A Borgeat

UNLABELLED: Infraclavicular plexus block has recently become a technique of increasing interest. However, no approach has provided easily identifiable landmarks, good conditions for catheter placement, and lack of complications (mainly pneumothorax). We describe a modified approach of the Raj technique based on the identification of the anterior acromial process, jugular notch, and emergence of the axillary artery within the axillary fossa, with the arm abducted to 90 degrees and elevated by approximately 30 degrees. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of this approach by injecting 40 to 50 mL of ropivacaine 0.6% in 150 patients scheduled for elective surgery of the forearm, wrist, or hand. Success was defined as a sensory block of the 5 nerves with territories distal to the elbow within 30 min after performing the block. The success rate was 97% when a distal response (flexion or extension of the wrist or fingers) was elicited and 44% when a proximal (contraction of the triceps, biceps) was obtained using a nerve stimulator. Complications were rare: aspiration of blood was seen in 2% of patients and hematoma was seen at the puncture site in 0.6%; no pneumothorax occurred. Eleven patients (7%) complained of some pain during the procedure. We conclude that the modified approach of the Raj technique for infraclavicular block is very effective when a distal nerve stimulator response is obtained with a small complication rate and a high degree of patient satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS: We describe a modified approach of the Raj technique for the infraclavicular brachial plexus. The elicitation of a distal nerve stimulator response is associated with a high success rate, a low incidence of complications and a high degree of patient satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Tibial and common peroneal nerves can be blocked by the posterior approach to the popliteal fossa. Techniques using fixed measured distances between knee skin crease and puncture point have been described. We report on an approach that is based on manual identification of the apex of the popliteal fossa. METHODS: Five-hundred patients undergoing surgery of ankle or foot were prospectively included. The apex of the popliteal fossa (determined by the crossing point of the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles) was assessed by manual palpation. The puncture point was 0.5 cm below the apex, on the medial side of the biceps femoris muscle. When indicated for postoperative analgesia, a perineural catheter was placed. We assessed success rate, number of attempts, the distance between knee skin crease and the apex of the popliteal fossa, nerve depth, and acute and late complications. RESULTS: Block success rate was 94% and 92% when the block was performed through the needle and the catheter, respectively. Inversion was the motor response with the highest success rate. The first attempt was successful in 97.5% of the patients. Mean depth of the nerve was 4.5 cm (range, 2.0 to 7.0 cm) and mean knee skin crease to apex of popliteal fossa distance was 9 cm (range, 7.0 to 12.0 cm). Nine patients (2%) had acute complications. There were no technical problems associated with the perineural nerve catheter. After 12 weeks, no late complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The modified posterior anatomical approach for popliteal sciatic nerve block is easy to perform, has a high success rate, and has a low complication rate. The location of the needle insertion point is assessed without any measurement, thus avoiding inaccuracies caused by repeated skin-distance measurements.