Reidar Andersen

Introduction M. Apollonio, R. Anderson and R. Putman 1. Norway R. Andersen, E. Lund, E. Johan Solberg and B.-E. S'ther 2. Sweden O. Liberg, R. Bergstrom, J. Kindberg and H. von Essen 3. Finland V. Ruusila and I. Kojola 4. Baltic Countries Z. Andersone-Lilley, L. Balciauskas, J. Ozolins, T. Randveer and J. Tonisson 5. Denmark R. Andersen and V. Holthe 6. Germany U. Wotschikowsky 7. Poland P. Wawrzyniak, W. Jedrzejewski, B. Jedrzejewska and T. Borowik 8. Czech Republic L. Bartos, R. Kotrba and J. Pintir 9. Slovakia S. Findo and M. Skuban 10. Great Britain R. Putman 11. The Netherlands S. van Wieren and G. Groot Bruinderink 12. Belgium J. Casaer and A. Licoppe 13. Switzerland N. Imesch-Bebie, H. Gander and R. Schnidrig-Petrig 14. Austria F. Reimoser and S. Reimoser 15. Hungary S. Csanyi 16. Romania I. Micu, A. Nahlik, S. Negus, I. Mihalache and I. Szabo 17. Portugal J. Vingada, C. Fonseca, J. Cancela, J. Ferreira and C. Eira 18. Spain J. Carranza 19. France D. Maillard, J. Gaillard, M. Hewison, P. Ballon, P. Duncan, A. Loison, C. Toigo, E. Baubet, C. Bonenfant, M. Garel and C. Saint-Andrieux 20. Italy M. Apollonio, S. Ciuti, L. Pedrotti and P. Banti 21. Slovenia M. Adamic and K. Jerina 22. Croatia J. Kusak and K. Krapinec 23. Greece H. Papaioannou 24. Present status and future challenges for European ungulate management M. Apollonio, R. Anderson and R. Putman Index.

1. Summer home range size variation and habitat selection of 35 radio-collared adult female roe deer was studied, using kernel home range estimation and compositional analysis of habitat use. 2. Female roe deer adjust the size of their home range in response to decreasing food supply, and the hypothesis that female roe deer utilize the minimum area that sustain their energy requirement cannot be rejected. 3. Home range size increased with the visibility in the home range (the average distance at which sight is blocked by intervening vegetation). This supports the hypothesis that cover is important in reducing the risk of predation and thereby increasing adult survival. 4. Female roe deer spend more time near habitat edges, supporting the hypothesis that different habitat types contain complementary resources, e.g. food and cover or different nutrients. Simultaneous access to several habitat types did not have any effect on home range size, possibly because variation in heterogeneity between different home ranges was too low. 5. Females without fawns had smaller home ranges, possibly because they only need to sustain their own energetic requirements. 6. The analyses of habitat selection inside each home range showed that the forest types, characterized by high densities of food and low visibility, were preferred, suggesting that habitat use is allocated in proportion to either food or cover or both.

A total of 111 papers and reports, coming from 79 major studies and 19 other studies, on neonatal (first summer) mortality of 10 species of northern, temperate ungulates were reviewed. To avoid biases from indirect techniques only studies on radio‐collared neonates and/or their dams were included, apart from a few notable exceptions. Neonatal mortality rates observed for different studies averaged 47% (68 studies) in environments where predators occurred, with predation accounting for an average of 67% (53 studies) of this mortality. No other single cause of mortality exceeded that of predation, which accounted for 0–100% of the mortality recorded in various studies. In contrast, mortality averaged 19% for studies in environments lacking predators. Other prominent causes of mortality were hypothermia/starvation and accidents. Disease was found to play a small role only. The predator species involved varied greatly between study areas, with both medium sized (bobcat Lynx rufus , Canada lynx Lynx canadensis , coyote Canis latrans and red fox Vulpes vulpes ) and large (wolf Canis lupus , mountain lion Felis concolor , black bear Ursus americana and brown bear Ursus arctos ) terrestrial predators preying upon the neonates. Despite the prominent role of predation, little is known about its long‐term compensatory or additive nature, and therefore its impact on population dynamics is unclear. Factors influencing predation rates are poorly understood, although a few studies found significant sex‐biased predation, and effects of weather or juvenile/maternal body condition. Timing of mortality within the first summer varied with the predators involved and the neonatal security strategy of the species, but was not confined to the immediate post‐partum period.

Variation in size of home range is among the most important parameters required for effective conservation and management of a species. However, the fact that home ranges can vary widely within a species makes data transfer between study areas difficult. Home ranges of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx vary by a factor of 10 between different study areas in Europe. This study aims to try and explain this variation in terms of readily available indices of prey density and environmental productivity. On an individual scale we related the sizes of 52 home ranges, derived from 23 (9:14 male:female) individual resident lynx obtained from south-eastern Norway, with an index of density of roe deer Capreolus capreolus. This index was obtained from the density of harvested roe deer within the municipalities covered by the lynx home ranges. We found a significant negative relationship between harvest density and home-range size for both sexes. On a European level we related the sizes of 111 lynx (48:63 male: female) from 10 study sites to estimates derived from remote sensing of environmental productivity and seasonality. A multiple linear regression model indicated that productivity of the study site had a clear negative relationship with home-range size. At both scales, sex emerged as a significant explanatory variable with males having larger home ranges than females. In addition, the size of male home-ranges increased faster with decreasing prey density than for females. These analyses support widely held predictions that variation in home-range size is due to variation in prey density.