Masaru Yoshida

The interaction energies of the cation/π complexes (cation = Li+, Na+, and K+, π system = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and tert-butylbenzene) were calculated at the MP2/6-311G** level. The electrostatic (Ees) and induction (Eind) energies were calculated with distributed multipoles and distributed polarizabilities model. Induction and electrostatic interactions are the major source of the attraction. The Eind values of the Li+/π complexes are 2.5−2.8 times larger than the Ees. The Eind values of the Na+/π complexes are 40−80% larger than the Ees. The induction energy is approximately proportional to R-4. The thin structure of the benzene, which enables the cation to have the short contact with carbon atoms of benzene, is essential for the large Eind. More polarizable cyclohexane is not a better cation binder than benzene. The Eind value of the Li+/cyclohexane complex is considerably smaller than that of the Li+/benzene complex. The Li+/cyclohexane complex has larger intermolecular separation, and therefore has the smaller Eind. The small Eind and negligible Ees of the Li+/cyclohexane complex are the causes of the smaller binding energy of the Li+/cyclohexane complex. The tert-butylbenzene complexes have larger binding energies than the benzene complexes. The larger Eind in the tert-butylbenzene complexes are the cause of the larger binding energy.

A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook set the standard for references in this field. Completely revised and updated, this second edition explores new and emerging fields such as nanophosphors, nanomaterials, UV phosphors, quantum cutters, plasma display phosphors, sol-gel and other wet phosphor preparation techniques, preparation through combustion, bioluminescence phosphors and devices, and new laser materials such as OLED. It also contains new chapters on the applications of phosphors in solid state lighting, photoionization of luminescent centers in insulating phosphors, and recent developments in halide-based scintillators.The handbook provides a comprehensive description of phosphors with an emphasis on practical phosphors and their uses in various kinds of technological applications. It covers the fundamentals, namely the basic principles of luminescence, the principle phosphor materials, and their optical properties. The authors describe phosphors used in lamps, cathode-ray tubes, x-ray, and ionizing radiation detection. They cover common measurement methodology used to characterize phosphor properties, discuss a number of related items, and conclude with the history of phosphor technology and industry.