Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans

Rebecca Garten(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), C. Todd Davis(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Colin A. Russell(National Institutes of Health), Bo Shu(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Stephen Lindstrom(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Amanda Balish(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Wendy Sessions(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Xiyan Xu(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Eugene Skepner(University of Cambridge), Varough Deyde(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret Okomo‐Adhiambo(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Larisa V. Gubareva(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), John Barnes(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Catherine Smith(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Shannon Emery(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Michael J. Hillman(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Pierre Rivailler(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), James A. Smagala(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Miranda de Graaf(University of Cambridge), David F. Burke(University of Cambridge), Ron A. M. Fouchier(Erasmus MC), Claudia Pappas(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Celia Alpuche‐Aranda(Secretaria de Salud), Hugo López‐Gatell(Secretaria de Salud), Hiram Olivera(Secretaria de Salud), Irma López(Secretaria de Salud), Christopher A. Myers(Naval Health Research Center), Dennis J. Faix(Naval Health Research Center), Patrick J. Blair(Naval Health Research Center), Cindy Yu(Arizona State University), Kimberly M. Keene(Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment), P. David Dotson(Indiana State Department of Health), David Boxrud(Minnesota Department of Health), Anthony R. Sambol, Syed H. Abid(Westchester Medical Center), Kirsten St. George(New York State Department of Health), Tammy Bannerman(Ohio Department of Agriculture), Amanda Moore(South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control), David J. Stringer(Dallas County), Patricia Blevins(Metro Health Hospital), Gail J. Demmler‐Harrison(Texas Children's Hospital), Michele Ginsberg(UC San Diego Health System), Paula Kriner(Imperial Valley College), Steve Waterman(Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services), Sandra Smole(Massachusetts Department of Public Health), Hugo Guevara(California Department of Public Health), Edward A. Belongia(Marshfield Clinic), Patricia A. Clark(Michigan Department of Health and Human Services), Sara T. Beatrice(New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene), Rubén O. Donis(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Jacqueline M. Katz(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Lyn Finelli(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Carolyn B. Bridges(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Michael W. Shaw(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Daniel B. Jernigan(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Timothy M. Uyeki(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Derek J. Smith(National Institutes of Health), Alexander Klimov(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Nancy J. Cox(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Science
May 22, 2009
10.1126/science.1176225
Cited by 2,513

Abstract

Generation of Swine Flu As the newly emerged influenza virus starts its journey to infect the world's human population, the genetic secrets of the 2009 outbreak of swine influenza A(H1N1) are being revealed. In extensive phylogenetic analyses, Garten et al. (p. 197 , published online 22 May) confirm that of the eight elements of the virus, the basic components encoded by the hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and nonstructural genes originated in birds and transferred to pigs in 1918. Subsequently, these formed a triple reassortant with the RNA polymerase PB1 that transferred from birds in 1968 to humans and then to pigs in 1998, coupled with RNA polymerases PA and PB2 that transferred from birds to pigs in 1998. The neuraminidase and matrix protein genes that complete the virus came from birds and entered pigs in 1979. The analysis offers insights into drug susceptibility and virulence, as well as raising the possibility of hitherto unknown factors determining host specificity. A significant question is, what is the potential for the H1 component of the current seasonal flu vaccine to act as a booster? Apart from the need for ongoing sequencing to monitor for the emergence of new reassortants, future pig populations need to be closely monitored for emerging influenza viruses.

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