Combined fit of spectrum and composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. Aab(Radboud University Nijmegen), P. Abreu(University of Lisbon), M. Aglietta(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), I. Al Samarai(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. F. M. Albuquerque(Universidade de São Paulo), I. Allekotte(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Almela(National Technological University), J. Alvarez Castillo(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Gioacchino Alex Anastasi(Gran Sasso Science Institute), Luis A. Anchordoqui(Lehman College), Belén Andrada(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), S. Andringa(University of Lisbon), C. Aramo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), F. Arqueros(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), N. Arsene(University of Bucharest), H. Asorey(Industrial University of Santander), P. Assis(University of Lisbon), J. Aublin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), G. Ávila(Pierre Auger Observatory), Alina Mihaela Badescu(Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București), A. Balaceanu(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), Ricardo Jorge Barreira Luz(University of Lisbon), J. J. Beatty(The Ohio State University), K. H. Becker(University of Wuppertal), Jose A. Bellido(The University of Adelaide), C. Berat(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. E. Bertaina(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), X. Bertou(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Peter L. Biermann(Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy), P. Billoir(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Jonathan Biteau(Université Paris-Sud), S. G. Blaess(The University of Adelaide), A. Blanco(University of Lisbon), Jiří Blažek(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), C. Bleve(University of Salento), M. Boháčová(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), Denise Boncioli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), C. Bonifazi(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Nataliia Borodai, Ana Martina Botti(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), J. Brack(Colorado State University), I. Brancus(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), T. Bretz(RWTH Aachen University), A. Bridgeman(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), F. L. Briechle(RWTH Aachen University), P. Buchholz(University of Siegen), A. Bueno(Universidad de Granada), S. Buitink(Radboud University Nijmegen), Mario Buscemi(University of Catania), K. S. Caballero‐Mora(Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas), Lorenzo Caccianiga(University of Milan), A. Cancio(National Technological University), F. Canfora(Radboud University Nijmegen), L. Caramete(Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary), R. Caruso(University of Catania), A. Castellina(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), G. Cataldi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce), Lorenzo Cazon(University of Lisbon), A.G. Chavez(Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo), J. A. Chinellato(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), J. Chudoba(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), R. W. Clay(The University of Adelaide), Roberta Colalillo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), Alan Coleman(Pennsylvania State University), L. Collica(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), M. R. Coluccia(University of Salento), R. Conceição(University of Lisbon), F. Contreras(Pierre Auger Observatory), M. J. Cooper(The University of Adelaide), S. Coutu(Pennsylvania State University), C. E. Covault(Case Western Reserve University), J. Cronin(University of Chicago), S. D’Amico(University of Salento), B. Daniel(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), S. Dasso(Universidad de Buenos Aires), K. Daumiller(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), B. R. Dawson(The University of Adelaide), R. M. de Almeida(Universidade Federal Fluminense), S. J. de Jong(Radboud University Nijmegen), G. De Mauro(Radboud University Nijmegen), J.R.T. de Mello Neto(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), I. De Mitri(University of Salento), J. de Oliveira(Universidade Federal Fluminense), V. de Souza(Universidade Federal de São Carlos), J. Debatin(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), O. Deligny(Université Paris-Sud), C. Di Giulio(University of Rome Tor Vergata), Armando di Matteo(Université Libre de Bruxelles), M. L. Díaz Castro(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), F. Diogo(University of Lisbon), C. Dobrigkeit(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), Juan Carlos D’Olivo(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Q. Dorosti(University of Siegen), R. C. dos Anjos(Universidade Federal do Paraná), M. T. Dova(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Dundovic(Universität Hamburg), Jan Ebr(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), R. Engel(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Erdmann(RWTH Aachen University), M. Erfani(University of Siegen), C. O. Escobar(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), J. Espadanal(University of Lisbon), A. Etchegoyen(National Technological University), H. Falcke(Radboud University Nijmegen), G. Farrar(New York University), A. C. Fauth(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), N. Fazzini(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Brian Fick(Michigan Technological University), J. M. Figueira(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Filipčič(University of Nova Gorica), Octavian Fratu(Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București), M. M. Freire(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Toshihiro Fujii(University of Chicago), A. Fuster(National Technological University), R. Gaior(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), B. Garćıa(National Technological University), D. García-Pinto(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), F. Gaté(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), H. Gemmeke(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A. Gherghel‐Lascu(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), P. L. Ghia(Université Paris-Sud), U. Giaccari(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), M. Giammarchi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano), M. Giller(University of Łódź), D. Głas(University of Łódź), Christian Gläser(RWTH Aachen University), G. Golup(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), M. Gómez Berisso(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Primo F. Gómez Vitale(Pierre Auger Observatory), Nicolás Martín González(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A. Gorgi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), P. W. Gorham(University of Hawaii System), A.F. Grillo(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso), T. D. Grubb(The University of Adelaide), F. Guarino(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), G.P. Guedes(Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana), Matías Rolf Hampel(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), P. Hansen(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), D. Harari(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), T.A. Harrison(The University of Adelaide), J. L. Harton(Colorado State University), A. Haungs(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), T. Hebbeker(RWTH Aachen University), D. Heck(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), P. Heimann(University of Siegen), A. E. Hervé(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), G. C. Hill(The University of Adelaide), C. Hojvat(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), E. Holt(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), P. Homola, J.R. Hörandel(Radboud University Nijmegen), Pavel Horváth(Palacký University Olomouc), M. Hrabovský(Palacký University Olomouc), T. Huege(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), J. Hulsman(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A. Insolia(University of Catania), Paula Gina Isar(Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary), I. Jandt(University of Wuppertal), S. Jansen(Radboud University Nijmegen), John Inge Johnsen(Colorado School of Mines), M. Josebachuili(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Kääpä(University of Wuppertal), O. Kambeitz(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), K.‐H. Kampert(University of Wuppertal), I. Katkov(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), B. Keilhauer(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), E. Kemp(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), J. Kemp(RWTH Aachen University), R. M. Kieckhafer(Michigan Technological University), H.O. Klages(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Kleifges(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), J. Kleinfeller(Pierre Auger Observatory), R. Krause(RWTH Aachen University), N. Krohm(University of Wuppertal), D. Kuempel(RWTH Aachen University), G. Kukec Mezek(University of Nova Gorica), N. Kunka(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A. Kuotb Awad(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), D. LaHurd(Case Western Reserve University), M. Lauscher(RWTH Aachen University), R. Legumina(University of Łódź), M. A. Leigui de Oliveira(Universidade Federal do ABC), A. Letessier‐Selvon(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. Lhenry-Yvon(Université Paris-Sud), K. Link(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), L. Lopes(University of Lisbon), R. López(Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), A. López Casado(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Quentin Luce(Université Paris-Sud), A. Lucero(National Technological University), M. Malacari(University of Chicago), M. Mallamaci(University of Milan), Dušan Mandát(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), P. Mantsch(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), A.G. Mariazzi(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Ioana Codrina Mariş(Universidad de Granada), G. Marsella(University of Salento), D. Martello(University of Salento), H. Martinez(Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional), O. Martínez Bravo(Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), J. J. Masías Meza(Universidad de Buenos Aires), H.J. Mathes(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), S. Mathys(University of Wuppertal), J. Matthews(Louisiana State University), John Matthews(Louisiana State University), G. Matthiae(University of Rome Tor Vergata), Eric William Mayotte(University of Wuppertal), P.O. Mazur(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), C. Medina(Colorado School of Mines), Gustavo Medina‐Tanco(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), D. Melo(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Menshikov(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), María Isabel Micheletti(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), L. Middendorf(RWTH Aachen University), I. A. Minaya(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), L. Miramonti(University of Milan), B. Mitrica(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), D. Mockler(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), Silvia Mollerach(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), F. Montanet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), C. Morello(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), M. Mostafá(Pennsylvania State University), Ana L. Müller(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), G. Müller(RWTH Aachen University), Markus Müller(Universidade Federal de Pelotas), S. Müller(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), R. Mussa(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino), I. Naranjo(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), L. Nellen(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), P.H. Nguyen(The University of Adelaide), M. Niculescu‐Oglinzanu(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), Marcus Niechciol(University of Siegen), L. Niemietz(University of Wuppertal), T. Niggemann(RWTH Aachen University), D. Nitz(Michigan Technological University), Dalibor Nosek, Vladimír Novotný, H. Nožka(Palacký University Olomouc), Luis A. Núñez(Industrial University of Santander), L. Ochilo(University of Siegen), Foteini Oikonomou(Pennsylvania State University), A. Olinto(University of Chicago), M. Palatka(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), J. Pallotta(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), P. Papenbreer(University of Wuppertal), G. Parente(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), A. Parra(Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), T. Paul(Northeastern University), M. Pech(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), F. Pedreira(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Jan Pękala, R. Pelayo(Instituto Politécnico Nacional), Jesús Peña-Rodríguez(Industrial University of Santander), Luiz Augusto Pereira(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), M. Perlín(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), L. Perrone(University of Salento), C. F. W. Peters(RWTH Aachen University), S. Petrera(University of L'Aquila), J. Phuntsok(Pennsylvania State University), R. Piegaia(Universidad de Buenos Aires), T. Pierog(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), P. Pieroni(Universidad de Buenos Aires), M. Pimenta(University of Lisbon), V. Pirronello(University of Catania), M. Platino(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), M. Plum(RWTH Aachen University), C. Porowski, R. R. Prado(Universidade Federal de São Carlos), Paolo Privitera(University of Chicago), M. Prouza(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), E. J. Quel(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Sven Querchfeld(University of Wuppertal), S. Quinn(Case Western Reserve University), R. Ramos-Pollán(Industrial University of Santander), J. Rautenberg(University of Wuppertal), D. Ravignani(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), B. Revenu(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. Řídký(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), M. Risse(University of Siegen), P. Ristori(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), V. Rizi(University of L'Aquila), W. Rodrigues de Carvalho(Universidade de São Paulo), Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez(University of Rome Tor Vergata), J. Rodriguez Rojo(Pierre Auger Observatory), D. Rogozin(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. J. Roncoroni(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), M. Roth(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), E. Roulet(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Adrián Rovero(Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics), Philip Ruehl(University of Siegen), S. J. Saffi(The University of Adelaide), A. Sǎftoiu(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), F. Salamida(University of L'Aquila), H. Salazar(Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), A. Saleh(University of Nova Gorica), F. Salesa Greus(Pennsylvania State University), G. Salina(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), F. Sánchez(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), P. Sánchez-Lucas(Universidad de Granada), E.M. Santos(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), E. Santos(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), F. Sarazin(Colorado School of Mines), R. Sarmento(University of Lisbon), C.A. Sarmiento(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), R. Sato(Pierre Auger Observatory), M. Schauer(University of Wuppertal), Viviana Scherini(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce), H. Schieler(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Schimp(University of Wuppertal), D. Schmidt(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), O. Schölten(Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Petr Schovánek(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), Frank Schröder(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), A. Schulz(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), J. Schulz(Radboud University Nijmegen), J. Schumacher(RWTH Aachen University), Sergio J Sciutto(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Segreto(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania), M. Settimo(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Shadkam(Louisiana State University), R.C. Shellard(Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas), G. Sigl(Universität Hamburg), G. Silli(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), O. Sima(University of Bucharest), A. Śmiałkowski(University of Łódź), Radomir Šmída(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), G. R. Snow(University of Nebraska–Lincoln), P. Sommers(Pennsylvania State University), S. Sonntag(University of Siegen), J. Sorokin(The University of Adelaide), R. Squartini(Pierre Auger Observatory), Denis Stanca(Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering), S. Stanič(University of Nova Gorica), Jarosław Stasielak, Patrick Stassi(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), F. Strafella(University of Salento), F. Suárez(National Technological University), M. Suarez Durán(Industrial University of Santander), Tristan Sudholz(The University of Adelaide), T. Suomijärvi(Université Paris-Sud), A. D. Supanitsky(Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics), J. Swain(Northeastern University), Zbigniew Szadkowski(University of Łódź), A. Taboada(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), O.A. Taborda(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), A. Tapia(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), V.M. Theodoro(Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)), C. Timmermans(Radboud University Nijmegen), Carlos J. Todero Peixoto(Universidade de São Paulo), L. Tomankova(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), B. Tomé(University of Lisbon), G. Torralba Elipe(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), P. Trávnı́ček(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), M. Trini(University of Nova Gorica), R. Ulrich(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Unger(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Urban(RWTH Aachen University), J.F. Valdés Galicia(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), I. Valiño(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), L. Valore(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli), G. van Aar(Radboud University Nijmegen), P. van Bodegom(The University of Adelaide), A. M. van den Berg(University of Groningen), A. van Vliet(Radboud University Nijmegen), Enrique Varela(Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla), B. Vargas Cárdenas(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), G. Varner(University of Hawaii System), J. R. Vázquez(Universidad Complutense de Madrid), R. A. Vázquez(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), Darko Veberič(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), I. D. Vergara Quispe(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), V. Verzi(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata), J. Vícha(FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic), L. Villaseñor(Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo), S. Vorobiov(University of Nova Gorica), Hernan Wahlberg(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), O. Wainberg(National Technological University), D. Walz(RWTH Aachen University), A.A. Watson(University of Leeds), M. Weber(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), Andreas Weindl(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), L. Wiencke(Colorado School of Mines), H. Wilczyński, T. Winchen(University of Wuppertal), M. Wirtz(RWTH Aachen University), D. Wittkowski(University of Wuppertal), B. Wundheiler(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Lili Yang(University of Nova Gorica), D. Yelos(National Technological University), Alexey Yushkov(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), E. Zas(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela), D. Zavrtanik(University of Nova Gorica), M. Zavrtanik(University of Nova Gorica), A. Zepeda(Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional), B. Zimmermann(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), M. Ziolkowski(University of Siegen), Zhi‐Min Zong(Université Paris-Sud), Zhi‐Min Zong(Université Paris-Sud)
Cited by 353Open Access
Abstract
We present a combined fit of a simple astrophysical model of UHECR sources to both the energy spectrum and mass composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The fit has been performed for energies above 5 10 18 eV, i.e. the region of the all-particle spectrum above the so-called "ankle" feature. The astrophysical model we adopted consists of identical sources uniformly distributed in a comoving volume, where nuclei are accelerated through a rigidity-dependent mechanism. The fit results suggest sources characterized by relatively low maximum injection energies, hard spectra and heavy chemical composition. We also show that uncertainties about physical quantities relevant to UHECR propagation and shower development have a non-negligible impact on the fit results.
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