First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama(Woodwell Climate Research Center), A. Alberdi(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), W. Alef(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Keiichi Asada(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rebecca Azulay(Universitat de València), Anne-Kathrin Baczko(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), David Ball(University of Arizona), Mislav Baloković(Woodwell Climate Research Center), John Barrett(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dan Bintley(East Asian Observatory), Lindy Blackburn(Woodwell Climate Research Center), W. Boland(Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie), Katherine L. Bouman(California Institute of Technology), Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Christiaan D. Brinkerink(Radboud University Nijmegen), Roger Brissenden(Woodwell Climate Research Center), S. Britzen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Avery E. Broderick(University of Waterloo), Dominique Broguière(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Thomas Bronzwaer(Radboud University Nijmegen), Do‐Young Byun(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), J. E. Carlstrom(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Andrew Chael(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Chi‐kwan Chan(University of Arizona), Shami Chatterjee(Cornell University), Koushik Chatterjee(University of Amsterdam), Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Pierre Christian(University of Arizona), J. E. Conway(Chalmers University of Technology), J. M. Cordes(Cornell University), G. Crew(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Yuzhu Cui(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Jordy Davelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Goethe University Frankfurt), Roger Deane(Rhodes University), Jessica Dempsey(East Asian Observatory), G. Desvignes(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jason Dexter(Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), Sheperd S. Doeleman(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Ralph P. Eatough(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Vincent L. Fish(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ed Fomalont(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Raquel Fraga-Encinas(Radboud University Nijmegen), William T. Freeman(Google (United States)), Per Friberg(East Asian Observatory), Christian M. Fromm(Goethe University Frankfurt), José L. Gómez(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), Peter Galison(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Charles F. Gammie(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Roberto García(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Olivier Gentaz(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Boris Georgiev(University of Waterloo), C. Goddi(Leiden University), Roman Gold(Goethe University Frankfurt), Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Kazuhiro Hada(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), M. H. Hecht(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ronald Hesper(University of Groningen), Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Mareki Honma(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Chih-Wei L. Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lei 磊 Huang 黄, D. H. Hughes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Shiro Ikeda(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), Makoto Inoue(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Sara Issaoun(Radboud University Nijmegen), D. J. James(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Buell T. Jannuzi(University of Arizona), Michaël Janssen(Radboud University Nijmegen), Britton Jeter(University of Waterloo), Wu Jiang, Michael D. Johnson(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Svetlana G. Jorstad(Boston University), Taehyun Jung(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Mansour Karami(University of Waterloo), R. Karuppusamy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Tomohisa Kawashima(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Garrett K. Keating(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Mark Kettenis(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Jae-Young Kim(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Junhan Kim(University of Arizona), Jongsoo Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Motoki Kino(Kogakuin University), Jun Yi Koay(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Patrick M. Koch(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Shoko Koyama(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Michael Kramer(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), C. Krämer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), T. P. Krichbaum(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Cheng‐Yu Kuo(National Sun Yat-sen University), Tod R. Lauer(Kitt Peak National Observatory), Sang-Sung Lee(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Yanrong Li, Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李, M. Lindqvist(Chalmers University of Technology), Kuo Liu(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Elisabetta Liuzzo(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Wen-Ping Lo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), A. P. Lobanov(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Laurent Loinard(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), C. J. Lonsdale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛, Sera Markoff(University of Amsterdam), Daniel P. Marrone(University of Arizona), Alan P. Marscher(Boston University), I. Martí‐Vidal(Yebes Observatory), Satoki Matsushita(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lynn D. Matthews(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Lia Medeiros(University of Arizona), K. M. Menten(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Yosuke Mizuno(Goethe University Frankfurt), Izumi Mizuno(East Asian Observatory), J. M. Moran(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Kotaro Moriyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Monika Mościbrodzka(Radboud University Nijmegen), Cornelia Müller(Radboud University Nijmegen), Hiroshi Nagai(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Neil M. Nagar(University of Concepción), Masanori Nakamura(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Ramesh Narayan(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Gopal Narayanan(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Iniyan Natarajan(Rhodes University), R. Neri(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Chunchong Ni(University of Waterloo), A. Noutsos(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Hiroki Okino(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Héctor Olivares(Goethe University Frankfurt), Gisela N. Ortiz-León(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Tomoaki Oyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Feryal Özel(University of Arizona), Daniel C. M. Palumbo(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Nimesh Patel(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ue‐Li Pen(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Dominic W. Pesce(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Vincent Piétu(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), R. L. Plambeck(University of California, Berkeley), Aleksandar PopStefanija(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Oliver Porth(Goethe University Frankfurt), Ben Prather(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Jorge A. Preciado-López(Perimeter Institute), Dimitrios Psaltis(University of Arizona), Hung-Yi Pu(Perimeter Institute), Venkatessh Ramakrishnan(University of Concepción), Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings(East Asian Observatory), Alexander W. Raymond(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Luciano Rezzolla(Goethe University Frankfurt), Bart Ripperda(Goethe University Frankfurt), Freek Roelofs(Radboud University Nijmegen), A. E. E. Rogers(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Ros(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Mel Rose(University of Arizona), Arash Roshanineshat(University of Arizona), Helge Rottmann(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), A. L. Roy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Chet Ruszczyk(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Benjamin R. Ryan(Los Alamos National Laboratory), K. L. J. Rygl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Salvador Sánchez(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), David Sánchez-Argüelles(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Mahito Sasada(Hiroshima University), T. Savolainen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), F. Peter Schloerb(University of Massachusetts Amherst), K. Schüster(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Lijing Shao(Peking University), Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Bong Won Sohn(Yonsei University), Jason Soohoo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Fumie Tazaki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Paul Tiede(University of Waterloo), R. P. J. Tilanus(Leiden University), Michael Titus(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Kenji Toma(Tohoku University), Pablo Torné(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Tyler Trent(University of Arizona), Sascha Trippe(Seoul National University), Shuichiro Tsuda(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Ilse van Bemmel(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Huib Jan van Langevelde(Leiden University), Daniel R. van Rossum(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jan Wagner(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), J. F. C. Wardle(Brandeis University), Jonathan Weintroub(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Norbert Wex(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Robert Wharton(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Maciek Wielgus(Woodwell Climate Research Center), George N. Wong(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴, Ken Young(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), André Young(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ziri Younsi(Goethe University Frankfurt), Feng 峰 Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁, J. A. Zensus(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Guang-Yao Zhao(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Shan-Shan Zhao(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ziyan Zhu(Harvard University), Juan Carlos Algaba(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Alexander Allardi(University of Vermont), Rodrigo Amestica(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), J. Anczarski(Villanova University), U. Bach(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Frederick K. Baganoff(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Christopher Beaudoin(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), B. A. Benson(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Ryan Berthold(East Asian Observatory), J. Blanchard(University of Concepción), R. Blundell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Sandra Bustamente(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), R. J. Cappallo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Edgar Castillo-Domínguez(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Chih-Cheng Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Shu-Hao Chang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Song-Chu Chang(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology), Chung-Chen Chen(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Ryan Chilson, Tim C. Chuter(East Asian Observatory), Rodrigo Córdova Rosado(Woodwell Climate Research Center), I. M. Coulson(East Asian Observatory), T. M. Crawford(University of Chicago), Joseph Crowley, John David(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), M. Derome(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Matthew R. Dexter(University of California, Berkeley), Sven Dornbusch(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Kevin A. Dudevoir(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Sergio A. Dzib(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), A. Eckart(University of Cologne), Chris Eckert(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), N. R. Erickson(University of Massachusetts Amherst), W. Everett(University of Colorado Boulder), Aaron Faber(Western University), Joseph Farah(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Vernon Fath(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Thomas W. Folkers(University of Arizona), David C. Forbes(University of Arizona), R. Freund(University of Arizona), Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), David M. Gale(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), F. Gao(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory), Gertie Geertsema(Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), D. A. Graham(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Christopher H. Greer(University of Arizona), Ronald Grosslein(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Frédéric Gueth(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Daryl Haggard(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), N. W. Halverson(University of Colorado Boulder), Chih-Chiang Han(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Kuo-Chang Han(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology), H. Jinchi(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology), Yutaka Hasegawa(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), J. W. Henning(Argonne National Laboratory), A. Hernández-Gómez(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. Herrero‐Illana(European Southern Observatory), S. Heyminck(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Akihiko Hirota(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), James Hoge(East Asian Observatory), Yau-De Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), C. M. Violette Impellizzeri(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Homin Jiang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), A. Kamble(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Ryan Keisler(University of Chicago), Kimihiro Kimura(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Yusuke Kono(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Derek Kubo(East Asian Observatory), John Kuroda(East Asian Observatory), Richard Lacasse(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Robert A. Laing(SKA Observatory), E. M. Leitch(University of Chicago), Chao-Te Li(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), L. C.-C. Lin(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Ching-Tang Liu(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology), Kuan-Yu Liu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Li-Ming Lu(National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology), R. G. Marson(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Pierre Martin-Cocher(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Kyle Massingill(University of Arizona), Callie Matulonis(East Asian Observatory), Martin P. McColl(University of Arizona), Stephen R. McWhirter(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Hugo Messias(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array), Zheng Meyer-Zhao(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Daniel Michalik(University of Chicago), Alfredo Montaña(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), William Montgomerie(East Asian Observatory), Matias Mora-Klein(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), D. Muders(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Andrew Nadolski(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), S. Navarro(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Joey Neilsen(Villanova University), Chi H. Nguyen(University of Arizona), Hiroaki Nishioka(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Timothy Norton(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Michael A. Nowak(Washington University in St. Louis), George Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa(Osaka Prefecture University), Peter Oshiro, Tomoaki Oyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Harriet Parsons(East Asian Observatory), Scott Paine(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), J. Peñalver(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), N. Phillips(Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array), Michael Poirier(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Nicolas Pradel(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rurik A. Primiani(Systems and Technology Research (United States)), Philippe Raffin, A. Rahlin(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), George Reiland(University of Arizona), C. Risacher(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Ignacio Ruiz(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Remi Sassella(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), P. Schellart(Radboud University Nijmegen), Paul Shaw(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Kevin M. Silva(East Asian Observatory), Hotaka Shiokawa(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), David R. Smith(Georgia Institute of Technology), W. M. Snow, Kamal Souccar(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Don Sousa(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), T. K. Sridharan(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ranjani Srinivasan, William Stahm(East Asian Observatory), A. A. Stark(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Kyle Story(Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology), Sjoerd T. Timmer(Radboud University Nijmegen), Laura Vertatschitsch(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Craig Walther(East Asian Observatory), Ta-Shun Wei(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), N. Whitehorn(University of California, Los Angeles), A. R. Whitney(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), D. P. Woody(California Institute of Technology), J. G. A. Wouterloot(East Asian Observatory), Melvin Wright(University of California, Berkeley), Paul Yamaguchi(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Chen-Yu Yu(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Milagros Zeballos(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Shuo Zhang(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), L. M. Ziurys(University of Arizona)
Cited by 4,107Open Access
Abstract
Abstract When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 9 M ⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
Related Papers
No related papers found
Powered by citation graph analysis