A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars
J. P. Grotzinger(California Institute of Technology), D. Y. Sumner(Planetary Science Institute), Linda C. Kah(University of Tennessee at Knoxville), K. M. Stack(California Institute of Technology), Sanjeev Gupta(Imperial College London), L. A. Edgar(Arizona State University), David M. Rubin(United States Geological Survey), K. W. Lewis(Princeton University), Jüergen Schieber(Indiana University Bloomington), N. Mangold(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. E. Milliken(Brown University), P. G. Conrad(Goddard Space Flight Center), David J. DesMarais(Ames Research Center), Jack D. Farmer(Arizona State University), K. L. Siebach(California Institute of Technology), F. J. Calef(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), J. A. Hurowitz(Stony Brook University), S. M. McLennan(Stony Brook University), D. W. Ming(Johnson Space Center), D. T. Vaniman(Planetary Science Institute), J. A. Crisp(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), A. R. Vasavada(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), K. S. Edgett(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), M. C. Malin(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), D. F. Blake(Ames Research Center), R. Gellert(University of Guelph), P. R. Mahaffy(Goddard Space Flight Center), R. C. Wiens(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. Maurice(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. A. Grant(Smithsonian Institution), Sharon A. Wilson(Smithsonian Institution), Robert C. Anderson(United States Geological Survey), L. W. Beegle(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), R. E. Arvidson(Washington University in St. Louis), B. Hallet(University of Washington), R. S. Sletten(University of Washington), M. S. Rice(California Institute of Technology), J. F. Bell(Arizona State University), J. L. Griffes(California Institute of Technology), B. L. Ehlmann(California Institute of Technology), R. B. Anderson(United States Geological Survey), T. F. Bristow(Ames Research Center), W. E. Dietrich(Planetary Science Institute), Gilles Dromart(Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), J. L. Eigenbrode(Goddard Space Flight Center), A. A. Fraeman(Washington University in St. Louis), C. Hardgrove(Malin Space Science Systems (United States)), K. E. Herkenhoff(United States Geological Survey), Louise Jandura(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Gary Kocurek(The University of Texas at Austin), S. Lee(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), L. A. Leshin(Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Richard Léveillé(Canadian Space Agency), D. Limonadi(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), J. N. Maki(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Scott McCloskey(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Michael A. Meÿer, M. E. Minitti(Arizona State University), H. E. Newsom(University of New Mexico), Dorothy Z. Oehler(Johnson Space Center), A. Okon(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), M. C. Palucis(Planetary Science Institute), T. J. Parker(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Scott K. Rowland(University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa), M. E. Schmidt(Brock University), S. W. Squyres(Cornell University), A. Steele(Carnegie Institution for Science), E. M. Stolper(California Institute of Technology), Roger E. Summons(Planetary Science Institute), A. H. Treiman(Lunar and Planetary Institute), R. M. E. Williams(Planetary Science Institute), Aileen Yingst(Planetary Science Institute), MSL Science Team, Osku Kemppinen, Nathan Bridges, J. R. Johnson, David A. Cremers, Austin Godber, M. Wadhwa, Danika Wellington, Ian McEwan, Claire Newman, M. I. Richardson, Antoine Charpentier, Laurent Péret, P. L. King, Jennifer G. Blank, Gerald Weigle, Shuai Li(Planetary Science Institute), Kevin M. Robertson, V. Z. Sun, Michael Baker, Christopher S. Edwards, Kenneth A. Farley, Hayden Miller, Megan Newcombe, Cedric Pilorget, Claude Brunet, Victoria Hipkin, Richard Léveillé(Canadian Space Agency), Geneviève Marchand, Pablo Sobrón Sánchez, Laurent Favot, George D. Cody, Lorenzo Flückiger, David Lees, Ara Nefian(Ames Research Center), Mildred Martin, M. Gailhanou, Francès Westall, Guy Israël, Christophe Agard, Julien Baroukh, Christophe Donny, Alain Gaboriaud, Philippe Guillemot, Vivian Lafaille, Éric Lorigny, Alexis Paillet, R. Pérez, M. Saccoccio, Charles Yana, Carlos Armiens‐Aparicio, Javier Rodríguez, Isaías Carrasco Blázquez, Felipe Gómez, Javier Gómez‐Elvira, Sebastian Hettrich, Alain Lepinette Malvitte, Mercedes Marín Jiménez, Jesús Martínez‐Frías, Javier Martín-Soler, Javier Martín‐Torres, Antonio Molina Jurado, Luis Mora‐Sotomayor, G. M. Muñoz, Sara Navarro López, Verónica Peinado-González, Jorge Pla‐García, J. A. Rodríguez‐Manfredi, Julio José Romeral-Planelló, Sara Alejandra Sans Fuentes, Eduardo Sebastian Martinez, Josefina Torres Redondo, Roser Urqui-O’Callaghan, María-Paz Zorzano Mier, S. J. Chipera, Jean-Luc Lacour, Patrick Mauchien, Jean‐Baptiste Sirven, Heidi Manning, Alberto González Fairén, Alexander G. Hayes, Jonathan Joseph, Robert Sullivan, P. C. Thomas, Audrey Dupont, Angela Lundberg, Noureddine Melikechi, Alissa Mezzacappa, Julia DeMarines, David Grinspoon, Günther Reitz, Benito Prats, Evgeny Atlaskin, Maria Genzer, Ari‐Matti Harri, Harri Haukka, Henrik Kahanpää, Janne Kauhanen, Mark Paton, Jouni Polkko, Walter Schmidt(Brock University), T. Siili, C. Fabre(GeoRessources), J. J. Wray(Arizona State University), Mary Beth Wilhelm, Franck Poitrasson, Kiran Patel, Stephen Gorevan, Stephen Indyk, G. Paulsen, D. L. Bish, Brigitte Gondet, Yves Langevin, Claude Geffroy, David Baratoux, Gilles Berger, Alain Cros, C. d’Uston, Olivier Forni, O. Gasnault, Jérémie Lasue, Qiu-Mei Lee(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Pierre‐Yves Meslin, E. Pallier, Yann Parot, Patrick Pinet, Susanne Schröder, Mike Toplis, Éric Lewin, Will Brunner(Planetary Science Institute), Ezat Heydari, Cherie Achilles, B. Sutter, M. Cabane(Arizona State University), David Coscia, Cyril Szopa, François Robert, V. Sautter, Stéphane Le Mouëlic, Marion Nachon, A. Buch, Fabien Stalport, Patrice Coll, Pascaline François, F. Raulin, Samuel Teinturier, James F. Cameron(Arizona State University), Sam Clegg, A. Cousin, Dorothea DeLapp, Robert Dingler, Ryan Steele Jackson, Stephen Johnstone, N. Lanza, Cynthia Little, Tony Nelson, Richard B. Williams(Planetary Science Institute), Andrea Jones, Laurel Kirkland, Burt Baker, B. A. Cantor, M. A. Caplinger, Scott Davis, Brian Duston, Donald Fay, D. E. Harker, Paul Herrera, Elsa Jensen, Megan R. Kennedy, Gillian Krezoski, Daniel Krysak, Leslie Lipkaman, Elaina McCartney, Sean McNair, Brian Nixon, L. Posiolova, M. A. Ravine, Andrew Salamon(Planetary Science Institute), Lee Saper(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Kevin Stoiber, Kimberley Supulver, Jason Van Beek, Tessa Van Beek, Robert Zimdar, Katherine L. French, Karl Iagnemma, Kristen Miller, F. Goesmann, Walter Goetz, S. F. Hviid, Micah Johnson, Matthew Lefavor, Eric Lyness, Elly Breves, M. D. Dyar, C. I. Fassett, Laurence Edwards, Robert Haberle, Tori Hoehler, Jeff Hollingsworth, M. A. Kahre, Leslie Keely, Christopher P. McKay, L. V. Bleacher, W. B. Brinckerhoff(Planetary Science Institute), David Choi, Jason P. Dworkin, Melissa Floyd(California Institute of Technology), Caroline Freissinet, James Garvin(Arizona State University), D. P. Glavin, Daniel Harpold, David K. Martin, A. C. McAdam, Alexander A. Pavlov, E. Raaen, Michael D. Smith, J. C. Stern, Florence Tan, M. G. Trainer(California Institute of Technology), A. Posner, Mary Voytek, A. D. Aubrey(Planetary Science Institute), A. Behar, D. L. Blaney, D. E. Brinza, L. E. Christensen, Lauren DeFlores, Jason Feldman, Sabrina Feldman, Gregory J. Flesch, I. Jun, Didier Keymeulen, Michael Mischna, John Michael Morookian, Betina Pavri, Marcel Schoppers, Aaron Sengstacken, John J. Simmonds, N. Spanovich, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Christopher R. Webster, A. S. Yen, P. D. Archer, Francis Cucinotta, John H. Jones, Richard V. Morris, P. B. Niles, Elizabeth Rampe, Thomas Nolan, M. R. Fisk, Leon J. Radziemski, Bruce Barraclough, Steve Bender, D. C. Berman, E. Noe Dobrea, Robert Tokar, T. Cleghorn, Wesley T. Huntress, G. Manhès, Judy Hudgins, Timothy Olson, Noel Stewart, Philippe Sarrazin, Edward P. Vicenzi, Mark Bullock, Bent Ehresmann, V. E. Hamilton, Donald M. Hassler, Joseph G. Peterson, Scot Rafkin, Cary Zeitlin, F. Fedosov, Dmitry Golovin, Natalya Karpushkina, Alexander Kozyrev, M. L. Litvak, A. Malakhov, И. Г. Митрофанов, Maxim Mokrousov, Sergey Nikiforov, В. А. Прохоров, Anton Sanin, V. I. Tretyakov, A. Varenikov, Andrey Vostrukhin, R. N. Kuz’min, Benton Clark, M. J. Wolff, Oliver Botta, Darrell M. Drake, Keri Bean, M. T. Lemmon, S. P. Schwenzer, Ella Mae Lee(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Robert Sucharski, Miguel Ángel de Pablo Hernández, J. J. Blanco, Miguel Ramos, Myung‐Hee Y. Kim, C. A. Malespin, Ianik Plante, Jan‐Peter Müller, R. Navarro‐González, R. C. Ewing, W. V. Boynton(Planetary Science Institute), Robert Downs, Mike Fitzgibbon, K. Harshman, Shaunna M. Morrison, Onno Kortmann, Amy J. Williams(Planetary Science Institute), G. W. Lugmair, Michael A. Wilson(Smithsonian Institution), B. M. Jakosky, T. Balić-Žunić, Jens Frydenvang, Jaqueline Kløvgaard Jensen, Kjartan Kinch, Asmus Koefoed, Morten Bo Madsen, S. L. S. Stipp, Nick Boyd, John L. Campbell, G. M. Perrett, Irina Pradler, Scott VanBommel, Samantha Jacob, Tobias Owen, Hannu Savijärvi, E. Boehm, Stephan Böttcher, S. Burmeister, Jingnan Guo, Jan Köhler(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), César Martín García, R. Mueller‐Mellin, R. F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber, John C. Bridges, Timothy McConnochie, M. Benna, H. B. Franz, Hannah Bower, Anna Brunner, Hannah Blau, Thomas Boucher, Marco Carmosino, Sushil Atreya, Harvey Elliott, Douglas Halleaux, N. O. Rennó, Michael H. Wong, Robert Pepin, Beverley Elliott, John Spray, Lucy Thompson, S. Gordon, A. Ollila(Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Joshua Williams(Planetary Science Institute), Paulo Vasconcelos, Jennifer Bentz, Kenneth H. Nealson, Radu Popa, J. Moersch, Christopher Tate, Mackenzie Day, Raymond Francis, Emily McCullough, Ed Cloutis(Planetary Science Institute), I. L. ten Kate, Daniel Scholes, S. Slavney, Thomas Stein, Jennifer Ward, Jeffrey Berger, John E. Moores
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Abstract
The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.
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