Tao Yang

T cell exhaustion and promoting effector function. Supporting this notion, knockout of a butyric acid-producing gene in Fn abolishes its anti-PD-1 boosting effect. In patients with MSS CRC, high intratumoral Fn predicts favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy, indicating Fn as a potential biomarker of immunotherapy response in MSS CRC.

Abstract Owing to their exceptional properties, high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) and high‐entropy materials have emerged as promising research areas and shown diverse applications. Here, the recent advances in the field are comprehensively reviewed, organized into five sections. The first section introduces the background of HEAs, covering their definition, significance, application prospects, basic properties, design principles, and microstructure. The subsequent section focuses on cutting‐edge high‐entropy structural materials, highlighting developments such as nanostructured alloys, grain boundary engineering, eutectic systems, cryogenic alloys, thin films, micro‐nano‐lattice structures, additive manufacturing, high entropy metallic glasses, nano‐precipitate strengthened alloys, composition modulation, alloy fibers, and refractory systems. In the following section, the emphasis shifts to functional materials, exploring HEAs as catalysts, magneto‐caloric materials, corrosion‐resistant alloys, radiation‐resistant alloys, hydrogen storage systems, and materials for biomedicine. Additionally, the review encompasses functional high‐entropy materials outside the realm of alloys, including thermoelectric, quantum dots, nanooxide catalysts, energy storage materials, negative thermal expansion ceramics, and high‐entropy wave absorption materials. The paper concludes with an outlook, discussing future directions and potential growth areas in the field. Through this comprehensive review, researchers, engineers, and scientists may gain valuable insights into the recent progress and opportunities for further exploration in the exciting domains of high‐entropy alloys and functional materials.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most prevalent malignancy among males in the western world. Though hormonal therapies through chemical or surgical castration have been proposed many years ago, heretofore, such mainstay for the treatment on advanced PCa has not fundamentally changed. These therapeutic responses are temporary and most cases will eventually undergo PCa recurrence and metastasis, or even progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) due to persistent development of drug resistance. Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are a small population of cells, which possess unlimited self-renewal capacities, and can regenerate tumorigenic progenies, and play an essential role in PCa therapy resistance, metastasis and recurrence. Nowadays advanced progresses have been made in understanding of PCSC properties, roles of androgen receptor signaling and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), as well as roles of genomic non-coding microRNAs and key signaling pathways, which have led to the development of novel therapies which are active against chemoresistant PCa and CRPC. Based on these progresses, this review is dedicated to address mechanisms underlying PCa chemoresistance, unveil crosstalks among pivotal signaling pathways, explore novel biotherapeutic agents, and elaborate functional properties and specific roles of chemoresistant PCSCs, which may act as a promising target for novel therapies against chemoresistant PCa.

The role played by central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in acupuncture analgesia (AA) has been studied in rats with the tail-flick response as the antinociceptive test. The analgesic effect of acupuncture can be enhanced or lowered by the increment or the decrement of the 5-HT level in the CNS. Furthermore, the turnover rate of 5-HT in the CNS has been found to be greatly facilitated during the period of acupuncture. The results imply that 5-HT in the CNS may be one of the most important neurochemical agents mediating AA.