Ming Yang

Abstract Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) has been reported to be a component of inflammasomes in innate immune cells. Surprisingly, AIM2 is expressed by B cells, and higher AIM2 expression is observed in the B cells from lupus patients. To date, the inflammasome-independent function of AIM2 in B cells remains unclear. Here, we report increased expression of AIM2 in human tonsil memory and germinal center (GC) B cells and in memory B cells and plasma cells from the circulation and skin lesions of lupus patients. Conditional knockout of AIM2 in B cells reduces the CD19 + B-cell frequency in lymph nodes and spleens, and dampens KLH-induced IgG1-antibody production. In a pristane-induced mouse model of lupus, AIM2 deficiency in B cells attenuates lupus symptoms and reduces the frequency of GC B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, plasmablast cells, and plasma cells. Furthermore, the loss of AIM2 in human B cells leads to the increased expression of Blimp-1 and reduces the expression of Bcl-6. However, the silencing of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 has no significant effect on AIM2 expression, indicating that AIM2 might be the upstream regulator for Blimp-1 and Bcl-6. In addition, IL-10 is found to upregulate AIM2 expression via DNA demethylation. Together, our findings reveal that AIM2 is highly expressed in the B cells of lupus patients and promotes B-cell differentiation by modulating the Bcl-6–Blimp-1 axis, providing a novel target for SLE treatment.

Abstract In modern war of “find and destroy,” hiding the target is one of the essential means to improve battlefield survivability of personnel, weapons, and equipment. Infrared stealth technology started to emerge when hiding in the visible light band could no longer meet the protection requirements. With the rapid development of infrared detection technology, infrared stealth materials are gradually diversified. At present, infrared stealth technology no longer focuses only on low infrared emissivity, but from multiple perspectives to achieve target stealth, such as the tunability of optical properties, good thermal management, and multi‐spectral compatibility stealth. At the same time, the infrared stealth of the target is gradually shifted from passive to active, emphasizing dynamic integration of the target and the environment. This review summarizes research progress, development, and application of infrared stealth materials. Camouflage dye and infrared stealth coating are classified as traditional technologies, however new developments and novel processes from literature can be constantly retrieved over the years. In addition to dyeing/coating technologies, this review also highlights advanced infrared stealth materials such as thermal insulation materials, phase change materials, electrochromic materials, metamaterials, and bionic materials. Outlines of the advanced technologies are mainly focused on those published in recent years. Challenges and prospects for the future development of infrared stealth materials are presented at the end of the review.

This study showed PEHCl-CN can enhance the strength of Sn–I, resulting in good light stability. The subsequent doping of MBI resulted in good air stability. This enables the integrated 2T all-perovskite device to achieve an efficiency of 27.9%.