Jing Liu

Seed yield and oil content are two important agricultural characteristics in oil crop breeding, and a lot of functional gene research is being concentrated on increasing these factors. In this study, by differential gene expression analyses between rapeseed lines (zy036 and 51070) which exhibit different levels of seed oil production, BnGRF2 (Brassica napus growth-regulating factor 2-like gene) was identified in the high oil-producing line zy036. To elucidate the possible roles of BnGRF2 in seed oil production, the cDNA sequences of the rapeseed GRF2 gene were isolated. The Blastn result showed that rapeseed contained BnGRF2a/2b which were located in the A genome (A1 and A3) and C genome (C1 and C6), respectively, and the dominantly expressed gene BnGRF2a was chosen for transgenic research. Analysis of 35S-BnGRF2a transgenic Arabidopsis showed that overexpressed BnGRF2a resulted in an increase in seed oil production of >50%. Moreover, BnGRF2a also induced a >20% enlargement in extended leaves and >40% improvement in photosynthetic efficiency because of an increase in the chlorophyll content. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses indicated that some genes associated with cell proliferation, photosynthesis, and oil synthesis were up-regulated, which revealed that cell number and plant photosynthesis contributed to the increased seed weight and oil content. Because of less efficient self-fertilization induced by the longer pistil in the 35S-BnGRF2a transgenic line, Napin-BnGRF2a transgenic lines were further used to identify the function of BnGRF2, and the results showed that seed oil production also could increase >40% compared with the wild-type control. The results suggest that improvement to economically important characteristics in oil crops may be achieved by manipulation of the GRF2 expression level.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a newly-discovered signaling molecule in plants and has caused increasing attention in recent years, but its function in stomatal movement is unclear. In plants, H2 S is synthesized via cysteine degradation catalyzed by D-/L-cysteine desulfhydrase (D-/L-CDes). AtD-/L-CDes::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants were generated and used to investigate gene expression patterns, and results showed that AtD-/L-CDes can be expressed in guard cells. We also determined the subcellular localization of AtD-/L-CDes using transgenic plants of AtD-/L-CDes::GFP, and the results showed that AtD-CDes and AtL-CDes are located in the chloroplast and in the cytoplasm, respectively. The transcript levels of AtD-CDes and AtL-CDes were affected by the chemicals that cause stomatal closure. Among these factors, ACC, a precursor of ethylene, has the most significant effect, which indicates that the H2 S generated from D-/L-CDes may play an important role in ethylene-induced stomatal closure. Meanwhile, H2 S synthetic inhibitors significantly inhibited ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. Ethylene treatment caused an increase of H2 S production and of AtD-/L-CDes activity in Arabidopsis leaves. AtD-/L-CDes over-expressing plants exhibited enhanced induction of stomatal closure compared to the wild-type after ethylene treatment; however, the effect was not observed in the Atd-cdes and Atl-cdes mutants. In conclusion, our results suggest that the D-/L-CDes-generated H2 S is involved in the regulation of ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system revolutionized the field of gene editing but viral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has not been fully explored. Here we adapted clinically relevant high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HCAdV) devoid of all viral genes for the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery using a single viral vector. We present a platform enabling fast transfer of the Cas9 gene and gRNA expression units into the HCAdV genome including the option to choose between constitutive or inducible Cas9 expression and gRNA multiplexing. Efficacy and versatility of this pipeline was exemplified by producing different CRISPR/Cas9-HCAdV targeting the human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 oncogene E6, the dystrophin gene causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and the HIV co-receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). All CRISPR/Cas9-HCAdV proved to be efficient to deliver the respective CRISPR/Cas9 expression units and to introduce the desired DNA double strand breaks at their intended target sites in immortalized and primary cells.

Plant height and branch angle are the key factors of rapeseed plant architecture that affect plant density and lodging, which are crucial for rapeseed yield. In China, ˜80% of growing areas are the semi-winter type (Bol-type), with taller plants that are easily affected by lodging and limit mechanical harvesting, especially of hybrids. Breeders have, therefore, been seeking an ‘ideotype’ for rapeseed breeding, deeming that semi-dwarf and compact architecture could benefit yield (Fu and Zhou, 2013; Li et al., 2019). However, no optimized plant architecture has been identified in rapeseed germplasm. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to knock out the BnaA03.BP gene [a homolog of Arabidopsis BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP)] creating a novel germplasm for optimizing rapeseed plant architecture. BP encodes a knotted1-like homeobox gene that plays a key role in the regulation of leaf morphogenesis and pedicel bending in Arabidopsis (Lincoln et al., 1994; Venglat et al., 2002). Blast analysis identified two close homologs of BP in the rapeseed genome (ZS11A03G024840 and ZS11C03G030900), which we named BnaA03.BP and BnaC03.BP. The two BnaBPs are highly conserved, sharing 87.5% and 86.5% identity with BP at the amino acid level respectively. In addition, the two BnaBP homologs share 98.1% identity in their nucleotide sequences with each other. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that transcripts of both BnaBPs were more abundant in wild type (WT) stems, and both genes displayed similar expression patterns (Figure 1a). To explore the roles of BnaBP genes, we first over-expressed BnaA03.BP in rapeseed (862, a spring variety) under control of the ubi promoter by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Nine positive transgenic lines were obtained. None showed changes in leaf morphogenesis, but two lines exhibited dwarfism, erect axillary buds, downward siliques and reduced fertility (Figure 1b). Further, qRT-PCR analysis showed that transcript levels of both BnaA03.BP and BnaC03.BP were significantly reduced in these two lines relative to WT, indicating co-suppression occurred in these lines (Figure 1c; Krol et al., 1990). These morphological changes in plant height, pedicel bending and fertility changes are phenotypic of the bp mutants (Venglat et al., 2002), suggesting that the two BnaBPs probably have similar functions as BP in regulating stem elongation and pedicel bending. Significantly, the erect axillary buds that occurred in these transgenic plants provided strong evidence that down-regulation of BnaBP genes could decrease the branch angle to create more compact plants. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has been proved to be a useful tool to generate gene mutations in rapeseed (Wu et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2017). To further verify these phenotypic changes resulting from changes in BnaBP gene expression, we designed two sgRNAs and constructed CRISPR/Cas9 vectors to knock them out. SgRNA-1 (20 bp) targets a specific region within the second exon of BnaA03.BP to edit it individually, and sgRNA-2 (19 bp) was designed to target a conserved region in the fourth exons of BnaA03.BP and BnaC03.BP to knock out both homologs (Figure 1d). The two Cas9-sgRNA-1/2 (CS1/2) vectors were individually introduced into rapeseed by Agrobacterium transformation. With CS1, editing events including nucleotide insertions, deletions and substitutions occurred in 19 of the 24 positive T0 lines (Figure 1e). Most of the mutations caused frameshifts in the coding region, leading to a premature stop codon. Notably, the majority of mutation events were a single-nucleotide insertion (A nucleotide). With CS2, 17 positive lines were obtained, nine of which simultaneously edited both BnaA03.BP and BnaC03.BP. In these edited lines, relatively large deletions (7-35 bps) that lost the PAM sequence (NGG) occurred (Figure 1f). Similarly, most of these mutations also caused frameshifts predicted to result in truncated proteins. During vegetative growth, the leaf morphology of mutant lines was indistinguishable from WT. At the reproductive stage, as expected, the plants with homozygous or bi-allelic mutations in the BnaA03.BP gene (aaCC) displayed similar mutant phenotypes, showing semi-dwarf, erect axillary buds and slightly drooping siliques (e.g. CS1-5/16), while the remaining heterozygous plants resembled wild type (Figure 1g–i). Strikingly, in the CS2 T0 generation, four lines were homozygous mutations, which simultaneously knocked out both BnaBP genes. These exhibited more severe phenotypes than those of the BnaA03.BP mutants, showing extremely dwarf, smaller branch angles and severely drooping and short siliques with sterility, which were consistent with the homozygous plants (aacc) from the self-pollinated progeny of CS2-9 (Figure 1k). In addition, the homozygous plants that only knocked out the BnaC03.BP gene (AAcc) from the self-pollinated progeny of CS2-13 heterozygous plants displayed similar phenotypes to CS1-5 (aaCC), but were shorter in height (Figure 1j). Combining the expression levels of the two BnaBP genes with the phenotypic observations, we suggest that both of the homologs participate in the regulation of plant height, branch angle and pedicel bending with a dosage effect, but have redundant roles in controlling plant fertility. Theoretically, knocking out the BnaA03.BP genes individually could obtain more moderate phenotypes with potential uses in rapeseed breeding. We next selected non-transgenic plants (T-DNA free) with mutant phenotypes in CS1-5/16 segregating populations. The Cas9-induced mutations in BnaBP.A03 were clearly heritable. In the T3 generation, we investigated several agronomic traits including plant height, branch angle, branch number, silique number and yield per plant at the mature stage. The plant height was about 15.8%–16.9% shorter in CS1-5 and CS1-16 compared with WT (Figure 1l); the branch angle was significantly decreased from 84° (WT) to 14° in CS1-5/16 plants (Figure 1m), whereas there were no significant changes in the branch number, silique number and yield per plant between WT and the mutant plants (Figure 1n–p). These results collectively demonstrated that knock out of BnaA03.BP can optimize rapeseed plant architecture with potential for dense planting. Moreover, no nonsense mutations were found in any BnaA03.BP exons in our 531 rapeseed germplasm accessions, suggesting gene editing is the most efficient way to create new germplasm in rapeseed. In summary, we designed sgRNAs to edit the two rapeseed BnaBP genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and analysed phenotype variations. Our results showed that knocking out BnaA03.BP genes individually could obtain semi-dwarf and compact plant architecture without any other inferior traits. We also obtained stably inherited mutant lines that eliminated T-DNA in the segregating offspring, and backcrossed these mutations into a widely planted variety (Zhong shuang11, a semi-winter type) for further field agronomic trait characterization in the future. This is the first report of using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to create semi-dwarf and compact inflorescence germplasm resources in rapeseed. Our study provides new insights into potential strategies for optimizing rapeseed plant architecture. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801402) and the Key Research Program & Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ZDRW202105). The authors declare no competing financial interest. M.Z. and W.H. designed the experiments; S.F., L.Z., M.T., Y.C. and J.L. performed the experiments; H.L. analysed the genome and sequencing data; S.F. and M.Z. wrote the manuscript and J.L., W.T., H.W., W.H. and M.Z. revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.