Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover
Donald M. Hassler(Southwest Research Institute), C. Zeitlin(Southwest Research Institute), R. F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Bent Ehresmann(Southwest Research Institute), Scot Rafkin(Southwest Research Institute), J. L. Eigenbrode(Goddard Space Flight Center), D. E. Brinza(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Gerald Weigle(Southwest Research Institute), Stephan Böttcher(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Eckart Böhm(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Söenke Burmeister(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Jingnan Guo(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Jan Köhler(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), César Martı́n(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), G. Reitz(Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)), Francis A. Cucinotta(University of Nevada, Las Vegas), Myung‐Hee Y. Kim(Universities Space Research Association), David Grinspoon(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), M. A. Bullock(Southwest Research Institute), Arik Posner, Javier Gómez‐Elvira(Centro de Astrobiología), A. R. Vasavada(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), J. P. Grotzinger(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), MSL Science Team, Osku Kemppinen, David A. Cremers(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), J. F. Bell, Lauren Edgar, Jack D. Farmer, Austin Godber, M. Wadhwa, Danika Wellington, Ian McEwan, Claire Newman, M. I. Richardson(Southwest Research Institute), Antoine Charpentier, Laurent Péret, P. L. King, Jennifer G. Blank(Goddard Space Flight Center), M. E. Schmidt, Shuai Li(Southwest Research Institute), R. E. Milliken, Kevin M. Robertson, V. Z. Sun, Michael B. Baker, Christopher S. Edwards, B. L. Ehlmann, Kenneth A. Farley, J. L. Griffes(Goddard Space Flight Center), Hayden Miller, Megan Newcombe, C. Pilorget, M. S. Rice, K. L. Siebach, Katie Stack, Edward M. Stolper, Claude Brunet, V. Hipkin, Richard Léveillé, Geneviève Marchand, Pablo Sobrón Sánchez, Laurent Favot, George D. Cody, A. Steele, Lorenzo Flückiger, David Lees(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Ara Nefian, Mildred Martin(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), M. Gailhanou, Francès Westall, Guy Israël, Christophe Agard, Julien Baroukh, Christophe Donny, Alain Gaboriaud, Philippe Guillemot, Vivian Lafaille, Éric Lorigny, Alexis Paillet, R. Pérez, M. Saccoccio, Charles Yana, Carlos Armiens‐Aparicio, Javier Caride Rodríguez, Isaías Carrasco Blázquez, Felipe Gómez(Centro de Astrobiología), Sebastian Hettrich, Alain Lepinette Malvitte, Mercedes Marín Jiménez, Jesús Martínez‐Frías, Javier Martín-Soler(Centro de Astrobiología), Javier Martín‐Torres, Antonio Molina Jurado, Luis Mora‐Sotomayor, G. M. Muñoz, Sara Navarro López, Verónica Peinado-González, Jorge Pla-García, J. A. Rodríguez‐Manfredi, Julio José Romeral-Planelló, Sara Alejandra Sans Fuentes, Eduardo Sebastian Martinez, Josefina Torres Redondo, Roser Urqui-O’Callaghan, María-Paz Zorzano Mier, Steve Chipera, Jean-Luc Lacour, Patrick Mauchien, Jean‐Baptiste Sirven, Heidi Manning, Alberto González Fairén, Alexander G. Hayes, Jonathan Joseph, S. W. Squyres, R. Sullivan(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Peter Thomas, Audrey Dupont, Angela Lundberg, Noureddine Melikechi, Alissa Mezzacappa, Thomas Berger, Daniel Matthiä, Benito Prats, Evgeny Atlaskin, Maria Genzer, Ari‐Matti Harri, Harri Haukka, Henrik Kahanpää, Janne Kauhanen, Osku Kemppinen, Mark Paton(Southwest Research Institute), Jouni Polkko, Walter Schmidt, Tero Siili, C. Fabre(GeoRessources), J. J. Wray, Mary Beth Wilhelm, Franck Poitrasson, Kiran Patel, Stephen Gorevan, Stephen Indyk, G. Paulsen, Sanjeev Gupta, D. L. Bish(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Juergen Schieber, B. Gondet, Yves Langevin, Claude Geffroy, David Baratoux(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Gilles Berger, Alain Cros, C. d’Uston, O. Forni, O. Gasnault, J. Lasue, Qiu-Mei Lee, S. Maurice, Pierre-Yves Meslin, E. Pallier, Yann Parot, Patrick Pinet, Susanne Schröder, Mike Toplis, Éric Lewin, Will Brunner, Ezat Heydari, C. N. Achilles, Dorothy Z. Oehler(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), B. Sutter, M. Cabane, David Coscia(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Guy Israël, Cyril Szopa, Gilles Dromart, François Robert(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Violaine Sautter, Stéphane Le Mouëlic, N. Mangold, M. Nachon, A. Buch, Fabien Stalport, Patrice Coll, Pascaline François, F. Raulin, Samuel Teinturier, James F. Cameron, Sam Clegg, A. Cousin, D. Delapp, Robert Dingler(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Ryan Steele Jackson, Stephen Johnstone, N. Lanza, Cynthia Little, Tony Nelson, R. C. Wiens, Richard B. Williams, Andrea Jones, Laurel Kirkland, A. H. Treiman, Burt Baker, B. A. Cantor, M. A. Caplinger, Scott Davis, Brian Duston, K. S. Edgett, Donald Fay(Southwest Research Institute), C. Hardgrove, D. E. Harker(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Paul Herrera, Elsa Jensen, M. R. Kennedy, Gillian Krezoski, Daniel Krysak, Leslie Lipkaman, Michael Malin, Elaina McCartney, Sean McNair, Brian Nixon, Liliya Posiolova, Michael Ravine, Andrew Salamon, Lee Saper, Kevin Stoiber, Kimberley Supulver, Jason Van Beek, Tessa Van Beek, Robert Zimdar(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Katherine L. French, Karl Iagnemma, Kristen Miller, Roger E. Summons, Fred Goesmann, Walter Goetz, S. F. Hviid, Micah Johnson, Matthew Lefavor, Eric Lyness, E. A. Breves, M. D. Dyar, C. I. Fassett, D. F. Blake, T. F. Bristow, David J. DesMarais(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), Laurence Edwards, R. M. Haberle(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Tori Hoehler, Jeff Hollingsworth, Melinda Kahre, Leslie Keely, Christopher P. McKay, Mary Beth Wilhelm, Lora Bleacher, W. B. Brinckerhoff, David S. Choi(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), P. G. Conrad, Jason P. Dworkin, Melissa Floyd, Caroline Freissinet, James Garvin, D. P. Glavin, Daniel Harpold, Andrea Jones, P. Mahaffy, David K. Martin(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), A. C. McAdam, Alexander A. Pavlov, E. Raaen, M. D. Smith, J. C. Stern(Goddard Space Flight Center), Florence Tan, M. G. Trainer, Michael A. Meÿer, Mary Voytek, Robert C. Anderson, A. D. Aubrey, L. W. Beegle, A. Behar, D. L. Blaney, Fred Calef, L. E. Christensen, J. A. Crisp, Lauren DeFlores, B. L. Ehlmann, Jason Feldman, Sabrina Feldman, Gregory J. Flesch, Joel Hurowitz, I. Jun, Didier Keymeulen, J. N. Maki, Michael Mischna, John Michael Morookian, T. J. Parker, Betina Pavri, Marcel Schoppers, Aaron Sengstacken, John J. Simmonds, N. Spanovich, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Christopher R. Webster, A. S. Yen, P. D. Archer, John H. Jones, D. W. Ming, R. V. Morris, P. B. Niles, E. B. Rampe, Thomas Nolan, M. R. Fisk(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Leon J. Radziemski, B. L. Barraclough, Steve Bender, Daniel Berman, E. Noe Dobrea, Robert Tokar(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), D. T. Vaniman(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), R. M. E. Williams, Aileen Yingst, K. W. Lewis, L. A. Leshin, T. Cleghorn, Wesley T. Huntress, Gérard Manhès, Judy Hudgins, Timothy Olson, Noel Stewart, Philippe Sarrazin, J. A. Grant(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Edward P. Vicenzi, Sharon A. Wilson, V. E. Hamilton, Joseph Peterson, F. Fedosov, D. V. Golovin, Natalya Karpushkina, Alexander Kozyrev, M. L. Litvak, A. Malakhov, И. Г. Митрофанов, Maxim Mokrousov, Sergey Nikiforov, В. А. Прохоров, Anton Sanin, V. I. Tretyakov, A. Varenikov, Andrey Vostrukhin, Ruslan Kuzmin, Benton Clark, M. J. Wolff, S. M. McLennan, Oliver Botta, Darrell M. Drake, Keri Bean, M. T. Lemmon(Southwest Research Institute), S. P. Schwenzer, R. B. Anderson, K. E. Herkenhoff, Ella Mae Lee, Robert Sucharski(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Miguel Ángel de Pablo Hernández, J. J. Blanco, Miguel Ramos, C. A. Malespin, Ianik Plante, Jan‐Peter Müller, R. Navarro‐González, R. C. Ewing, W. V. Boynton, Robert T. Downs(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Mike Fitzgibbon, K. Harshman, Shaunna M. Morrison, W. E. Dietrich, Onno Kortmann, M. C. Palucis, D. Y. Sumner, Amy J. Williams, Günter Lugmair, Michael Wilson, David M. Rubin(Denver Museum of Nature and Science), B. Jakosky, T. Balić-Žunić, Jens Frydenvang, Jaqueline Kløvgaard Jensen, Kjartan Kinch, Asmus Koefoed, M. B. Madsen, S. L. S. Stipp, Nick Boyd, John L. Campbell, R. Gellert, G. M. Perrett, Irina Pradler, S. J. VanBommel, Samantha Jacob, Tobias Owen, Scott K. Rowland, Evgeny Atlaskin, Hannu Savijärvi, César Martín García(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), R. Mueller‐Mellin, J. C. Bridges, Timothy McConnochie, M. Benna, H. B. Franz, Hannah Bower, Anna Brunner, Hannah Blau, Thomas Boucher, Marco Carmosino, S. K. Atreya, Harvey Elliott, Douglas Halleaux, N. O. Rennó, Michael L. Wong, Robert Pepin(Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Beverley Elliott, John Spray(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Lucy Thompson, Suzanne Gordon, H. E. Newsom, A. Ollila(Southwest Research Institute), Joshua Williams, Paulo Vasconcelos, Jennifer Bentz(Goddard Space Flight Center), Kenneth H. Nealson, Radu Popa, Linda C. Kah, J. Moersch, Christopher Tate, Mackenzie Day, Gary Kocurek, B. Hallet, R. S. Sletten, Raymond Francis(University of Nevada, Reno), Emily McCullough, Ed Cloutis, I. L. ten Kate, Ruslan Kuzmin, R. E. Arvidson, A. A. Fraeman, Daniel Scholes, S. Slavney, Thomas Stein, Jennifer Ward(Goddard Space Flight Center), Jeffrey A. Berger, John E. Moores
Cited by 669Open Access
Abstract
The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover began making detailed measurements of the cosmic ray and energetic particle radiation environment on the surface of Mars on 7 August 2012. We report and discuss measurements of the absorbed dose and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the martian surface for ~300 days of observations during the current solar maximum. These measurements provide insight into the radiation hazards associated with a human mission to the surface of Mars and provide an anchor point with which to model the subsurface radiation environment, with implications for microbial survival times of any possible extant or past life, as well as for the preservation of potential organic biosignatures of the ancient martian environment.
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