Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain
Verneri Anttila(Broad Institute), Brendan Bulik‐Sullivan(Broad Institute), Hilary K. Finucane(Broad Institute), Raymond K. Walters(Broad Institute), José Brás(UK Dementia Research Institute), Laramie E. Duncan(Broad Institute), Valentina Escott‐Price(UK Dementia Research Institute), Guido J. Falcone(Harvard University), Padhraig Gormley(Broad Institute), Rainer Malik(LMU Klinikum), Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos(Broad Institute), Stephan Ripke(Broad Institute), Zhi Wei(New Jersey Institute of Technology), Dongmei Yu(Broad Institute), Phil H. Lee(Broad Institute), Patrick Turley(Broad Institute), Benjamin Grenier‐Boley(Inserm), Vincent Chouraki(Inserm), Yoichiro Kamatani(Kyoto University), Claudine Berr(Inserm), Luc Letenneur(Université de Bordeaux), Didier Hannequin(Inserm), Philippe Amouyel(Inserm), Anne Boland(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), Jean‐François Deleuze(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), Emmanuelle Duron(Université Paris-Sud), Badri N. Vardarajan(Columbia University Irving Medical Center), Christiane Reitz(Columbia University), Alison Goate(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Matthew J. Huentelman(Translational Genomics Research Institute), M. Ilyas Kamboh(University of Pittsburgh), Eric B. Larson(Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute), Ekaterina Rogaeva(University of Toronto), Peter St George‐Hyslop(University of Toronto), Håkon Håkonarson(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Walter A. Kukull(The Coordinating Center), Lindsay A. Farrer(Boston University), Lisa L. Barnes(Rush University Medical Center), Thomas G. Beach(Banner Sun Health Research Institute), F. Yesim Demirci(University of Pittsburgh), Elizabeth Head(University of Kentucky), Christine M. Hulette(Duke University), Gregory A. Jicha(University of Kentucky), John S.K. Kauwe(Brigham Young University), Jeffrey A. Kaye(Oregon Health & Science University), James B. Leverenz(Cleveland Clinic), Allan I. Levey(Emory University), Andrew P. Lieberman(University of Michigan), V. Shane Pankratz(University of New Mexico), Wayne W. Poon(University of California, Irvine), Joseph F. Quinn(Oregon Health & Science University), Andrew J. Saykin(Indiana University School of Medicine), Lon S. Schneider(University of Southern California), Amanda Smith(University of South Florida), Joshua A. Sonnen(University of Washington), Robert A. Stern, Vivianna M. Van Deerlin(University of Pennsylvania), Linda J. Van Eldik(University of Kentucky), Denise Harold(Dublin City University), Giancarlo Russo(ETH Zurich), David C. Rubinsztein(UK Dementia Research Institute), Anthony Bayer(Cardiff University), Magda Tsolaki(Aristotle University of Thessaloniki), Petra Proitsi(King's College London), Nick C. Fox(UK Dementia Research Institute), Harald Hampel(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Michael J. Owen(Cardiff University), Simon Mead(MRC Prion Unit), Peter Passmore(Queen's University Belfast), Kevin Morgan(University of Nottingham), Markus M. Nöthen(University Hospital Bonn), Jonathan M. Schott(UK Dementia Research Institute), Martin N. Rossor(MRC Prion Unit), Michelle K. Lupton(King's College London), Per Hoffmann(University of Basel), Johannes Kornhuber(Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg), Brian Lawlor(Trinity College Dublin), Andrew McQuillin(MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology), Ammar Al‐Chalabi(King's College London), Joshua C Bis(University of Washington), Agustı́n Ruiz(Universitat Internacional de Catalunya), Merçé Boada(Fundació ACE), Sudha Seshadri(Boston University), Alexa Beiser(Boston University), Kenneth Rice(University of Washington), Sven J. van der Lee(Erasmus University Rotterdam), Philip L. De Jager(Columbia University Irving Medical Center), Daniel H. Geschwind(University of California, Los Angeles), Matthias Riemenschneider(Saarland University), Steffi G. Riedel‐Heller(Leipzig University), Jerome I. Rotter(The Lundquist Institute), Gerhard Ransmayr(Johannes Kepler University of Linz), Bradley T. Hyman(Harvard University), Carlos Cruchaga(Washington University in St. Louis), Montserrat Alegret(Fundació ACE), Bendik S. Winsvold(Oslo University Hospital), Priit Palta(University of Helsinki), Kai-How Farh(Broad Institute), Ester Cuenca-León(Broad Institute), Nicholas A. Furlotte(23andMe (United States)), Tobias Kurth(Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin), Lannie Ligthart(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Gisela M. Terwindt(Leiden University Medical Center), Tobias Freilinger(LMU Klinikum), Caroline Ran(Karolinska Institutet), Scott D. Gordon(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Guntram Borck(Universität Ulm), Hieab H.H. Adams(Erasmus University Rotterdam), Terho Lehtimäki(Tampere University), Juho Wedenoja(University of Helsinki), Julie E. Buring(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Markus Schürks(Essen University Hospital), Maria Gudlaug Hrafnsdottir(National University Hospital of Iceland), Jouke‐Jan Hottenga(Avera Health), Brenda W.J.H. Penninx(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Ville Artto(Helsinki University Hospital), Mari Kaunisto(University of Helsinki), Salli Vepsäläinen(Helsinki University Hospital), Nicholas G. Martin(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Grant W. Montgomery(The University of Queensland), Mitja Kurki(Broad Institute), Eija Hämäläinen(University of Helsinki), Hailiang Huang(Broad Institute), Jie Huang(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Cynthia Sandor(University of Oxford), Caleb Webber(University of Oxford), Bertram Müller‐Myhsok(University of Liverpool), Stefan Schreiber(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Veikko Salomaa(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Elizabeth Loehrer(Harvard University), Hartmut Göbel(Clinical Research Center Kiel), Alfons Macaya(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Patricia Pozo‐Rosich(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Thomas Folkmann Hansen(Glostrup Hospital), Thomas Werge(University of Copenhagen), Jaakko Kaprio(University of Helsinki), Andres Metspalu(University of Tartu), Christian Kubisch(Universität Hamburg), Michel D. Ferrari(Leiden University Medical Center), Andrea Carmine Belin(Karolinska Institutet), Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg(Leiden University Medical Center), John‐Anker Zwart(Oslo University Hospital), Dorret I. Boomsma(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Nicholas Eriksson(23andMe (United States)), Jes Olesen(Glostrup Hospital), Daniel I. Chasman(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Dale R. Nyholt(Queensland University of Technology), Richard Anney(Cardiff University), Andreja Avberšek(University College London), Larry Baum(University of Hong Kong), Samuel F. Berkovic(Epilepsy Foundation), Jonathan P. Bradfield(Praevium Research (United States)), Russell J. Buono(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Claudia B. Catarino(University College London), Patrick Cossette(Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal), Peter De Jonghe(University of Antwerp), Chantal Depondt(Université Libre de Bruxelles), Dennis Dlugos(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Thomas N. Ferraro(Cooper Medical School of Rowan University), Jacqueline A. French(New York University), Helle Hjalgrim, Jennifer Jamnadas-Khoda(University of Nottingham), Reetta Kälviäinen(University of Eastern Finland), Wolfram S. Kunz(University of Bonn), Holger Lerche(Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research), Costin Leu(UCL Biomedical Research Centre), Dick Lindhout(University Medical Center Utrecht), Warren Lo(Nationwide Children's Hospital), Daniel H. Lowenstein(University of California, San Francisco), Mark McCormack(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), Rikke S. Møller(University of Southern Denmark), Anne M. Molloy(Trinity College Dublin), Ping-Wing Ng(United Christian Hospital), Karen Oliver(The University of Melbourne), Michael Privitera(Mount Wachusett Community College), Rodney A. Radtke(Duke University), Ann‐Kathrin Ruppert(University of Cologne), Thomas Sander(University of Cologne), Steven C. Schachter(Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center), Christoph J. Schankin(University of Bern), Ingrid E. Scheffer(Royal Children's Hospital), Susanne Schoch(University of Bonn), Sanjay M. Sisodiya(University College London), Phil E M Smith(University Hospital of Wales), Michael R. Sperling(Thomas Jefferson University), Pasquale Striano(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Rainer Surges(University Hospital Bonn), G. Neil Thomas(University of Birmingham), Frank Visscher(Admiraal De Ruyter Ziekenhuis), Christopher D. Whelan(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), Federico Zara(Istituto Giannina Gaslini), Erin L. Heinzen(Columbia University Irving Medical Center), Anthony G Marson(University of Liverpool), Felicitas Becker(Universität Ulm), Hans Stroink(Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis), Fritz Zimprich(Medical University of Vienna), Thomas Gasser(German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), J. Raphael Gibbs(National Institutes of Health), Peter Heutink(German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases), María Martínez(Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier), Huw R. Morris(University College London), Manu Sharma(Zimmer Biomet (Netherlands)), Mina Ryten(University College London), Kin Y. Mok(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), Sara L. Pulit(Broad Institute), Steve Bevan(University of Lincoln), Elizabeth Holliday(University of Newcastle Australia), John Attia(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Thomas W.K. Battey(Massachusetts General Hospital), Giorgio B. Boncoraglio(Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta), Vincent Thijs(Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health), Wei‐Min Chen(University of Virginia), Braxton D. Mitchell(University of Maryland, Baltimore), Peter M. Rothwell(University of Oxford), Pankaj Sharma(Royal Holloway University of London), Cathie Sudlow(University of Edinburgh), Astrid M. Vicente(University of Lisbon), Hugh S. Markus(University of Cambridge), Christina Kourkoulis(Broad Institute), Joanna Pera(Jagiellonian University), Miriam R. Raffeld(Broad Institute), Scott Silliman(Jacksonville University), Vesna Boraska Perica(University of Split), Laura M. Thornton(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Laura M. Huckins(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), N. William Rayner(Centre for Human Genetics), Cathryn M. Lewis(King's College London), Mónica Gratacòs(Centre for Genomic Regulation), Filip Rybakowski(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Anna Keski‐Rahkonen(University of Helsinki), Anu Raevuori(University of Helsinki), James I. Hudson(Harvard University), Ted Reichborn‐Kjennerud(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Palmiero Monteleone(University of Salerno), Andreas Karwautz(Medical University of Vienna), Katrin Männik(University of Tartu), Jessica H. Baker(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Julie K. O’Toole(Oregon Clinic), Sara E. Trace(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Oliver S. P. Davis(University of Bristol), Sietske G. Helder(King's College London), Stefan Ehrlich(Technische Universität Dresden), Beate Herpertz‐Dahlmann(RWTH Aachen University), Unna N. Danner(Utrecht University), Annemarie Elburg(Utrecht University), Maurizio Clementi(University of Padua), Monica Forzan(Azienda Ospedale - Università Padova), Elisa Docampo(University of Liège), Jolanta Lissowska(The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology), Joanna Hauser(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Alfonso Tortorella(University of Perugia), Mario Maj(University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"), Fragiskos Gonidakis(National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), Konstantinos Tziouvas(Panagiotis & Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital), Hana Papežová(Charles University), Zeynep Yılmaz(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Gudrun Wagner(Medical University of Vienna), Sarah Cohen‐Woods(Flinders University), Stefan Herms(University of Basel), Antonio Julià(Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca), Raquel Rabionet(Centre for Genomic Regulation), Danielle M. Dick(Virginia Commonwealth University), Samuli Ripatti(Broad Institute), Ole A. Andreassen(Oslo University Hospital), Thomas Espeseth(Oslo University Hospital), Astri J. Lundervold(University of Bergen), Vidar M. Steen(Haukeland University Hospital), Dalila Pinto(Child Health and Development Institute), Stephen W. Scherer(University of Toronto), H.N. Aschauer, Alexandra Schosser(Zentrum für Seelische Gesundheit), Lars Alfredsson(Karolinska Institutet), Leonid Padyukov(Karolinska University Hospital), Katherine A. Halmi(Cornell University), James E. Mitchell(University of North Dakota), Michael Strober(Neurobehavioral Systems), Andrew W. Bergen(Oregon Research Institute), Walter H. Kaye(University of California San Diego), Jin P. Szatkiewicz(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Bru Cormand(Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Josep Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Cristina Sánchez‐Mora(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Marta Ribasés(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Miguel Casas(Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Amaia Hervás(University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa), María J. Arranz(University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa), Jan Haavik(Haukeland University Hospital), Tetyana Zayats(Massachusetts General Hospital), Stefan Johansson(Haukeland University Hospital), Nigel Williams(Cardiff University), Josephine Elia(Thomas Jefferson University), Astrid Dempfle(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Aribert Rothenberger(American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry), Jonna Kuntsi(King's College London), Robert D. Oades(University of Duisburg-Essen), Tobias Banaschewski(Heidelberg University), Barbara Franke(Radboud University Nijmegen), Jan K. Buitelaar(Radboud University Nijmegen), Alejandro Arias Vásquez(Radboud University Nijmegen), Alysa E. Doyle(Harvard University), Andreas Reif(Goethe University Frankfurt), Klaus‐Peter Lesch(Sechenov University), Christine M. Freitag(Goethe University Frankfurt), Olga Rivero, Haukur Pálmason(National University Hospital of Iceland), Marcel Romanos, K. Langley(Cardiff University), Marcella Rietschel(Heidelberg University), Stephanie H. Witt(Heidelberg University), Soeren Dalsgaard(Aarhus University), Anders D. Børglum(Aarhus University), Irwin D. Waldman(Emory University), Beth Wilmot(Oregon Health & Science University), Molly A. Nikolas(University of Iowa), Claiton H.D. Bau(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Jennifer Crosbie(University of Toronto), Russell Schachar(University of Toronto), Sandra K. Loo(University of California, Los Angeles), James J. McGough(University of California, Los Angeles), Eugênio H. Grevet(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Sarah E. Medland(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Elise Robinson(Broad Institute), Lauren A. Weiss(University of California, San Francisco), Elena Bacchelli(University of Bologna), Anthony Bailey(University of British Columbia), Vanessa H. Bal(University of California, San Francisco), Agatino Battaglia(Fondazione Stella Maris), Catalina Betancur(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Patrick Bolton(King's College London), Rita M. Cantor(University of California, Los Angeles), Patrícia B. S. Celestino-Soper(Indiana Department of Natural Resources), Géraldine Dawson(Duke University), Silvia De Rubeis(Child Health and Development Institute), Frederico Duque(Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra), Andrew Green(University College Dublin), Sabine M. Klauck(German Cancer Research Center), Marion Leboyer(Inserm), Pat Levitt(University of Southern California), Elena Maestrini(University of Bologna), Shrikant Mane(Yale University), Daniel Moreno- De-Luca(Brown University), Jeremy Parr(Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust), Regina Regan(University College Dublin), Abraham Reichenberg(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Sven Sandin(Karolinska Institutet), Jacob Vorstman(University of Toronto), Thomas H. Wassink(University of Iowa), Ellen M. Wijsman(University of Washington), Edwin H. Cook(University of Illinois Chicago), Susan L. Santangelo(Tufts University), Richard Delorme(Institut Pasteur), Bernadette Rogé(Institut Universitaire de France), Tiago R. Magalhães(University College Dublin), Dan E. Arking(Johns Hopkins University), Thomas G. Schulze(Johns Hopkins University), Robert C. Thompson(University of Michigan), Jana Strohmaier(Heidelberg University), K. Matthews(University of Dundee), Ingrid Melle(Oslo University Hospital), Derek W. Morris(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Douglas Blackwood(University of Edinburgh), Andrew M. McIntosh(University of Edinburgh), Sarah E. Bergen(Karolinska Institutet), Martin Schalling(Karolinska University Hospital), Stéphane Jamain(Inserm), Anna Maaser(University Hospital Bonn), Sascha B. Fischer(University of Basel), Céline S. Reinbold(University of Basel), Janice M. Fullerton(UNSW Sydney), Maria Grigoroiu‐Serbânescu(Spitalul Clinic de Psihiatrie Alexandru Obregia), José Guzmán‐Parra(Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga), Fermín Mayoral(Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga), Peter R. Schofield(UNSW Sydney), Sven Cichon(Forschungszentrum Jülich), Thomas W. Mühleisen(Forschungszentrum Jülich), Franziska Degenhardt(University of Bonn), Johannes Schumacher(University of Bonn), Michael Bauer(University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus), Philip B. Mitchell(Black Dog Institute), Elliot S. Gershon(University of Illinois Chicago), John Rice(Washington University in St. Louis), James B. Potash(Johns Hopkins University), Peter P. Zandi(Johns Hopkins University), Nick Craddock(Cardiff University), I. Nicol Ferrier(Newcastle University), Martin Alda(Dalhousie University), Guy A. Rouleau(Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital), Gustavo Turecki(McGill University), Roel A. Ophoff(Utrecht University), Carlos N. Pato(SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University), Adebayo Anjorin(University College London), Eli Stahl(Broad Institute), Markus Leber(University Hospital Cologne), Piotr M. Czerski(Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Howard J. Edenberg(Indiana University School of Medicine), Cristiana Cruceanu(Douglas Mental Health University Institute), Ian Jones(Centre for Mental Health), Daniëlle Posthuma(Amsterdam Neuroscience), Till F. M. Andlauer(TUM Klinikum), Andreas J. Forstner(University of Basel), Fabian Streit(Heidelberg University), Bernhard T. Baune(The University of Adelaide), Tracy Air(The University of Adelaide), Grant Sinnamon(Bond University), Naomi R. Wray(The University of Queensland), Donald J. MacIntyre(University of Edinburgh), David J. Porteous(University of Edinburgh), Georg Homuth(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Margarita Rivera(Universidad de Granada), Jakob Grove(Aarhus University), Christel M. Middeldorp(The University of Queensland), Ian B. Hickie(The University of Sydney), Michele L. Pergadia(Washington University in St. Louis), Divya Mehta(Queensland University of Technology), Johannes H. Smit(GGZ inGeest), Rick Jansen(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Eco J. C. de Geus(Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Erin Dunn(Harvard University), Qingqin S. Li(Janssen (United States)), Matthias Nauck(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Robert A. Schoevers(University Medical Center Groningen), Aartjan T.F. Beekman(GGZ inGeest), James A. Knowles(SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University), Alexander Viktorin(Karolinska Institutet), Paul D. Arnold(University of Calgary), Cathy L. Barr(University Health Network), Gabriel Bedoya‐Berrío(Universidad de Antioquia), O. Joseph Bienvenu(Johns Hopkins University), Helena Brentani(Universidade de São Paulo), Christie L. Burton(Hospital for Sick Children), Beatríz Camarena(Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz), Carolina Cappi(Universidade de São Paulo), Daniëlle C. Cath(University Medical Center Groningen), Maria Cristina Cavallini(IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele), Daniele Cusi(Bio4Dreams (Italy)), Sabrina M. Darrow(University of California, San Francisco), Damiaan Denys(Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience), Eske M. Derks(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Andrea Dietrich(University Medical Center Groningen), Thomas Fernandez(Yale University), Martijn Figee(Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam), Nelson B. Freimer, Gloria F. Gerber(Massachusetts General Hospital), Marco A. Grados(Johns Hopkins University), Erica Greenberg(Massachusetts General Hospital), Gregory L. Hanna(University of Michigan), Andreas Hartmann(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Matthew E. Hirschtritt(University of California, San Francisco), Pieter J. Hoekstra(University Medical Center Groningen), Alden Huang(University of California, Los Angeles), Chaim Huyser(Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam), Cornelia Illmann(Massachusetts General Hospital), Michael A. Jenike(Harvard University), Samuel Kuperman(University of Iowa), Bennett Leventhal(University of California, San Francisco), Christine Löchner(University of Cape Town), Gholson J. Lyon(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Fabìo Macciardi(University of California, Irvine), Marcos Madruga-Garrido(Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla), Irene A. Malaty(University of Florida), Athanasios Maras(Yulius), Lauren M. McGrath(University of Denver), Eurı́pedes Constantino Miguel(Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo), Pablo Mir(Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases), Gerald Nestadt(Johns Hopkins University), Humberto Nicolini(National Institute of Genomic Medicine), Michael S. Okun(University of Florida), A.J. Pakstis(Yale University), Peristera Paschou(Purdue University West Lafayette), John Piacentini(University of California, Los Angeles), Christopher Pittenger(Yale University), Kerstin Jessica Plessen(University of Copenhagen), Vasily Ramensky(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology), Eliana Marisa Ramos(University of California, Los Angeles), Victor I. Reus(University of California, San Francisco), Margaret A. Richter(Sunnybrook Health Science Centre), Mark A. Riddle(Johns Hopkins University), Mary M. Robertson(University College London), Veit Roessner(Technische Universität Dresden), Maria Conceição do Rosário(Yale University), Jack Samuels(Johns Hopkins University), Paul Sandor(University Health Network), Dan J. Stein(University of Cape Town), Fotis Tsetsos(Democritus University of Thrace), Filip Van Nieuwerburgh(Ghent University), Sarah L. Weatherall(Massachusetts General Hospital), Jens R. Wendland(Pfizer (United States)), Tomasz Wolańczyk(Medical University of Warsaw), Yulia Worbe(Sorbonne Université), Gwyneth Zai(University of Toronto), Fernando S. Goes(Johns Hopkins University), Nicole McLaughlin(Providence College), Paul S. Nestadt(Johns Hopkins University), Hans J. Grabe(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Christel Depienne(Délégation Paris 5), Anuar Konkashbaev(Vanderbilt University Medical Center), Nuria Lanzagorta(Centro Médico ABC), Ana Valencia(Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana), Elvira Bramon(MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology), Nancy G. Buccola(Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans), Wiepke Cahn(University Medical Center Utrecht), Murray J. Cairns(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Siow Ann Chong(Institute of Mental Health), David Cohen(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Benedicto Crespo‐Facorro(Universidad de Cantabria), James J. Crowley(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Michael Davidson(Tel Aviv University), Lynn E. DeLisi(Harvard University), Timothy G. Dinan(University College Cork), Gary Donohoe(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Elodie Drapeau(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Jubao Duan(NorthShore University HealthSystem), Lieuwe de Haan(Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam), David M. Hougaard(Statens Serum Institut), Sena Karachanak-Yankova(Medical University of Sofia), Andrey Khrunin(Institute of Molecular Genetics), Jānis Kloviņš(Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre), Vaidutis Kučinskas(Vilnius University), Jimmy Lee(Nanyang Technological University), Limborskaia Sa(Institute of Molecular Genetics), Carmel M. Loughland(Hunter New England Local Health District), Jouko Lönnqvist(University of Helsinki), Brion S. Maher(Johns Hopkins University), Manuel Mattheisen(Aarhus University), Colm McDonald(Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway), Kieran C. Murphy(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), Robin Murray(King's College London), Igor Nenadić(Philipps University of Marburg), Jim van Os(King's College London), Christos Pantelis(The University of Melbourne), Michele T. Pato(SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University), Tracey L. Petryshen(Broad Institute), Digby Quested(Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust), Panos Roussos(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Alan R. Sanders(NorthShore University HealthSystem), Ulrich Schall(University of Newcastle Australia), Sibylle G. Schwab(University of Wollongong), Kang Sim(National University of Singapore), Hon‐Cheong So(Chinese University of Hong Kong), Elisabeth Stögmann(Medical University of Vienna), Mythily Subramaniam(Nanyang Technological University), Драга Тончева(Medical University of Sofia), John L. Waddington(Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), James Walters(Cardiff University), Mark Weiser(Tel Aviv University), Wei Cheng(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Robert Cloninger(Washington University in St. Louis), David Curtis(Queen Mary University of London), Pablo V. Gejman(NorthShore University HealthSystem), Frans A. Henskens(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Morten Mattingsdal(University of Oslo), Sang-Yun Oh(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Rodney J. Scott(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Bradley T. Webb(Virginia Commonwealth University), Gerome Breen(King's College London), Claire Churchhouse(Broad Institute), Cynthia M. Bulik(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Mark J. Daly(Broad Institute), Martin Dichgans(LMU Klinikum), Stephen V. Faraone(SUNY Upstate Medical University), Rita Guerreiro(UK Dementia Research Institute), Peter Holmans(Cardiff University), Kenneth S. Kendler(Virginia Commonwealth University), Bobby P.C. Koeleman(Utrecht University), Carol A. Mathews(University of Florida), Alkes L. Price(Broad Institute), Jeremiah M. Scharf(Broad Institute), Pamela Sklar(Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), Julie Williams(UK Dementia Research Institute), Nicholas Wood(University College London), Chris Cotsapas(Broad Institute), Aarno Palotie(Broad Institute), Jordan W. Smoller(Broad Institute), Patrick F. Sullivan(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Jonathan Rosand(Broad Institute), Aiden Corvin(Broad Institute), Benjamin M. Neale(Broad Institute)
Cited by 2,022Open Access
Abstract
Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology.
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