First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama(Woodwell Climate Research Center), A. Alberdi(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), W. Alef(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Keiichi Asada(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rebecca Azulay(Universitat de València), Anne-Kathrin Baczko(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), David Ball(University of Arizona), Mislav Baloković(Woodwell Climate Research Center), John Barrett(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Dan Bintley(East Asian Observatory), Lindy Blackburn(Woodwell Climate Research Center), W. Boland(Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie), Katherine L. Bouman(California Institute of Technology), Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Christiaan D. Brinkerink(Radboud University Nijmegen), Roger Brissenden(Woodwell Climate Research Center), S. Britzen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Avery E. Broderick(University of Waterloo), Dominique Broguière(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Thomas Bronzwaer(Radboud University Nijmegen), Do‐Young Byun(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), J. E. Carlstrom(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Andrew Chael(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Chi‐kwan Chan(University of Arizona), Shami Chatterjee(Cornell University), Koushik Chatterjee(University of Amsterdam), Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Ilje Cho(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Pierre Christian(University of Arizona), J. E. Conway(Chalmers University of Technology), J. M. Cordes(Cornell University), G. Crew(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Yuzhu Cui(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Jordy Davelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Mariafelicia De Laurentis(Goethe University Frankfurt), Roger Deane(Rhodes University), Jessica Dempsey(East Asian Observatory), G. Desvignes(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jason Dexter(Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics), Sheperd S. Doeleman(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Ralph P. Eatough(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Vincent L. Fish(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ed Fomalont(National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Raquel Fraga-Encinas(Radboud University Nijmegen), Per Friberg(East Asian Observatory), Christian M. Fromm(Goethe University Frankfurt), José L. Gómez(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía), Peter Galison(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Charles F. Gammie(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Roberto Garcı́a(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Olivier Gentaz(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Boris Georgiev(University of Waterloo), C. Goddi(Leiden University), Roman Gold(Goethe University Frankfurt), Minfeng Gu(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Mark Gurwell(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Kazuhiro Hada(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), M. H. Hecht(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ronald Hesper(University of Groningen), Luis C. Ho(Peking University), Paul T. P. Ho(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Mareki Honma(The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI), Chih-Wei L. Huang(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lei 磊 Huang 黄(Chinese Academy of Sciences), D. H. Hughes(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Shiro Ikeda(Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe), Makoto Inoue(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Sara Issaoun(Radboud University Nijmegen), D. J. James(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Buell T. Jannuzi(University of Arizona), Michaël Janssen(Radboud University Nijmegen), Britton Jeter(University of Waterloo), Wu Jiang(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory), Michael D. Johnson(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Svetlana G. Jorstad(Boston University), Taehyun Jung(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Mansour Karami(University of Waterloo), R. Karuppusamy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Tomohisa Kawashima(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Garrett K. Keating(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Mark Kettenis(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Jae-Young Kim(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Junhan Kim(University of Arizona), Jongsoo Kim(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Motoki Kino(Kogakuin University), Jun Yi Koay(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Patrick M. Koch(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Shoko Koyama(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Michael Kramer(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), C. Krämer(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), T. P. Krichbaum(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Cheng‐Yu Kuo(National Sun Yat-sen University), Tod R. Lauer(Kitt Peak National Observatory), Sang-Sung Lee(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Yanrong Li(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李(Nanjing University), M. Lindqvist(Chalmers University of Technology), Kuo Liu(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Elisabetta Liuzzo(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Wen-Ping Lo(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), A. P. Lobanov(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Laurent Loinard(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), C. J. Lonsdale(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ru-Sen Lu(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory), Nicholas R. MacDonald(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Sera Markoff(University of Amsterdam), Daniel P. Marrone(University of Arizona), Alan P. Marscher(Boston University), I. Martí‐Vidal(Yebes Observatory), Satoki Matsushita(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Lynn D. Matthews(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Lia Medeiros(University of Arizona), K. M. Menten(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Yosuke Mizuno(Goethe University Frankfurt), Izumi Mizuno(East Asian Observatory), J. M. Moran(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Kotaro Moriyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Monika Mościbrodzka(Radboud University Nijmegen), Cornelia Müller(Radboud University Nijmegen), Hiroshi Nagai(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Neil M. Nagar(University of Concepción), Masanori Nakamura(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Ramesh Narayan(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Gopal Narayanan(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Iniyan Natarajan(Rhodes University), R. Neri(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Chunchong Ni(University of Waterloo), A. Noutsos(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Hiroki Okino(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Héctor Olivares(Goethe University Frankfurt), Tomoaki Oyama(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Feryal Özel(University of Arizona), Daniel C. M. Palumbo(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Nimesh Patel(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ue‐Li Pen(Canadian Institute for Advanced Research), Dominic W. Pesce(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Vincent Piétu(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), R. L. Plambeck(University of California, Berkeley), Aleksandar PopStefanija(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Oliver Porth(Goethe University Frankfurt), Ben Prather(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Jorge A. Preciado-López(Perimeter Institute), Dimitrios Psaltis(University of Arizona), Hung-Yi Pu(Perimeter Institute), Venkatessh Ramakrishnan(University of Concepción), Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings(East Asian Observatory), Alexander W. Raymond(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Luciano Rezzolla(Goethe University Frankfurt), Bart Ripperda(Goethe University Frankfurt), Freek Roelofs(Radboud University Nijmegen), A. E. E. Rogers(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), E. Ros(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Mel Rose(University of Arizona), Arash Roshanineshat(University of Arizona), Helge Rottmann(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), A. L. Roy(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Chet Ruszczyk(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Benjamin R. Ryan(Los Alamos National Laboratory), K. L. J. Rygl(Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna), Salvador Sánchez(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), David Sánchez-Argüelles(National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics), Mahito Sasada(Hiroshima University), T. Savolainen(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), F. Peter Schloerb(University of Massachusetts Amherst), K. Schüster(Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique), Lijing Shao(Peking University), Zhi-Qiang Shen(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Des Small(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Bong Won Sohn(Yonsei University), Jason Soohoo(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Fumie Tazaki(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Paul Tiede(University of Waterloo), R. P. J. Tilanus(Leiden University), Michael Titus(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Kenji Toma(Tohoku University), Pablo Torné(Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica), Tyler Trent(University of Arizona), Sascha Trippe(Seoul National University), Shuichiro Tsuda(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Ilse van Bemmel(Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC), Huib Jan van Langevelde(Leiden University), Daniel R. van Rossum(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jan Wagner(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), J. F. C. Wardle(Brandeis University), Jonathan Weintroub(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Norbert Wex(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Robert Wharton(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Maciek Wielgus(Woodwell Climate Research Center), George N. Wong(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴(Huazhong University of Science and Technology), André Young(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ken Young(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Ziri Younsi(Goethe University Frankfurt), Feng 峰 Yuan 袁(Shanghai Astronomical Observatory), Ye‐Fei Yuan(University of Science and Technology of China), J. A. Zensus(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), Guang-Yao Zhao(Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Shan-Shan Zhao(Radboud University Nijmegen), Ziyan Zhu(Harvard University), Joseph Farah(Woodwell Climate Research Center), Zheng Meyer-Zhao(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Daniel Michalik(University of Chicago), Andrew Nadolski(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Hiroaki Nishioka(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Nicolas Pradel(Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica), Rurik A. Primiani(Systems and Technology Research (United States)), Kamal Souccar(University of Massachusetts Amherst), Laura Vertatschitsch(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian), Paul Yamaguchi(Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)
Cited by 1,613Open Access
Abstract
Abstract We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM / Dc 2 = 3.8 ± 0.4 μ as. Folding in a distance measurement of gives a black hole mass of . This measurement from lensed emission near the event horizon is consistent with the presence of a central Kerr black hole, as predicted by the general theory of relativity.
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