GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment
Cornelius A. Rietveld(Erasmus MC), Sarah E. Medland(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Jaime Derringer(University of Colorado Boulder), Jian Yang(Princess Alexandra Hospital), Tõnu Esko(University of Tartu), Nicolás W. Martín(The University of Queensland), Harm-Jan Westra(University Medical Center Groningen), Konstantin Shakhbazov(The University of Queensland), Abdel Abdellaoui(Amsterdam University College), Arpana Agrawal(Washington University in St. Louis), Eva Albrecht(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Behrooz Z. Alizadeh(University Medical Center Groningen), Najaf Amin(Erasmus MC), John Barnard(Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine), Sebastian E. Baumeister(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Kelly S. Benke(Mount Sinai Hospital), Lawrence F. Bielak(University of Michigan), Jeffrey A. Boatman(University of Minnesota), Patricia A. Boyle(Rush University Medical Center), Gail Davies(University of Edinburgh), Christiaan de Leeuw(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Niina Eklund(University of Helsinki), Daniel S. Evans(California Pacific Medical Center), Rudolf Ferhmann(University Medical Center Groningen), Krista Fischer(University of Tartu), Christian Gieger(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Håkon K. Gjessing(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Sara Hägg(Uppsala University), Jennifer R. Harris(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Caroline Hayward(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Christina Holzapfel(TUM Klinikum), Carla A. Ibrahim‐Verbaas(Erasmus MC), Erik Ingelsson(Uppsala University), Bo Jacobsson(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Peter K. Joshi(University of Edinburgh), Astanand Jugessur(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Marika Kaakinen(University of Oulu), Stavroula Kanoni(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Juha Karjalainen(University Medical Center Groningen), Ivana Kolčić(University of Split), Kati Kristiansson(University of Helsinki), Zoltán Kutalik(SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Jari Lahti(University of Helsinki), Sang Lee(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Peng Lin(Washington University in St. Louis), Penelope A. Lind(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Ching‐Ti Liu(Wake Forest University), Kurt Lohman(Wake Forest University), Marisa Loitfelder(Medical University of Graz), George McMahon(University of Bristol), Pedro Marques‐Vidal(Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine), Osorio Meirelles(National Institute on Aging), Lili Milani(University of Tartu), Ronny Myhre(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Marja-Liisa Nuotio(University of Helsinki), Christopher Oldmeadow(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Katja Petrovic(Medical University of Graz), Wouter J. Peyrot(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Ozren Polašek(University of Split), Lydia Quaye(King's College London), Eva Reinmaa(University of Tartu), John P. Rice(Washington University in St. Louis), Thais S. Rizzi(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Helena Schmidt(Medical University of Graz), Reinhold Schmidt(Medical University of Graz), Albert V. Smith(University of Iceland), Jennifer A. Smith(University of Michigan), Toshiko Tanaka(National Institute on Aging), Antonio Terracciano(Florida State University), Matthijs J. H. M. van der Loos(Erasmus MC), Véronique Vitart(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Henry Völzke(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Jürgen Wellmann(University of Münster), Lei Yu(Rush University Medical Center), Wei Zhao(University of Michigan), Jüri Allïk(University of Tartu), John Attia(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Stefania Bandinelli(Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze), François Bastardot, Jonathan Beauchamp(Harvard University), David A. Bennett(Rush University Medical Center), Klaus Berger(University of Münster), Laura J. Bierut(Washington University in St. Louis), Dorret I. Boomsma(Amsterdam University College), Ute Bültmann(University Medical Center Groningen), Harry Campbell(University of Edinburgh), Christopher F. Chabris(Union College), Lynn Cherkas(King's College London), Mina K. Chung(Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine), Francesco Cucca(University of Sassari), Mariza de Andrade(Mayo Clinic in Florida), Philip L. De Jager(Brigham and Women's Hospital), Jan-Emmanuel De Neve(Centre for Economic Policy Research), Ian J. Deary(University of Edinburgh), George Dedoussis(Harokopio University of Athens), Panos Deloukas(Wellcome Sanger Institute), Maria Dimitriou(Harokopio University of Athens), Guðný Eiríksdóttir(Icelandic Heart Association), Martin F. Elderson(University Medical Center Groningen), Johan G. Eriksson(University of Helsinki), David M. Evans(California Pacific Medical Center), Jessica D. Faul(University of Michigan), Luigi Ferrucci(National Institute on Aging), Melissa E. Garcia(National Institute on Aging), Henrik Grönberg(Karolinska Institutet), Vilmundur Guðnason(University of Iceland), Per Hall(Karolinska Institutet), Juliette Harris(Norwegian Institute of Public Health), Tamara B. Harris(National Institute on Aging), Nicholas D. Hastie(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Andrew C. Heath(Washington University in St. Louis), Dena Hernández(National Institute on Aging), Wolfgang Hoffmann(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), Adriaan Hofman(University of Groningen), Rolf Holle(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Elizabeth G. Holliday(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Jouke‐Jan Hottenga(Amsterdam University College), William G. Iacono(University of Minnesota), Thomas Illig(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin(Oulu University Hospital), Mika Kähönen(Tampere University Hospital), Jaakko Kaprio(National Institutes of Health), Robert M. Kirkpatrick(University of Minnesota), Matthew Kowgier(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Antti Latvala(National Institutes of Health), Lenore J. Launer(National Institute on Aging), Debbie A. Lawlor(University of Bristol), Terho Lehtimäki(Tampere University), Jingmei Li(Genome Institute of Singapore), Paul Lichtenstein(Karolinska Institutet), Peter Lichtner(Helmholtz Zentrum München), David C. Liewald(University of Edinburgh), Pamela A. F. Madden(Washington University in St. Louis), Patrik K. E. Magnusson(Karolinska Institutet), Tomi Mäki‐Opas(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Marco Masala(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine), Matt McGue(University of Minnesota), Andres Metspalu(University of Tartu), Andreas Mielck(Helmholtz Zentrum München), Michael B. Miller(University of Minnesota), Grant W. Montgomery(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Sutapa Mukherjee(University of Toronto), Dale R. Nyholt(QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute), Ben A. Oostra(Erasmus MC), Lyle J. Palmer(Ontario Institute for Cancer Research), Aarno Palotie(University of Helsinki), Brenda W.J.H. Penninx(Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Markus Perola(University of Helsinki), Patricia A. Peyser(University of Michigan), Martin Preisig, Katri Räikkönen(University of Helsinki), Olli T. Raitakari(University of Turku), Anu Realo(University of Tartu), Susan M. Ring(University of Bristol), Samuli Ripatti(University of Helsinki), Fernando Rivadeneira(Erasmus MC), Igor Rudan(University of Edinburgh), Aldo Rustichini(University of Minnesota), Veikko Salomaa(Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare), Antti-Pekka Sarin(University of Helsinki), David Schlessinger(National Institute on Aging), Rodney J. Scott(Hunter Medical Research Institute), Harold Snieder(University Medical Center Groningen), Beaté St Pourcain(University Of Bristol Dental Hospital), John M. Starr(Alzheimer Scotland), Jae Hoon Sul(University of California, Los Angeles), Ida Surakka(University of Helsinki), Rauli Svento(Oulu University of Applied Sciences), Alexander Teumer(Universitätsmedizin Greifswald), The LifeLines Cohort Study(Erasmus MC), Henning Tiemeier(Erasmus MC), Frank J.A. van Rooij(Erasmus MC), David R. Van Wagoner(Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine), Erkki Vartiainen(Turku University Hospital), Jorma Viikari(Turku University Hospital), Péter Vollenweider(University Medical Center Groningen), Judith M. Vonk(University Medical Center Groningen), Gérard Waeber(University of Michigan), David R. Weir(University of Michigan), H.‐Erich Wichmann(University of Helsinki), Elisabeth Widén(Amsterdam University College), Gonneke Willemsen(Amsterdam University College), James F. Wilson(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Alan F. Wright(Institute of Genetics and Cancer), Dalton Conley(University of Bristol), George Davey-Smith(University Medical Center Groningen), Lude Franke(University Medical Center Groningen), Patrick J. F. Groenen(Erasmus MC), Albert Hofman(University of Groningen), Magnus Johannesson(Stockholm School of Economics), Sharon L. R. Kardia(University of Minnesota), Robert F. Krueger(University of Minnesota), David Laibson(Harvard University), Nicholas G. Martin(The University of Queensland), Michelle N. Meyer(Erasmus MC), Daniëlle Posthuma(Erasmus MC), Roy Thurik(University of Bristol), Nicholas J. Timpson(Erasmus MC), André G. Uitterlinden(Leiden University Medical Center), Cornelia M. van Duijn(The University of Queensland), Peter M. Visscher(The University of Queensland), Daniel J. Benjamin(New York University Abu Dhabi), David Cesarini(New York University Abu Dhabi), Philipp Koellinger(Erasmus MC)
Cited by 917Open Access
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
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