Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Classification, Synthesis, Modification, and Biomedical ApplicationsMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new variety of solid crystalline porous functional materials. As an extension of inorganic porous materials, it has made important progress in preparation and application. MOFs are widely used in various fields such as gas adsorption storage, drug delivery, sensing, and biological imaging due to their high specific surface area, porosity, adjustable pore size, abundant active sites, and functional modification by introducing groups. In this paper, the types of MOFs are classified, and the synthesis methods and functional modification mechanisms of MOFs materials are summarized. Finally, the application prospects and challenges of metal-organic framework materials in the biomedical field are discussed, hoping to promote their application in multidisciplinary fields.
Current Status and Future Developments in NIR‐II‐emitting Organic Small Molecule Fluorophores for Bioimaging and PhototherapyOptical methods can show different chemical components in tissues and are non-invasive, non-destructive, and non-ionizing. Near-infrared II light distinguishes itself among numerous light wavelengths by virtue of its unique advantages and has become a more preferred choice when selecting light wavelengths. Its notable advantages include being able to penetrate deep into biological tissues with greater efficacy and effectively reducing the impact of tissue scattering and absorption phenomena. Utilizing fluorophores in the near-infrared II window generates superior diagnostic spatial resolution, additional signal-to-background ratio, and greater depth of tissue optical imaging. Organic small molecule fluorophores, as a new generation of fluorophores with potential for clinical application, have made remarkable progress in biomedical imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy in near-infrared II and have become a research hotspot. This review is concentrated on the advancements made recently by different near-infrared II emitting organic small molecule fluorophores in the domains of molecular structure design, methods to improve biocompatibility, water solubility, targeted transport, bioimaging, phototherapy, near-infrared II emitting organic small molecule fluorophores prospects and challenges. We hope to open a path for the progress of future near-infrared II emitting organic small molecule fluorescence technology and accelerate its application in clinical medicine.