George A. Jeffrey

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbohydrate liquid crystalsGeorge A. JeffreyCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1986, 19, 6, 168–173Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00126a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00126a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views644Altmetric-Citations217LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogen-bond structure in carbohydrate crystalsGeorge A. Jeffrey and Shozo TakagiCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1978, 11, 7, 264–270Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50127a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50127a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views658Altmetric-Citations155LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Abstract There has been a marked increase during the past 5 years in the number of mesogenic compounds synthesized from the common, naturally occurring carbohydrates, particularly from glucose and glucitol. The structure of the mesophases depends on the shape of the molecules. Cyclic and acyclic carbohydrates with single n-alkyl or acyl chains of more than six carbon atoms are calamitic amphiphiles which form thermotropic smectic Ad phases. The more soluble of these mesogens are used as non-ionic surfactants for solubilizing and crystallizing membrane proteins. They form gels and lyotropic phases with water. The lamellar phase is most common, but some carbohydrate amphiphiles exhibit all of the classical lyotropic phases associated with the ionic surfactants, i.e. lamellar, cubic and hexagonal. Both the smectic Ad and the lamellar Lα phases are believed to be bilayers with interdigitized alkyl chains in the interior of the molecular clusters. The crystal structures of the alkylated cyclic sugars hitherto determined have head-to-head bilayers with interdigitizing alkyl chains. With the acyclic sugars, head-to-tail monolayer crystal structures are also observed. It is believed that these convert to bilayer structures prior to forming the bilayer smectic phases. Carbohydrates substituted with more than one hydrocarbon chain form hexagonal mesophases. Both cyclic and acyclic sugars, when monosubstituted with double alkyl or acyl chains, are wedge-shaped molecules which aggregate into discs that stack in hexagonally arranged columns. When full substituted, the flatter carbohydrate molecules, such as scyllo-inositol, form a large class of discotic mesophases. Those that are only partially substituted, leaving two hydroxyl groups free, are reported to form multilayer discotic mesophases which combine stacking forces with hydrogen bonding. The amphiphilic carbohydrates that form hexagonal phases thermotropically may form hexagonal, cubic or lamellar phases lyotropically.