Yi Fan Li

Emission inventories for major reactive tropospheric Cl species (particulate Cl, HCl, ClNO 2 , CH 3 Cl, CHCl 3 , CH 3 CCl 3 , C 2 Cl 4 , C 2 HCl 3 , CH 2 Cl 2 , and CHClF 2 ) were integrated across source types (terrestrial biogenic and oceanic emissions, sea‐salt production and dechlorination, biomass burning, industrial emissions, fossil‐fuel combustion, and incineration). Composite emissions were compared with known sinks to assess budget closure; relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources were differentiated. Model calculations suggest that conventional acid‐displacement reactions involving S (IV) + O 3 , (IV) + O 3 H 2 O 2 , and H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 scavenging account for minor fractions of sea‐salt dechlorination globally. Other important chemical pathways involving sea‐salt aerosol apparently produce most volatile chlorine in the troposphere. The combined emissions of CH 3 Cl from known sources account for about half of the modeled sink, suggesting fluxes from known sources were underestimated, the OH sink was overestimated, or significant unidentified sources exist. Anthropogenic activities (primarily biomass burning) contribute about half the net CH 3 Cl emitted from known sources. Anthropogenic emissions account for only about 10% of the modeled CHCl 3 sink. Although poorly constrained, significant fractions of tropospheric CH 2 Cl 2 (25%), C 2 HCl 3 (10%), and C 2 Cl 4 (5%) are emitted from the surface ocean; the combined contributions of C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 from all natural sources may be substantially higher than the estimated oceanic flux.

Extracts from lymph node and spleen in mice and rats subjected to restraint stress significantly suppressed lymphocyte proliferation, but extracts from brain, skeletal muscle, and thymus gland had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation, suggesting that a suppressive factor for lymphocyte proliferation might selectively be induced in lymph node and spleen. Further experiments showed that biochemical properties, molecular weight, correlation between suppressive factors in serum and in extract of the lymph tissue from stressed animals, and control of the generation, all indicated that under the conditions of restraint stress and under the control of central nervous system a suppressive factor was generated in peripheral lymph tissue and then released into the blood-stream, which acted as a strong suppressor of lymphocyte proliferation.

This paper proposed an improved ant colony optimization(ACO), to solve the economical operating dispatch of automatic generation control(AGC) units in hydropower station. The improved ant colony algorithm PSO-ACO imported particle swarm optimization is put forward. Both of the global convergence performance and the effectiveness of this algorithm is improved by using self-adaptive parameters and importing PSO to optimize the current ant paths. The mathematical description and procedure of the PSO-ACO are given with the maximum plant generating efficiency model as an example. Finally the superiority of the PSO-ACO is demonstrated by the application of AGC units on right bank of Three Gorges hydropower station. The optimal solution is more accurate and the calculation speed is higher than other methods.