊 Huang 黄, D. H. Hughes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Shiro Ikeda(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), Makoto Inoue(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Sara Issaoun(Radboud University Nijmegen), D. J. James(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Buell T. Jannuzi(University of Arizona), Michaël Janssen(Radboud University Nijmegen), Britton Jeter(University of Waterloo), Wu Jiang, Michael D. Johnson(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Svetlana G. Jorstad(Boston University), Taehyun Jung(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Mansour Karami(University of Waterloo), R. Karuppusamy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Tomohisa Kawashima(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Garrett K. Keating(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Mark Kettenis(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Jae-Young Kim(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Junhan Kim(University of Arizona), Jongsoo Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Motoki Kino(Kogakuin University), Jun Yi Koay(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Patrick M. Koch(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Shoko Koyama(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Michael Kramer(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), C. Krämer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), T. P. Krichbaum(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Cheng‐Yu Kuo(National Sun Yat-sen University), Tod R. Lauer(Kitt Peak National Observatory), Sang-Sung Lee(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Yanrong Li, Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李, M. Lindqvist(Chalmers University of Technology), Kuo Liu(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Elisabetta Liuzzo(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Wen-Ping Lo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), A. P. Lobanov(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Laurent Loinard(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), C. J. Lonsdale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛, Sera Markoff(University of Amsterdam), Daniel P. Marrone(University of Arizona), Alan P. Marscher(Boston University), I. Martí‐Vidal(Yebes Observatory), Satoki Matsushita(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lynn D. Matthews(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Lia Medeiros(University of Arizona), K. M. Menten(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Yosuke Mizuno(Goethe University Frankfurt), Izumi Mizuno(East Asian Observatory), J. M. Moran(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Kotaro Moriyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Monika Mościbrodzka(Radboud University Nijmegen), Cornelia Müller(Radboud University Nijmegen), Hiroshi Nagai(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Neil M. Nagar(University of Concepción), Masanori Nakamura(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Ramesh Narayan(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Gopal Narayanan(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Iniyan Natarajan(Rhodes University), R. Neri(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Chunchong Ni(University of Waterloo), A. Noutsos(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Hiroki Okino(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Héctor Olivares(Goethe University Frankfurt), Tomoaki Oyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Feryal Özel(University of Arizona), Daniel C. M. Palumbo(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Nimesh Patel(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ue‐Li Pen(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Dominic W. Pesce(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Vincent Piétu(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), R. L. Plambeck(University of California, Berkeley), Aleksandar PopStefanija(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Oliver Porth(Goethe University Frankfurt), Ben Prather(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Jorge A. Preciado-López(Perimeter Institute), Dimitrios Psaltis(University of Arizona), Hung-Yi Pu(Perimeter Institute), Venkatessh Ramakrishnan(University of Concepción), Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings(East Asian Observatory), Alexander W. Raymond(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Luciano Rezzolla(Goethe University Frankfurt), Bart Ripperda(Goethe University Frankfurt), Freek Roelofs(Radboud University Nijmegen), A. E. E. Rogers(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Ros(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Mel Rose(University of Arizona), Arash Roshanineshat(University of Arizona), Helge Rottmann(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), A. L. Roy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Chet Ruszczyk(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Benjamin R. Ryan(Los Alamos National Laboratory), K. L. J. Rygl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Salvador Sánchez(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), David Sánchez-Argüelles(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Mahito Sasada(Hiroshima University), T. Savolainen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), F. Peter Schloerb(University of Massachusetts Amherst), K. Schüster(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Lijing Shao(Peking University), Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Bong Won Sohn(Yonsei University), Jason Soohoo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Fumie Tazaki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Paul Tiede(University of Waterloo), R. P. J. Tilanus(Leiden University), Michael Titus(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Kenji Toma(Tohoku University), Pablo Torné(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Tyler Trent(University of Arizona), Sascha Trippe(Seoul National University), Shuichiro Tsuda(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Ilse van Bemmel(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Huib Jan van Langevelde(Leiden University), Daniel R. van Rossum(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jan Wagner(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), J. F. C. Wardle(Brandeis University), Jonathan Weintroub(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Norbert Wex(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Robert Wharton(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Maciek Wielgus(Woodwell Climate Research Center), George N. Wong(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴, André Young(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ken Young(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ziri Younsi(Goethe University Frankfurt), Feng 峰 Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁, J. A. Zensus(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Guang-Yao Zhao(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Shan-Shan Zhao(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ziyan Zhu(Harvard University), Joseph Farah(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Zheng Meyer-Zhao(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Daniel Michalik(University of Chicago), Andrew Nadolski(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Hiroaki Nishioka(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Nicolas Pradel(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rurik A. Primiani(Systems and Technology Research (United States)), Kamal Souccar(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Laura Vertatschitsch(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Paul Yamaguchi(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)
Cited by 1,480Open Access
Abstract
Abstract We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ∼40 μ as, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the “shadow” of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others’ work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.
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