Yanan Wang

Several lipid modifications, some of which were attributed to oxidative stress, have been reported in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate this possibility, all phospholipids and their ether subclasses from the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and the white matter of AD brain were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The total phospholipid in the frontal cortex and hippocampus decreased on a DNA basis by about 20% and this change was essentially explained by a selective decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. The lower content of phosphatidylethanolamine was due to a specific decrease in the plasmalogen subclass. Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen was also the only lipid exhibiting major structural modifications: a significant decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid as well as a shift of the aldehyde pattern from 18:1 to 18:0. The only modification observed in the other phospholipids was a decrease in oleic acid in diacyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and diacyl-phosphatidylcholine. None of these changes were observed in the white matter. Both the vinyl ether bond of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen and polyunsaturated fatty acids are major targets in oxidative stress; thus, these specific lipid modifications strongly support the involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of AD.

Abstract Electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) offers a promising approach to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store intermittent renewable energy in fuels or chemicals. On the path to commercializing this technology, achieving the long‐term operation stability is a central requirement but still confronts challenges. This motivates to organize the present review to systematically discuss the stability issue of CO 2 RR. This review starts from the fundamental understanding on the destabilization mechanisms of CO 2 RR, with focus on the degradation of electrocatalyst and change of reaction microenvironment during continuous electrolysis. Subsequently, recent efforts on catalyst design to stabilize the active sites are summarized, where increasing atomic binding strength to resist surface reconstruction is highlighted. Next, the optimization of electrolysis system to enhance the operation stability by maintaining reaction microenvironment especially mitigating flooding and carbonate problems is demonstrated. The manipulation on operation conditions also enables to prolong CO 2 RR lifespan through recovering catalytically active sites and mass transport process. This review finally ends up by indicating the challenges and future opportunities.

Inflammation is a protective response to stimuli trauma, which can also lead to severe tissue injury. The existing anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids and glucocorticoids, generally exhibit side effects and poor accumulation in inflammatory tissue. Hence, a theranostic nanoplatform with serial reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsiveness and two-photon AIE bioimaging has been constructed for dimensional diagnosis and accurate therapy of inflammation. Prednisolone (Pred) is bridged to a two-photon fluorophore (TP) developed by us via a ROS sensitive bond to form a diagnosis-therapy compound TPP, which is then loaded by the amphipathic polymer PMPC–PMEMA (PMM) through self-assembling into the core–shell structured micelles (TPP@PMM). With a particle size of 57.5 nm, TPP@PMM can realize the accumulation in the inflammatory site via the oedematous tissue and the accurate release of anti-inflammatory drug Pred through the serial response to the local overexpressed ROS. The micellar structure is first interrupted by the ROS triggered hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion of PMEMA, which allows the release of TPP. Then the ROS responsive bond in TPP is subsequently broken, resulting in the accurate delivery of Pred and the inflammation therapy. Furthermore, TPP@PMM can be traced in vivo with a distinct two-photon imaging due to the AIE active fluorophore TP. The theranostic TPP@PMM reveals high-resolution inflammation diagnosis and efficient anti-inflammatory activity owing to the two-photon fluorophore and the serial ROS responsiveness and has been proven to achieve the efficient treatment of acute lung injury, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, TPP@PMM holds considerable promise as a potential strategy for acute and chronic inflammation theranostics.