Hugo Katus

A correction has been published: European Heart Journal, ehaa895, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa895

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety outcomes in patients in the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial who at randomisation were planned for a non-invasive treatment strategy. DESIGN: Pre-specified analysis of pre-randomisation defined subgroup of prospective randomised clinical trial. SETTING: 862 centres in 43 countries. PARTICIPANTS: 5216 (28%) of 18,624 patients admitted to hospital for acute coronary syndrome who were specified as planned for non-invasive management. INTERVENTIONS: Randomised treatment with ticagrelor (n=2601) versus clopidogrel (2615). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Primary composite end point of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke; their individual components; and PLATO defined major bleeding during one year. RESULTS: 2183 (41.9%) patients had coronary angiography during their initial hospital admission, 1065 (20.4%) had percutaneous coronary intervention, and 208 (4.0%) had coronary artery bypass surgery. Cumulatively, 3143 (60.3%) patients had been managed non-invasively by the end of follow-up. The incidence of the primary end point was lower with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel (12.0% (n=295) v 14.3% (346); hazard ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 1.00; P=0.04). Overall mortality was also lower (6.1% (147) v 8.2% (195); 0.75, 0.61 to 0.93; P=0.01). The incidence of total major bleeding (11.9% (272) v 10.3% (238); 1.17, 0.98 to 1.39; P=0.08) and non-coronary artery bypass grafting related major bleeding (4.0% (90) v 3.1% (71); 1.30, 0.95 to 1.77; P=0.10) was numerically higher with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute coronary syndrome initially intended for non-invasive management, the benefits of ticagrelor over clopidogrel were consistent with those from the overall PLATO results, indicating the broad benefits of P2Y12 inhibition with ticagrelor regardless of intended management strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials NCT00391872.

AIMS: To assess the role of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels on admission using a new, highly sensitive assay (hsTnT) in the risk assessment of normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 156 consecutive normotensive patients with confirmed PE. The prognostic value of hsTnT at baseline was compared with the conventional cTnT troponin assay and with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations. Long-term follow-up was available for 153 patients (98.1%). Highly sensitive troponin T values ranged from 0.001 to 357.2 pg/mL [median 27.2 (25th-75th percentile 9.4-69.4) pg/mL]. Overall, 100 patients (64%) had hsTnT > or =14 pg/mL. Baseline hsTnT was higher in patients with an adverse 30-day outcome (> or =1: death, need for catecholamines, endotracheal intubation, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation) compared with an uncomplicated course [71.7 (35.5-117.9) vs. 26.4 (9.2-68.2) pg/mL; P = 0.027]. The cut-off value of 14 pg/mL showed an excellent prognostic sensitivity and negative predictive value (both 100%). In comparison, as many as 50% of the patients with an adverse early outcome would have been misclassified as low risk by cTnT (cut-off 0.03 ng/mL). Logistic regression indicated a two-fold increase in the risk of an adverse outcome for each increase of hsTnT by 1SD of the natural logarithm (P = 0.037). Patients with elevated hsTnT levels had a reduced probability of long-term survival (P = 0.029 by log-rank); by Cox's regression analysis, hsTnT was the only laboratory biomarker predicting an elevated risk of death over the long term. CONCLUSION: Highly sensitive troponin T assays may be capable of improving risk stratification of non-high-risk PE.

Heart failure is an increasingly prevalent disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. Although many causal mechanisms such as inherited cardiomyopathies, ischemic cardiomyopathy, or muscular overload are easily identified in clinical practice, the events that determine the progression of cardiac injury to heart failure and adverse ventricular remodeling are still unclear. Yet there is compelling evidence that inflammatory mechanisms contribute to the progression of heart failure. High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a newly recognized potent innate "danger signal" that is released by necrotic cells and by activated immune cells. HMGB1 signals via the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) and members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. We have demonstrated an important role for HMGB1 and RAGE in the pathogenesis of early- and late-phase complications following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart. In addition, enhanced postmyocardial infarction remodeling in type 1 diabetes mellitus was partially mediated by HMGB1 activation. We propose that the interaction of HMGB1 and RAGE is a key component initiating and sustaining the inflammatory response in inflammatory cardiomyopathy eventually leading to heart failure. Thus HMGB1-antagonizing gene therapy represents a new therapeutic strategy.

The diagnostic evaluation of acute chest pain has been augmented in recent years by advances in the sensitivity and precision of cardiac troponin assays, new biomarkers, improvements in imaging modalities, and release of new clinical decision algorithms. This progress has enabled physicians to diagnose or rule-out acute myocardial infarction earlier after the initial patient presentation, usually in emergency department settings, which may facilitate prompt initiation of evidence-based treatments, investigation of alternative diagnoses for chest pain, or discharge, and permit better utilization of healthcare resources. A non-trivial proportion of patients fall in an indeterminate category according to rule-out algorithms, and minimal evidence-based guidance exists for the optimal evaluation, monitoring, and treatment of these patients. The Cardiovascular Round Table of the ESC proposes approaches for the optimal application of early strategies in clinical practice to improve patient care following the review of recent advances in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. The following specific 'indeterminate' patient categories were considered: (i) patients with symptoms and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin <99th percentile; (ii) patients with symptoms and high-sensitivity troponin <99th percentile but above the limit of detection; (iii) patients with symptoms and high-sensitivity troponin >99th percentile but without dynamic change; and (iv) patients with symptoms and high-sensitivity troponin >99th percentile and dynamic change but without coronary plaque rupture/erosion/dissection. Definitive evidence is currently lacking to manage these patients whose early diagnosis is 'indeterminate' and these areas of uncertainty should be assigned a high priority for research.