Sai Manasa Jandhyala

Relation between the gut microbiota and human health is being increasingly recognised. It is now well established that a healthy gut flora is largely responsible for overall health of the host. The normal human gut microbiota comprises of two major phyla, namely Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Though the gut microbiota in an infant appears haphazard, it starts resembling the adult flora by the age of 3 years. Nevertheless, there exist temporal and spatial variations in the microbial distribution from esophagus to the rectum all along the individual's life span. Developments in genome sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have now enabled scientists to study these microorganisms and their function and microbe-host interactions in an elaborate manner both in health and disease. The normal gut microbiota imparts specific function in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens. Several factors play a role in shaping the normal gut microbiota. They include (1) the mode of delivery (vaginal or caesarean); (2) diet during infancy (breast milk or formula feeds) and adulthood (vegan based or meat based); and (3) use of antibiotics or antibiotic like molecules that are derived from the environment or the gut commensal community. A major concern of antibiotic use is the long-term alteration of the normal healthy gut microbiota and horizontal transfer of resistance genes that could result in reservoir of organisms with a multidrug resistant gene pool.

Intestinal dysbiosis and its functional implications in chronic pancreatitis (CP) have not been elaborately studied. We evaluated the taxonomic and functional alterations in intestinal microbiota in 30 well-characterised patients with CP (16 without, 14 with diabetes) and 10 healthy controls. The patients with CP and diabetes had significantly longer disease duration and greater degree of malnutrition. There was increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations from controls to CP non-diabetics to CP diabetics. We observed significant differences in richness and alpha diversity between the groups. We also observed increase in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in CP patients without and with diabetes. There was reduction in abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Ruminococcus bromii from controls to CP non-diabetics to CP diabetics. On the other hand, there was increase in LPS (endotoxin) synthetic pathways (KEGG orthology) in the groups. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance correlated negatively with plasma endotoxin and glycemic status; while plasma endotoxin correlated positively with blood glucose and negatively with plasma insulin. Our results have important implications for future studies exploring mechanistic insights on secondary diabetes in CP.

Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum), is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub grown easily all over the world. In India, these fruits are used in the Ayurveda for treatment of many diseases. The present study emphasized on the antibacterial activity of the peel extract (rind) of two Punica granatum varieties (Kesar and Ganesh) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus sps. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methanol extract was found to be effective in Kesar and Ganesh variety. Further, these peels were tested for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Tolerance towards metal ions, qualitative phytochemical properties and Vitamin C content was also tested. The highest Antibacterial activity was recorded for S. aureus in both the extracts and was found to be 18 mm (Kesar) and 19 mm (Ganesh) respectively. Our results suggest that rind extracts of P. granatum can be used in treating infections caused by test organism. Keywords: Punica granatum, Staphylococcus aureus, metal salts, phytochemical properties, Vitamin C content