Daya Nand Sharma

Abstract Since the publication of the last FIGO Cancer Report there have been giant strides in the global effort to reduce the burden of cervical cancer, with WHO announcing a call for elimination. In over 80 countries, including LMIC s, HPV vaccination is now included in the national program. Screening has also seen major advances with implementation of HPV testing on a larger scale. However, these interventions will take a few years to show their impact. Meanwhile, over half a million new cases are added each year. Recent developments in imaging and increased use of minimally invasive surgery have changed the paradigm for management of these cases. The FIGO Gynecologic Oncology Committee has revised the staging system based on these advances. This chapter discusses the management of cervical cancer based on the stage of disease, including attention to palliation and quality of life issues.

Since the publication of the 2018 FIGO Cancer Report, giant strides have been made in the global effort to reduce the burden of cervical cancer, with the World Health Organization (WHO) rolling out a global strategy for cervical cancer elimination, aiming for implementation by 2030. In over 130 countries, including low- and middle-income countries, HPV vaccination is now included in the national program. Screening has seen major advances with wider implementation of HPV testing. These interventions will take a few years to show their impact. Meanwhile, over half a million new cases are added each year. FIGO's revised staging of cervical cancer (2018) has been widely implemented and retrospective analyses of data based on the new staging have been published. Minimally invasive surgery has been shown to be disadvantageous in women with cervical cancer. This chapter discusses the management of cervical cancer based on the stage of disease, including attention to palliation and quality of life issues.

Plasma exchange is the standard treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). For patients refractory to plasma exchange, treatment options are limited and often unsuccessful. The platelet thrombi that form in acquired TTP are believed to result from the presence of procoagulant ultralarge multimers of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in the circulation due to autoantibody inhibition of VWF cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13), the enzyme that normally cleaves the ultralarge multimers. Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20, has been recognized as a useful therapy for antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. We therefore treated four patients with recurrent TTP with 2 or 4 weekly doses of rituximab in addition to corticosteroids, vincristine, plasma, or continuing plasma exchange. Three patients responded with prompt improvement in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, which allowed plasma exchange to be discontinued or avoided and prednisone to be rapidly discontinued. Two of the 3 responders have remained in unmaintained complete remission for 13+ months. The third patient relapsed at 13 months; a second course of rituximab and prednisone resulted in an unmaintained remission for 6+ months. All four patients were tested for ADAMTS-13 activity and its inhibitor at a point in their course when samples were available. Low ADAMTS-13 activity was noted in 3 patients tested at relapse, and the inhibitor activity was detectable in 2 patients. ADAMTS-13 activity increased during remission in one of these 2 patients although the patient had a persistence of the inhibitor. One patient tested only during remission had a normal ADAMTS-13 level. We conclude that rituximab may have a role and deserves further study in the treatment of patients with relapsing TTP.

OBJECTIVE: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been widely used for guiding prostate implants, but not much for interstitial brachytherapy (IBT) of cervix cancer. The aim of our study is to report our experience with TRUS guided high dose rate (HDR) IBT in patients with carcinoma of uterine cervix. METHODS: During the year 2005-2006, 25 patients of cervical cancer not suitable for intracavitary radiotherapy (ICRT), were enrolled in this prospective study. We used B-K Medical USG machine (Falcon 2101) equipped with a TRUS probe (8658) having a transducer of 7.5 MHz for IBT. Post procedure, a CT scan was done for verification of needle position and treatment planning. Two weekly sessions of HDR IBT of 8-10 Gy each were given after pelvic external beam radiation therapy. RESULTS: A total of 40 IBT procedures were performed in 25 patients. Average duration of implant procedure was 50 minutes. There was no uterine perforation in any of 11 patients in whom central tandem was used. CT scan did not show needle perforation of bladder/rectum in any of the patients. During perioperative period, only 1 procedure (2.5%) was associated with hematuria which stopped within 6 hours. Severe late toxicity was observed in 3 (12%) patients. Overall pelvic control rate was 64%. CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that TRUS is a practical and effective imaging device for guiding the IBT procedure of cervical cancer patients. It helps in accurate placements of needles thus avoiding the injury to normal pelvic structures.