S Boydell

Abstract: This paper describes the thinking used to develop an integrated urban systems model of transport and domestic dwelling energy-use in association with domestic water-use. The model aims to identify common consumption trends — synergies and tensions — to improve the efficacy of urban development policies that target sustainability issues in these infrastructure sectors. Examining the limitations of four other models used to understand similar problems, highlights the potential benefits of such a model. Using Sydney as a case study, the paper provides examples of preliminary results. 1 Introduction: key questions for urban sustainability This paper is part of an on-going research collaboration that seeks to examine the working relationships between multiple infrastructure sectors through a single analysis platform. In the past, urban infrastructure consumption patterns have usually been analysed on a single sector basis, however such a practice necessarily overlooks important synergies between different infrastructures.

This essay is introduced by delving into the myth, embeddedness and tradition that surrounds people's perceptions of property rights. In all societies the property rights of individuals are subject to both political and legal regulation, whether this is by custom, modern legal instruments, or both. In the Pacific there is often a confusion and conflict between constitutional and customary law. Embeddedness, or preconception from prior upbringing, clouds and confuses attitudes to property and land ownership. Is there such a person as a customary landowner in the Pacific Islands or is society actually adopting inappropriate borrowed western language? To answer this question, it is necessary to explore the concept of communalism, which is accepted practice in many Pacific island countries, and investigate how it is, like most things in the Pacific, grounded in relationships.

In a time of climate change, cities are challenged by the twin demands of reduced carbon emissions and the provision of a potable water supply. Meanwhile our governance and legal frameworks are inadequately prepared for the emergent trade in carbon property rights and water property rights. Such instances are compounded when legal frameworks from developed economies are applied to developing nations, particularly those with a reliance on customary structures. The key contribution to the body of literature is our highlighting of inappropriate reliance on legal precedent to explain emergent rights (which sees them wrongly described in a climate changed world) and the evolution of a coherent model of the constellation of carbon property relations and interests. Key Words: Real property rights, constellation, carbon property, carbon-constrained cities, Australia.

About 70% of land ownership units in developing countries are not formally registered and land registration is not achieving the desired results. At the same time, and while still recognising there are needs for such top-down initiatives, UN-HABITAT/GLTN is looking towards facilitating an evolutionary approach towards market development by the use of valuers. UN-HABITAT/GLTN considers the valuation of unregistered land may be necessary: 1. in situations of urban expansion into unregistered peri-urban sprawl 2. developments including infrastructure projects entailing compensation 3. upgrading of informal settlements 4. investments in improved farming resettlement initiatives – even disaster related resettlements, redressing historical displacements, and 5. individual owners – mostly from disadvantaged groups - needing to borrow against their land or do share-cropping or sub-leasing of their land due to socio-economic pressures, etc. This paper is a progress report on facilitating the valuation of unregistered lands. In so doing, UN-HABITAT/GLTN is looking towards not only a bottom-up approach, but also one that also addresses all the relevant socio-economic and institutional scales between the top and the bottom, so that both valuations and property markets in unregistered lands can be addressed in a “fit for the purpose” market-specific manner.