Energy Loss and Flow of Heavy Quarks in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Au</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Au</mml:mi></mml:math>Collisions at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>NN</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>200</mml:mn><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi></mml:math>

A. Adare(University of Colorado Boulder), S. Afanasiev(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), C. Aidala(Columbia University), N. N. Ajitanand(Stony Brook University), Y. Akiba(Brookhaven National Laboratory), H. Al-Bataineh(New Mexico State University), J. Alexander(Stony Brook University), A. Al-Jamel(New Mexico State University), K. Aoki(Kyoto University), L. Aphecetche(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. Arméndariz(New Mexico State University), S. H. Aronson(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. Asai(Brookhaven National Laboratory), E. T. Atomssa(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), R. Averbeck(Stony Brook University), T. C. Awes(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), B. Azmoun(Brookhaven National Laboratory), V. Babintsev(Institute for High Energy Physics), G. Baksay(Florida Institute of Technology), L. Baksay(Florida Institute of Technology), A. Baldisseri(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), K. N. Barish(University of California, Riverside), P. D. Barnes(Los Alamos National Laboratory), B. Bassalleck(University of New Mexico), S. Bathe(University of California, Riverside), S. Batsouli(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), V. Baublis(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), F. Bauer(University of California, Riverside), A. Bazilevsky(Brookhaven National Laboratory), S. Belikov(Iowa State University), R. Bennett(Stony Brook University), Y. Berdnikov(Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University), A. A. Bickley(University of Colorado Boulder), M. T. Bjorndal(Columbia University), J. G. Boissevain(Los Alamos National Laboratory), H. Borel(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), K. Boyle(Stony Brook University), M. L. Brooks(Los Alamos National Laboratory), D. S. Brown(New Mexico State University), D. Bucher(University of Münster), H. Buesching(Brookhaven National Laboratory), V. Bumazhnov(Institute for High Energy Physics), G. Bunce(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. M. Burward-Hoy(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. Butsyk(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. Campbell(Stony Brook University), J.-S. Chai(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute), B. S. Chang(Yonsei University), J. L. Charvet(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), S. Chernichenko(Institute for High Energy Physics), J. Chiba(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), C. Y.(Columbia University), M. Chiu(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), I. J. Choi(Yonsei University), T. Chujo(Vanderbilt University), P. Chung(Stony Brook University), A. Churyn(Institute for High Energy Physics), V. Cianciolo(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), C. R. Cleven(Georgia State University), Y. Cobigo(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), B. Cole(Columbia University), M. P. Comets(Université Paris-Sud), P. Constantin(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. Csanád(Eötvös Loránd University), T. Csörgő(Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics), T. Dahms(Stony Brook University), K. Das(Florida State University), G. David(Brookhaven National Laboratory), M. B. Deaton(Abilene Christian University), K. Dehmelt(Florida Institute of Technology), H. Delagrange(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Denisov(Institute for High Energy Physics), D. d’Enterria(Columbia University), A. Deshpande(Brookhaven National Laboratory), E. J. Desmond(Brookhaven National Laboratory), O. Dietzsch(Universidade de São Paulo), A. Dion(Stony Brook University), M. Donadelli(Universidade de São Paulo), J. L. Drachenberg(Abilene Christian University), O. Drapier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Drees(Stony Brook University), A. K. Dubey(Weizmann Institute of Science), A. Durum(Institute for High Energy Physics), V. Dzhordzhadze(University of California, Riverside), Y. V. Efremenko(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), J. Egdemir(Stony Brook University), F. Ellinghaus(University of Colorado Boulder), W. S. Emam(University of California, Riverside), A. Enokizono(Hiroshima University), H. En’yo(Brookhaven National Laboratory), B. Espagnon(Université Paris-Sud), S. Esumi(University of Tsukuba), O. Eyser(University of California, Riverside), D. E. Fields(University of New Mexico), М. Фингер(Charles University), F. Fleuret(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), S. Fokin(Kurchatov Institute), B. Forestier(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Z. Fraenkel(Weizmann Institute of Science), J. E. Frantz(Stony Brook University), A. Franz(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. D. Frawley(Florida State University), Kohei Fujiwara(RIKEN), Y. Fukao(Kyoto University), S.-Y. Fung(University of California, Riverside), T. Fusayasu(Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science), S. Gadrat(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. Garishvili(University of Tennessee at Knoxville), F. Gastineau(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Germain(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Glenn(University of Colorado Boulder), H. Gong(Stony Brook University), M. Gonin(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), J. Gösset(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), Y. Goto(Brookhaven National Laboratory), R. Granier de Cassagnac(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), N. Grau(Iowa State University), S. V. Greene(Vanderbilt University), M. Große Perdekamp(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), T. Gunji(Tokyo University of Science), H.-Å. Gustafsson(Lund University), T. Hachiya(Hiroshima University), A. Hadj Henni(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), C. Haegemann(University of New Mexico), J. S. Haggerty(Brookhaven National Laboratory), Masayuki Hagiwara(Abilene Christian University), H. Hamagaki(Tokyo University of Science), R. Han(Peking University), H. Harada(Hiroshima University), E. P. Hartouni(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), K. Haruna(Hiroshima University), M. Harvey(Brookhaven National Laboratory), E. Haslum(Lund University), K. Hasuko(RIKEN), R. Hayano(Tokyo University of Science), M. Heffner(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), T. K. Hemmick(Stony Brook University), T. Hester(University of California, Riverside), X. He(RIKEN), X. He(Georgia State University), H. Hiejima(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), J. C. Hill(Iowa State University), Robert F. Hobbs(University of New Mexico), M. Hohlmann(Florida Institute of Technology), M. Holmes(Vanderbilt University), W. Holzmann(Stony Brook University), K. Homma(Hiroshima University), B. Hong(Korea University), T. Horaguchi(Tokyo Institute of Technology), D. Hornback(University of Tennessee at Knoxville), M. G. Hur(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute), T. Ichihara(Brookhaven National Laboratory), K. Imai(Kyoto University), M. Inaba(University of Tsukuba), Yasuyuki Inoue(Rikkyo University), D. Isenhower(Abilene Christian University), L. Isenhower(Abilene Christian University), M. Ishihara(RIKEN), T. Isobe(Tokyo University of Science), M. Issah(Stony Brook University), A. Isupov(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), B. V. Jacak(Stony Brook University), J. Jia(Columbia University), J. Jin(Columbia University), O. Jinnouchi(Brookhaven National Laboratory), B. M. Johnson(Brookhaven National Laboratory), K. Joo(Myongji University), D. Jouan(Université Paris-Sud), F. Kajihara(Tokyo University of Science), S. Kametani(Waseda University), N. Kamihara(Tokyo Institute of Technology), J. Kamin(Stony Brook University), M. Kaneta(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. H. Kang(Yonsei University), H. Kano(RIKEN), Hideaki Kano(Tokyo Institute of Technology), T. Kawagishi(University of Tsukuba), D. Kawall(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. V. Kazantsev(Kurchatov Institute), S. Kelly(University of Colorado Boulder), A. Khanzadeev(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), Jun Kikuchi(Waseda University), D. H. Kim(Yonsei University), D. J. Kim(Yonsei University), E. J. Kim(Seoul National University), Yu-Seok Kim(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute), E. Kinney(University of Colorado Boulder), Á. Kiss(Eötvös Loránd University), E. Kistenev(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. Kiyomichi(RIKEN), J. Klay(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), C. Klein-Boesing(University of Münster), L. Kochenda(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), V. Kochetkov(Institute for High Energy Physics), B. Komkov(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), M. Konno(University of Tsukuba), D. Kotchetkov(University of California, Riverside), A. Kozlov(Weizmann Institute of Science), A. Král(Czech Technical University in Prague), A. Kravitz(Columbia University), P. J. Kroon(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. Kubart(Czech Academy of Sciences), G. J. Kunde(Los Alamos National Laboratory), N. Kurihara(Tokyo University of Science), K. Kurita(Rikkyo University), M. J. Kweon(Korea University), Y. Kwon(Yonsei University), G. S. Kyle(New Mexico State University), R. Lacey(Stony Brook University), Y. S. Lai(Columbia University), J. G. Lajoie(Iowa State University), A. Lebedev(Iowa State University), Y. Le Bornec(Université Paris-Sud), S. Leckey(Stony Brook University), D. M. Lee(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. K. Lee(Yonsei University), T. Lee(Seoul National University), M. J. Leitch(Los Alamos National Laboratory), M. A. L. Leite(Universidade de São Paulo), B. Lenzi(Universidade de São Paulo), H. Lim(Seoul National University), T. Liška(Czech Technical University in Prague), A. Litvinenko(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), M. X. Liu(Los Alamos National Laboratory), X. Li(University of California, Riverside), X. H. Li(University of California, Riverside), B. Love(Vanderbilt University), D. Lynch(Brookhaven National Laboratory), C. Maguire(Vanderbilt University), Y. I. Makdisi(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. Malakhov(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), M. D. Malik(University of New Mexico), V. I. Manko(Kurchatov Institute), Y. J. Mao(Peking University), L. Mašek(Czech Academy of Sciences), H. Masui(University of Tsukuba), F. Matathias(Stony Brook University), M. C. McCain(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), M. McCumber(Stony Brook University), P. L. McGaughey(Los Alamos National Laboratory), Y. Miake(University of Tsukuba), P. Mikeš(Czech Academy of Sciences), K. Miki(University of Tsukuba), T. E. Miller(Vanderbilt University), A. Milov(Stony Brook University), S. Mioduszewski(Brookhaven National Laboratory), G. C. Mishra(Georgia State University), M. Mishra(Banaras Hindu University), J. T. Mitchell(Brookhaven National Laboratory), M. Mitrovski(Stony Brook University), A. Morreale(University of California, Riverside), D. P. Morrison(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. M. Moss(Los Alamos National Laboratory), T. V. Moukhanova(Kurchatov Institute), D. Mukhopadhyay(Vanderbilt University), J. Murata(Rikkyo University), S. Nagamiya(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Y. Nagata(University of Tsukuba), J. L. Nagle(University of Colorado Boulder), M. Naglis(Weizmann Institute of Science), I. Nakagawa(Brookhaven National Laboratory), Y. Nakamiya(Hiroshima University), T. Nakamura(Hiroshima University), K. Nakano(Tokyo Institute of Technology), J. Newby(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), M. Nguyen(Stony Brook University), B. Norman(Los Alamos National Laboratory), A. S. Nyanin(Kurchatov Institute), J. Nystrand(Lund University), E. O’Brien(Brookhaven National Laboratory), S. Oda(Tokyo University of Science), C. A. Ogilvie(Iowa State University), H. Ohnìshì(RIKEN), I. D. Ojha(Vanderbilt University), H. Okada(Kyoto University), K. Okada(Brookhaven National Laboratory), Makoto Oka(University of Tsukuba), O. O. Omiwade(Abilene Christian University), A. Oskarsson(Lund University), I. Otterlund(Lund University), M. Ouchida(Hiroshima University), K. Ozawa(Tokyo University of Science), R. Pak(Brookhaven National Laboratory), D. Pal(Vanderbilt University), A. P. T. Palounek(Los Alamos National Laboratory), V. Pantuev(Stony Brook University), V. Papavassiliou(New Mexico State University), J. Park(Seoul National University), W. J. Park(Korea University), S. F. Pate(New Mexico State University), H. Pei(Iowa State University), J. C. Peng(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), H. Pereira(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), V. Peresedov(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), D. Yu. Peressounko(Kurchatov Institute), C. Pinkenburg(Brookhaven National Laboratory), R. P. Pisani(Brookhaven National Laboratory), M. L. Purschke(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. K. Purwar(Los Alamos National Laboratory), H. Qu(Georgia State University), J. Rak(University of New Mexico), A. Rakotozafindrabe(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. Ravinovich(Weizmann Institute of Science), K. F. Read(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), S. Rembeczki(Florida Institute of Technology), M. Reuter(Stony Brook University), K. Reygers(University of Münster), V. Riabov(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), Y. Riabov(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), G. Roche(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), A. Romana(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), M. Rosati(Iowa State University), S. S. E. Rosendahl(Lund University), P. Rosnet(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), P. A. Rukoyatkin(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), V. L. Rykov(RIKEN), S. S. Ryu(Yonsei University), B. Sahlmueller(University of Münster), N. Saito(Brookhaven National Laboratory), T. Sakaguchi(Waseda University), S. Sakai(University of Tsukuba), H. Sakata(Hiroshima University), V. Samsonov(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), H. Sato(Kyoto University), S. Sato(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), S. Sawada(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), J. Seele(University of Colorado Boulder), R. Seidl(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), V. Semenov(Institute for High Energy Physics), R. Seto(University of California, Riverside), D. Sharma(Weizmann Institute of Science), T. K. Shea(Brookhaven National Laboratory), I. Shein(Institute for High Energy Physics), A. Shevel(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), T.-A. Shibata(Tokyo Institute of Technology), K. Shigaki(Hiroshima University), M. Shimomura(University of Tsukuba), T. Shohjoh(University of Tsukuba), K. Shoji(Kyoto University), A. M. Sickles(Stony Brook University), C. L. Silva(Universidade de São Paulo), D. Silvermyr(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), C. Silvestre(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), K. S. Sim(Korea University), C. P. Singh(Banaras Hindu University), V. Singh(Banaras Hindu University), S. Skutnik(Iowa State University), M. Slunečka(Charles University), W. C. Smith(Abilene Christian University), A. Soldatov(Institute for High Energy Physics), R. A. Soltz(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), W. E. Sondheim(Los Alamos National Laboratory), S. P. Sørensen(University of Tennessee at Knoxville), I. V. Sourikova(Brookhaven National Laboratory), F. Staley(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives), P. W. Stankus(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), E. Stenlund(Lund University), M. Stepanov(New Mexico State University), A. Ster(Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics), S. P. Stoll(Brookhaven National Laboratory), T. Sugitate(Hiroshima University), C. Suire(Université Paris-Sud), J. P. Sullivan(Los Alamos National Laboratory), J. Sziklai(Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics), T. Tabaru(Brookhaven National Laboratory), S. Takagi(University of Tsukuba), E. M. Takagui(Universidade de São Paulo), A. Taketani(Brookhaven National Laboratory), К. Таnака(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Y. Tanaka(Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science), K. Tanida(Brookhaven National Laboratory), M. J. Tannenbaum(Brookhaven National Laboratory), A. Taranenko(Stony Brook University), P. Tarján(University of Debrecen), T. L. Thomas(University of New Mexico), M. Togawa(Kyoto University), A. Toia(Stony Brook University), J. Tojo(RIKEN), L. Tomášek(Czech Academy of Sciences), H. Torii(RIKEN), R. S. Towell(Abilene Christian University), V-N. Tram(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), I. Tserruya(Weizmann Institute of Science), Y. Tsuchimoto(Hiroshima University), S. K. Tuli(Banaras Hindu University), H. Tydesjö(Lund University), N. Tyurin(Institute for High Energy Physics), C. Vale(Iowa State University), H. Valle(Vanderbilt University), H. W. van Hecke(Los Alamos National Laboratory), J. Velkovska(Vanderbilt University), R. Vértesi(University of Debrecen), А. Виноградов(Kurchatov Institute), M. Virius(Czech Technical University in Prague), V. Vrba(Czech Academy of Sciences), E. Vznuzdaev(Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute), Μ. Wagner(Kyoto University), D. Walker(Stony Brook University), X. R. Wang(New Mexico State University), Yosuke Watanabe(Brookhaven National Laboratory), J. P. Wessels(University of Münster), S. N. White(Brookhaven National Laboratory), N. Willis(Université Paris-Sud), D. Winter(Columbia University), C. L. Woody(Brookhaven National Laboratory), M. Wysocki(University of Colorado Boulder), W. Xie(University of California, Riverside), Y. Yamaguchi(Waseda University), A. Yanovich(Institute for High Energy Physics), Z. Yasin(University of California, Riverside), J. Ying(Georgia State University), S. Yokkaichi(Brookhaven National Laboratory), G. R. Young(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Z. You(University of New Mexico), I. E. Yushmanov(Kurchatov Institute), W. A. Zajc(Columbia University), O. Zaudtke(University of Münster), C. Zhang(Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Shun Zhou(China Institute of Atomic Energy), J. Zimányi(Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics), L. Zolin(Joint Institute for Nuclear Research)
Physical Review Letters
April 24, 2007
10.1103/physrevlett.98.172301
Cited by 588Open Access
Full Text

Abstract

The PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured electrons with $0.3&lt;{p}_{T}&lt;9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/c$ at midrapidity ($|y|&lt;0.35$) from heavy-flavor (charm and bottom) decays in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. The nuclear modification factor ${R}_{\mathrm{AA}}$ relative to $p+p$ collisions shows a strong suppression in central $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions, indicating substantial energy loss of heavy quarks in the medium produced at RHIC energies. A large azimuthal anisotropy ${v}_{2}$ with respect to the reaction plane is observed for $0.5&lt;{p}_{T}&lt;5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/c$ indicating substantial heavy-flavor elliptic flow. Both ${R}_{\mathrm{AA}}$ and ${v}_{2}$ show a ${p}_{T}$ dependence different from those of neutral pions. A comparison to transport models which simultaneously describe ${R}_{\mathrm{AA}}({p}_{T})$ and ${v}_{2}({p}_{T})$ suggests that the viscosity to entropy density ratio is close to the conjectured quantum lower bound, i.e., near a perfect fluid.

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