Robert M. Pearson

Abstract Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have risen since the beginning of the industrial revolution, primarily as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion for energy production and other industrial activities. Recognizing the challenge imposed by the potential for climate change, recent initiatives by various governments and by energy producers target a significant reduction in the intensity of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. A major mitigation strategy for reducing the intensity and amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere is CO2 capture and sequestration, of which geological sequestration is a major component. Although enhanced oil recovery operations have the lowest capacity of all options for geological CO2 sequestration, they are most likely to be implemented first because of the additional economic benefit that will help offset the cost of CO2 sequestration. Assuming that the pore space previously occupied by the produced oil can be backfilled with CO2, a methodology has been developed for the identification and screening of oil reservoirs that are suitable for CO2 flooding and for estimating their CO2 sequestration capacity at depletion, as well as under enhanced oil recovery. The methodology has been applied to close to 11,000 oil pools in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that are recorded in provincial reserves databases. Of these, 4,767 oil pools are technically suitable for CO2 flooding, with an estimated incremental oil production and total CO2 sequestration capacity of 350×106 m3 (2,200 MMbbl) and 988 Mt CO2, respectively. However, only 110 oil pools have individual CO2 sequestration capacity greater than 1 Mt CO2 each, but together they account for ~61% of the total. The incremental oil production from these 110 oil pools is estimated to be 150×106 m3 (930 MMbbl) oil, and these oil pools should be considered first in detailed studies of CO2 EOR and sequestration. To account for the effect of underlying aquifer influx that reduces CO2 storage capacity, analysis of the production history of these 110 oil pools shows that the water-oil and gasoil ratios are indicative of the strength of the underlying aquifers, but the recovery factor is not. The underlying aquifer is considered strong if cumulative net WOR>0.25, and weak if WOR<0.15. For WOR between 0.15 and 0.25, strong aquifer support is indicated by cumulative GOR<1,000 m3/m3 (5,600 scf/bbl), otherwise the aquifer support is weak. Material balance analysis on 19 of these oil pools with active aquifers indicated that, if the reservoir pressure is only allowed to increase back to the initial pressure, the CO2 sequestration capacity is reduced on average only by ~3%, if the underlying aquifer is weak, and by ~50% if the underlying aquifer is strong.

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. Introduction 2. Research Design and Data Collection 3. Measurement 4. Data Editing, Transformation, Index Construction, and Weights 5. Statistics as Description 6. Charts and Graphs 7. Percentages and Contingency Tables 8. Samples and Statistical Inference 9. Statistics as Group Differences 10. Statistics as Relationships 11. Regression Analysis 12. Detecting and Correcting Violations of Regression Assumptions 13. Time Series Analysis, Program Assessment, and Forecasting 14. Presenting Persuasive Statistical Analyses APPENDIX A: FROM WHENCE DO DATA COME? KEY STATISTICAL SITES FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENT APPENDIX B: HOW TO SELECT THE RIGHT STATISTICS APPENDIX C: IN-CLASS QUESTIONNAIRE REFERENCES

Wide‐line nmr measurements show that anodic coatings formed in 15% and 12 A/ft2 for 1 hr and sealed for 30 min in boiling water at pH 6 contain groups plus 1–4% physically adsorbed water. Nitrogen adsorption measurements show a surface area of about 20 m2/g for unsealed coatings and about 5 m2/g for sealed coatings. The unsealed coatings contain about pores/cm2 of mean radius of 60Aå. About 46% of the water contained in a sealed coating is on a surface. From this, and from nmr line widths, a surface area of 260 m2/g is estimated. The difference between the gas adsorption and nmr estimates of surface areas is explained by the model proposed for the coating structure, one consisting of an array of microcrystallites estimated to be about 25Å in radius. Gas adsorption analyzes only the major pore surfaces, but nmr analyzes the crystallite surfaces as well. Sealing is regarded to be primarily a surface reaction on the crystallites.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using personal computer-based hardware has the potential of enabling the application of NMR methods to fields where conventional state of the art equipment is either impractical or too costly. With such a strategy for data acquisition and processing, disciplines including civil engineering, agriculture, geology, archaeology, and others have the possibility of utilizing magnetic resonance techniques within the laboratory or conducting applications directly in the field. Another aspect is the possibility of utilizing existing NMR magnets which may be in good condition but unused because of outdated or nonrepairable electronics. Moreover, NMR applications based on personal computer technology may open up teaching possibilities at the college or even secondary school level. The goal of developing such a personal computer (PC)-based NMR standard is facilitated by existing technologies including logic cell arrays, direct digital frequency synthesis, use of PC-based electrical engineering software tools to fabricate electronic circuits, and the use of permanent magnets based on neodymium-iron-boron alloy. Utilizing such an approach, we have been able to place essentially an entire NMR spectrometer console on two printed circuit boards, with the exception of the receiver and radio frequency power amplifier. Future upgrades to include the deuterium lock and the decoupler unit are readily envisioned. The continued development of such PC-based NMR spectrometers is expected to benefit from the fast growing, practical, and low cost personal computer market.