M Minamitani

Journal Article RESPIRATORY VIRUS IMMUNIZATION: A FIELD TRIAL OF TWO INACTIVATED RESPIRATORY VIRUS VACCINES; AN AQUEOUS TRIVALENT PARATNFLUENZA VIRUS VACCINE AND AN ALUM-PRECIPITATED RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINE Get access V. A. FULGINITI, V. A. FULGINITI 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical Center. Currently, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizons College of MedicineTucson, Arizona 85721 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. J. ELLER, J. J. ELLER 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical Center. Currently, Virology Section, U. S. Army Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, Fitzsimons General HospitalDenver, Colorado Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O. F. SIEBER, O. F. SIEBER 4Pediatric Service, Fitzsimons General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. W. JOYNER, J. W. JOYNER 5Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical Center Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. MINAMITANI, M. MINAMITANI 6Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical Center. Currently, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. MEIKLEJOHN G. MEIKLEJOHN 7Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Medical Center Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 89, Issue 4, April 1969, Pages 435–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120956 Published: 01 April 1969 Article history Received: 23 August 1968 Published: 01 April 1969

A group of 1,009 patients suffering from eczema or other skin disorders have received elective vaccination with the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia. The vaccine is attenuated by repeated passages through chick embryos; its infectivity titer is 8.4 (TCID50/ml). It is free of bacteria and known viruses, including avian leukosis virus. It was administered by one of two routes (multiple pressure or subcutaneously) with a minimal dose of 1,000 TCID50 and a maximal dose of 30,000 TCID50. Local and systemic reactions and temperature elevations in these eczematous patients were significantly less marked than those experienced with a standard strain of vaccinia in normal children. No virus dissemination or other complications occurred, except for two instances of mild erythema multiforme. Seroconversion was noted in all 387 patients tested to date. Multiple pressure revaccinations with a standard strain 1 to 6 months later resulted in marked modification of the vaccination reaction without systemic reactions. It would appear that the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia virus is effective and safe for elective primary vaccination of children suffering from eczema.

The efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on neutropenia was evaluated in 14 patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC). In all patients, including 11 neutropenic patients, 100 or 200 micrograms/m2 of rhG-CSF significantly increased the neutrophil counts. The response was greater in patients with higher neutrophil counts before the treatment, and was also dose-dependent. Although the effect seemed to be less potent, the agent also increased the neutrophil counts even when zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT) and other myelosuppressive antiviral agents were administered simultaneously. These observations indicate that rhG-CSF may be beneficial in preventing and treating some secondary infections, and will make it easier to continue therapy with antiviral agents in patients with AIDS or ARC.

The demonstration by Andrewes and Carmichael (1930) that a majority of human population possessed antibodies against herpes virus opened a way to a number of follow-up investigations, and the total body of data accumulated has supported the essence of the postulate of Burnet and Williams (1939) that the primary infections, either apparent or inapparent, might occur mostly in childhood and result in a commensal host-parasite relation lasting for the rest of life with or without occasional manifestations such as recurrent herpes. The earlier workers, employing neutralization test (Weyer, 1932; Burnet and Lush, 1939; Scott et al., 1952; Buddingh et al., 1953; Tateno et al., 1958), complement fixation test (Hayward, 1950: Holzel et al., 1953; Yamaguchi, 1959a) or both (Dascomb et al., 1955; Yamaguchi, 1955b; Schmidt and Lennette, 1961), found antibodies among 60 to 100 per cent of the adult populations examined. It was also a common observation that newborn babies less than four months old showed the same positive ratio as adults but after this period a markedly low positive ratio was observed up to the age of two years.The purpose of our investigation was to obtain further inf ormations concerning (1) the distribution of antibodies in various age groups especially among children less than ten years old, and (2) the correlation between the neutralizing and complementfixing antibodies, on the basis of analysis with a large number of serum samples. Usually, a difficulty facing such an attempt is the cumbersome manipulation required for the neutralization test. However, this was overcome by the application of the simple one-day egg neutralization technique (Yoshino et al., 1959) .The pattern of antibody distribution obtained as a result of this study appeared to differ in some respects from previous surveys performed in this country (Tateno et al., 1958; Yamaguchi, 1959a, 1959b), suggesting perhaps an environmental improvement. In addition, the finding of comparatively heat-labile complement-fixing antibodies seemed noteworthy. The preset report summarizes and analyses these results.

In order to know the rate of occurrence of varicella among vaccinees (breakthrough varicella: BV), questionnaire postcards were sent to 593 healthy children who had received varicella vaccine (Oka strain) from March 1987 to December 1989. The questionnaire survey was repeated once a year until January 1996. The annual attack rate from the 1st to 3rd questionnaire was approximately 12%: however, from the 5th to 8th one it was 1-4%. To February 1996, the cumulative attack rate was 157/459 (34.2%). This rate was comparable to that among vaccinees who had confirmed seroconversion; namely, 51/132 (38.6%). These rates are much higher than those reported by other authors. All BV cases were clinically mild; even subjects who had received the vaccine 7 years prior to the disease showed mild symptoms. The high incidence may be partly explained by the regional epidemiology of varicella. The decrease in annual incidence with time after vaccination may be due to the following reasons: some vaccinees remained free from BV owing to reinforcement of their immunity from subclinical infection of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and others from diminution of opportunity for exposure to VZV with increasing age. Varicella vaccine seems to be effective in modifying the symptoms of varicella, but not potent enough in protecting from VZV infection.