Д. А. Попов

Microarrays have emerged as the premier tool for studying gene expression on a genomic scale. Advances in the precision of array printers and scanners as well as improved laboratory protocols (11) allow for assays of tremendous complexity and scope. Scientists seeking to harness the potential of this technique are often challenged by the large quantities of data produced. Well-designed, user-friendly software is the key to tracking, integrating, qualifying, and ultimately deriving scientific insight from the experimental results. In support of our ongoing work in microarray analysis of gene expression, we developed a suite of software that allow users in the laboratory to capture, manage, and analyze effectively data from DNA microarray experiments. The TM4 suite of tools consist of four major applications, Microarray Data Manager (MADAM), TIGR_Spotfinder, Microarray Data Analysis System (MIDAS), and Multiexperiment Viewer (MeV), as well as a Minimal Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME)-compliant MySQL database, all of which are freely available to the scientific research community at http://www.tigr.org/software. Although these software tools were developed for spotted two-color arrays, many of the components can be easily adapted to work with single-color formats such as filter arrays and GeneChips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Three of the TM4 applications, MADAM, MIDAS, and MeV, were developed in Java and have been tested on Microsoft Windows, Linux , Unix , and MacOS X platforms; TIGR Spotfinder was written in C/C++ and runs only on Windows systems. The TM4 software system represents a comprehensive, extensible, open-source, and freely available collection of tools that we believe will be of use to a wide range of laboratories conducting microarray experiments. We further hope that by providing source code along with the executable software, we can encourage others to develop new analysis methods and utilities that will further enhance the capabilities of this software system.

Strains of microorganisms characterized by resistance to antimicrobial drugs used in medical organizations continue to spread In most regions of the world including Russia. It is clear that it affects both the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and tactics and strategy of its use not only in adults patients but also in children. The pandemic of coronavirus infection, in addition, highlighted the growing problems in treatment of invasive mycoses, the dose adjustment of antibiotics during sorption and dialysis therapy methods. These circumstances made it necessary to make adjustments to Guidelines on Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Therapy of Infections Caused by Multiresistant Strains of Microorganisms, which were prepared by a group of leading Russian experts in 2020 [1]. The submitted version of the recommendations was approved on 25.03.2022 at a joint meeting of the working group with representatives of public organizations: Association of Anesthesiologists-Intensivists, the Interregional Non-Governmental Organization Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists, the Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (IACMAC), and NGO Russian Sepsis Forum. These recommendations reflect an interdisciplinary consensus opinion on approaches to the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms. They are based on data from publications obtained from randomized trials as well as based on international clinical guidelines with a high degree of evidence.It is rational to use the Guidelines for determining the tactics of empirical and etiotropic therapy of the most severe infections.

Strains of microorganisms characterized by resistance to antimicrobial drugs used in medical organizations continue to spread in most regions of the world, including Russia. This naturally affects both the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and the tactics of its use not only in adults but also in children. The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the growing problems with the treatment of invasive mycoses, the selection of dosage of antibacterial agents when using sorption and dialysis therapy methods. In combination with the registration of new antibacterial drugs ABSTRACT in Russia, this necessitated the need to make adjustments to the Methodological recommendations “Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Therapy of Infections Caused by Polyresistant Strains of Microorganisms” (2nd edition), prepared by a group of leading Russian experts in 2022 [1]. The presented version was approved in December 2024 at a joint meeting of representatives of public organizations: the Russian Association of Anesthesiologists-Intensivists, the Interregional public organization “Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists”, the Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (IACMAC), the public organization “Russian Sepsis Forum”. These recommendations reflect the interdisciplinary consensus opinion on approaches to the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of infections caused by polyresistant microorganisms.

This paper is aimed to systematize, classify and analyze the anti-crisis industrial policy measures taken by the regional governments of the subjects of the Russian Federation during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Classification is carried out according to the following criteria: aim, scale, duration and proactivity/reactivity specific measures. Based on the results of the work, 91 measures from 32 subjects of the Russian Federation were analyzed. The research sample includes 4 subjects from each of the 8 federal districts of Russia. The total predominance of reactive measures (82) over proactive measures (9) was revealed. Only 6 measures in 32 regions were long-term, most (52) medium-term, as well as 33 short-term. Due to the research results 14 measures were focused on maintaining demand, 77 – on maintaining employment. At the same time, the majority of measures aimed to maintain demand were minor-scale (11 out of 14) and short-term (12 out of 14). The article explains the popularity of certain measures. Thus, as the most popular measures of anti-crisis industrial policy can be called tax benefits and exemptions for tenants of regional and municipal property. A number of conclusions were drawn regarding the political aspect of budget federalism in Russia (the special role of inter-budget transfers in regional industrial policy is noted), as well as the need to actualize the issue of the planning time-frame of regional governments of the subjects of the Russian Federation, to study the correlation of effectiveness and proactivity/reactivity of anti-crisis industrial policy measures.