David J. Richardson

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic Strategies, Structure Patterns, and Emerging Properties in the Chemistry of Modular Porous Solids†Omar M. Yaghi, Hailian Li, Charles Davis, David Richardson, and Thomas L. GroyView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Goldwater Center for Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 8, 474–484Publication Date (Web):July 1, 1998Publication History Received4 December 1997Published online1 July 1998Published inissue 1 August 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar970151fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar970151fresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8776Altmetric-Citations1912LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Crystal structure,Ions,Materials,Metals Get e-Alerts

That conditioning on a common effect of exposure and outcome may cause selection, or collider-stratification, bias is not intuitive. We provide two hypothetical examples to convey concepts underlying bias due to conditioning on a collider. In the first example, fever is a common effect of influenza and consumption of a tainted egg-salad sandwich. In the second example, case-status is a common effect of a genotype and an environmental factor. In both examples, conditioning on the common effect imparts an association between two otherwise independent variables; we call this selection bias.

Lightwave communications is a necessity for the information age. Optical links provide enormous bandwidth, and the optical fiber is the only medium that can meet the modern society's needs for transporting massive amounts of data over long distances. Applications range from global highcapacity networks, which constitute the backbone of the internet, to the massively parallel