Accessing Genetic Information with High-Density DNA ArraysRapid access to genetic information is central to the revolution taking place in molecular genetics. The simultaneous analysis of the entire human mitochondrial genome is described here. DNA arrays containing up to 135,000 probes complementary to the 16.6-kilobase human mitochondrial genome were generated by light-directed chemical synthesis. A two-color labeling scheme was developed that allows simultaneous comparison of a polymorphic target to a reference DNA or RNA. Complete hybridization patterns were revealed in a matter of minutes. Sequence polymorphisms were detected with single-base resolution and unprecedented efficiency. The methods described are generic and can be used to address a variety of questions in molecular genetics including gene expression, genetic linkage, and genetic variability.
Extensive polymorphisms observed in HIV–1 clade B protease gene using high–density oligonucleotide arraysDecoding Randomly Ordered DNA ArraysWe have developed a simple and efficient algorithm to identify each member of a large collection of DNA-linked objects through the use of hybridization, and have applied it to the manufacture of randomly assembled arrays of beads in wells. Once the algorithm has been used to determine the identity of each bead, the microarray can be used in a wide variety of applications, including single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping and gene expression profiling. The algorithm requires only a few labels and several sequential hybridizations to identify thousands of different DNA sequences with great accuracy. We have decoded tens of thousands of arrays, each with 1520 sequences represented at approximately 30-fold redundancy by up to approximately 50,000 beads, with a median error rate of <1 x 10(-4) per bead. The approach makes use of error checking codes and provides, for the first time, a direct functional quality control of every element of each array that is manufactured. The algorithm can be applied to any spatially fixed collection of objects or molecules that are associated with specific DNA sequences.
[10] Elution of DNA from agarose gels after electrophoresisRobert Yang, John T. Lis, Ray Wu|Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology|1979 The potential of Weibull-type functions as flexible growth curvesRobert Yang, Andrew S. Kozak, J. Harry G. Smith|Canadian Journal of Forest Research|1978 A new growth function, which is flexible enough in shape to accommodate most biological growth behavior, is created by adding an expanding factor to the Weibull distribution function. Many monotonically increasing biological growth phenomena can be excellently modelled by this function with various numerical values for the scale, the shape, and the upper asymptote parameters. The function is illustrated with height–age and volume–age curves for single trees and two polymorphic stand volume–age curves.