David L. Mann

Abstract This study characterizes a monoclonal antibody (4F2) and partially characterizes the cell-surface antigen and the peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells that it defines. The 4F2 antigen was present in varying amounts on every tissue culture cell line tested. Immunoprecipitation of an HSB-2 T cell extract with 4F2 under non reducing conditions yielded a specific band of a m.w. equal to 120,000. In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, immunoprecipitation of an HSB-2 extract with 4F2 yielded 2 specific bands, 1 of m.w. 40,000 and 1 of m.w. 80,000. 4F2 did not share reactivity with human HLA or la-like cell-surface antigens in that anti-HLA monoclonal anti-sera (3F10, W632) and anti-p23,30 heteroantisera did not block the binding of 4F2 to HSB-2 T cells. In addition, immunoprecipitation of HSB-2 T cell extracts with monoclonal anti-HLA (W6/32) did not remove the 4F2 antigen. By using directly fluoresceinated 4F2 antibody, analysis of separated PB mononuclear cell subsets with flow microfluorometry showed that among PB cells PB monocytes differentially bound the 4F2 antibody. However, upon activation with mitogens or alloantigens (e.g., Con A or allogeneic cells), a subset of T cells (70%) expressed the 4F2 antigen as well. The 4F2 antibody was not myogenic for PB mononuclear cells and did not block T cell blast transformation to allogeneic cells. However, 4F2 antibody did inhibit mitogen-induced tritiated thymidine incorporation of PB mononuclear cells by 50%. Moreover, 4F2 antibody did not block natural killer cell activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or killing of allogeneic lymphocytes by alloantigen-sensitized T cells. Thus, the 4F2 antigen is a non-HLA, non-la cell surface marker present on human monocytes and on a subset of activated lymphocytes. The 4F2 antibody should be an important reagent in the study of monocyte physiology and the sequence of events that occurs during the activation of normal human lymphocytes.

Abstract Wheat flour non‐starch lipids (lipids not bound to starch) were quantitatively extracted with water‐saturated n‐butanol (WSB), benzene‐ethanol‐water (10:10:1, by vol.) or ethanol‐diethyl ether‐water (2:2:1, by vol.) in 10min at 20 °C. Starch lipids (lipids bound to starch) were subsequently extracted with WSB at 90–100 °C. Carotenoid pigments were quantitatively extracted with the non‐starch lipids. There was no significant hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids and no detectable autoxidation of unsaturated acids in the hot solvent extracts. Non‐starch and starch lipids from a high grade spring wheat flour and three grades of winter wheat flour were separated by thin‐layer chromatography and quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) using heptadecanoic acid (or its methyl ester) as internal standard. Total flour and starch lipids after acid hydrolysis were also converted to FAME for quantitation by g.l.c. Non‐starch lipids consisted of 59–63% non‐polar (neutral) lipids, 22–27% polar glycolipids and 13–16% phospholipids. Steryl esters, triglycerides, and all the diacyl galactosylglycerides and phosphoglycerides were present only in non‐starch lipids. Starch lipids consisted of 6–9% non‐polar (neutral) lipids (mostly free fatty acids), 3–5 % polar glycolipids and 86–91 % phospholipids (mostly lysophosphatidyl choline). Starch lipids were almost exclusively monoacyl lipids. Factors are given for converting weight of FAME into weight of original lipid for all individual lipid classes in wheat which contain O ‐acyl groups. Factors for total lipids are: total starch lipids = FAME × 1.70, total non‐starch lipids = FAME × 1.20, and total flour (non‐starch + starch) lipids = FAME × 1.32. Similar factors could be used to convert weight of lipids obtained by conventional acid hydrolysis methods into weight of unhydrolysed lipids. Phospholipid contents are given by: total starch phospholipids = P × 16.51, total non‐starch phospholipids = P × 23.90, total flour phospholipids = P × 17.91.

Hitters in fast ball-sports do not align their gaze with the ball throughout ball-flight; rather, they use predictive eye movement strategies that contribute towards their level of interceptive skill. Existing studies claim that (i) baseball and cricket batters cannot track the ball because it moves too quickly to be tracked by the eyes, and that consequently (ii) batters do not - and possibly cannot - watch the ball at the moment they hit it. However, to date no studies have examined the gaze of truly elite batters. We examined the eye and head movements of two of the world's best cricket batters and found both claims do not apply to these batters. Remarkably, the batters coupled the rotation of their head to the movement of the ball, ensuring the ball remained in a consistent direction relative to their head. To this end, the ball could be followed if the batters simply moved their head and kept their eyes still. Instead of doing so, we show the elite batters used distinctive eye movement strategies, usually relying on two predictive saccades to anticipate (i) the location of ball-bounce, and (ii) the location of bat-ball contact, ensuring they could direct their gaze towards the ball as they hit it. These specific head and eye movement strategies play important functional roles in contributing towards interceptive expertise.

The relationship between perception-action coupling and anticipatory skill in an interceptive task was examined using an in-situ temporal occlusion paradigm. Skilled and novice cricket batsmen were required to predict the direction of balls bowled towards them under four counterbalanced response conditions of increasing perception-action coupling: (i) verbal, (ii) lower-body movement only, (iii) full-body movement (no bat), and (iv) full-body movement with bat (i.e., the usual batting response). Skilled but not novice anticipation was found to improve as a function of coupling when responses were based on either no ball-flight, or early ball-flight information, with a response requiring even the lowest degree of body movement found to enhance anticipation when compared to a verbal prediction. Most importantly, a full-body movement using a bat elicited greater anticipation than an equivalent movement with no bat. This result highlights the important role that the requirement and/or opportunity to make bat-ball interception may play in eliciting skill differences for anticipation. Results verify the importance of using experimental conditions and task demands that closely reflect the natural performance environment in order to reveal the full nature of the expert advantage.