Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Mohsen Naghavi(University of Washington), Kanyin Liane Ong(University of Washington), Amirali Aali(University of Washington), Hazim Ababneh(University of Washington), Yohannes Abate(University of Washington), Cristiana Abbafati(University of Washington), Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh(University of Washington), Mohammadreza Abbasian(University of Washington), Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari(University of Washington), Hedayat Abbastabar(University of Washington), Samar Abd ElHafeez(University of Washington), Michael Abdelmasseh(University of Washington), Sherief Abd‐Elsalam(University of Washington), Ahmed Abdel‐Wahab(University of Washington), Mohammad Abdollahı(University of Washington), Mohammad‐Amin Abdollahifar(University of Washington), Meriem Abdoun(University of Washington), Deldar Morad Abdulah(University of Washington), Auwal Abdullahi(University of Washington), Mesfin Abebe(University of Washington), Samrawit Shawel Abebe(University of Washington), Aidin Abedi(University of Washington), Kedir Hussein Abegaz(University of Washington), E S Abhilash(University of Washington), Hassan Abidi(University of Washington), Olumide Abiodun(University of Washington), Richard Gyan Aboagye(University of Washington), Hassan Abolhassani(University of Washington), Meysam Abolmaali(University of Washington), Mohamed Abouzid(University of Washington), Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu(University of Washington), Woldu Aberhe Abrha(University of Washington), Dariush Abtahi(University of Washington), Samir Abu‐Rumeileh, Hasan Abualruz(University of Washington), Bilyaminu Abubakar(University of Washington), Eman Abu‐Gharbieh(University of Washington), Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh(University of Washington), Salahdein Aburuz(University of Washington), Ahmed Abu‐Zaid(University of Washington), Manfred Accrombessi(University of Washington), Tadele Girum Girum Adal(University of Washington), Abdu A. Adamu(University of Washington), Isaac Yeboah Addo(University of Washington), Giovanni Addolorato(University of Washington), Akindele O. Adebiyi(University of Washington), Victor Adekanmbi(University of Washington), Victor Abiola Adepoju(University of Washington), Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji(University of Washington), Juliana Bunmi Adetunji(University of Washington), Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa(University of Washington), Daniel A Adeyinka(University of Washington), Olorunsola Adeyomoye(University of Washington), Biruk Adie Admass(University of Washington), Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani(University of Washington), Saryia Adra(University of Washington), Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi(University of Washington), Muhammad U. Afzal(University of Washington), Saira Afzal(University of Washington), Suneth Agampodi(University of Washington), Pradyumna Agasthi(University of Washington), Manik Aggarwal(University of Washington), Shahin Aghamiri(University of Washington), Feleke Doyore Agide(University of Washington), Antonella Agodi(University of Washington), Anurag Agrawal(University of Washington), Williams Agyemang‐Duah(University of Washington), Bright Opoku Ahinkorah(University of Washington), Aqeel Ahmad(University of Washington), Danish Ahmad(University of Washington), Firdos Ahmad(University of Washington), Muayyad Ahmad(University of Washington), Sajjad Ahmad(University of Washington), Shahzaib Ahmad(University of Washington), Tauseef Ahmad(University of Washington), Keivan Ahmadi(University of Washington), Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade(University of Washington), Ali Ahmed(University of Washington), Ayman Ahmed(University of Washington), Haroon Ahmed(University of Washington), Luai A. Ahmed(University of Washington), Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed(University of Washington), Meqdad Saleh Ahmed(University of Washington), Muktar Beshir Ahmed(University of Washington), Syed Anees Ahmed(University of Washington), Marjan Ajami(University of Washington), Budi Aji(University of Washington), Essona Matatom Akara(University of Washington), Hossein Akbarialiabad(University of Washington), Karolina Akinosoglou(University of Washington), Tomi Akinyemiju(University of Washington), Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif(University of Washington), Samuel Akyirem(University of Washington), Hanadi Al Hamad(University of Washington), Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Fares Alahdab(University of Washington), Samer O Alalalmeh(University of Washington), Tariq A. Alalwan(University of Washington), Ziyad Al‐Aly(University of Washington), Khurshid Alam(University of Washington), Manjurul Alam(University of Washington), Noore Alam(University of Washington), Rasmieh Al‐Amer(University of Washington), Fahad Alanezi(University of Washington), Turki M Alanzi(University of Washington), Sayer Al‐Azzam(University of Washington), Almaza A. Albakri(University of Washington), Mohammed ALBashtawy(University of Washington), Mohammad T AlBataineh(University of Washington), Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal(University of Washington), Khalifah A Aldawsari(University of Washington), Wafa Ali Aldhaleei(University of Washington), Robert W Aldridge(University of Washington), Haileselasie Berhane Alema(University of Washington), Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu(University of Washington), Sharifullah Alemi(University of Washington), Megbaru Alemu(University of Washington), Adel Al‐Gheethi(University of Washington), Khalid F. AlHabib(University of Washington), Fadwa Alhalaiqa(University of Washington), Mohammed Khaled Al‐Hanawi(University of Washington), Abid Ali(University of Washington), Amjad Ali(University of Washington), Liaqat Ali(University of Washington), Mohammed Usman Ali(University of Washington), Rafat Ali(University of Washington), Shahid Ali(University of Washington), Syed Shujait Ali(University of Washington), Gianfranco Alicandro(University of Washington), Sheikh Mohammad Alif(University of Washington), Reyhaneh Alikhani(University of Washington), Yousef Alimohamadi(University of Washington), Ahmednur Adem Aliyi(University of Washington), Mohammad Abdullah Aljasir, Syed Mohamed Aljunid(University of Washington), François Alla(University of Washington), Peter Allebeck(University of Washington), Sabah Al-Marwani(University of Washington), Sadeq Ali Al‐Maweri(University of Washington), Joseph Uy Almazan(University of Washington), Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi(University of Washington), Louay Almidani(University of Washington), Omar Almidani(University of Washington), Mahmoud A. Alomari(University of Washington), Basem Al‐Omari(University of Washington), Jordi Alonso(University of Washington), Jaber S. Alqahtani(University of Washington), Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi(University of Washington), Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi(University of Washington), Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah(University of Washington), Zaid Altaany(University of Washington), Awais Altaf(University of Washington), Jaffar A. Al‐Tawfiq(University of Washington), Khalid A Altirkawi(University of Washington), Deborah Oyine Aluh(University of Washington), Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán(University of Washington), Hassan Alwafi(University of Washington), Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi(University of Washington), Hany Aly(University of Washington), Safwat Aly(University of Washington), Karem H. Alzoubi(University of Washington), Reza Amani(University of Washington), Azmeraw T. Amare(University of Washington), Prince M. Amegbor(University of Washington), Edward Kwabena Ameyaw(University of Washington), Tarek Tawfik Amin(University of Washington), Alireza Amindarolzarbi(University of Washington), Sohrab Amiri(University of Washington), Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq(University of Washington), Hubert Amu(University of Washington), Dickson A Amugsi(University of Washington), Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa(University of Washington), Robert Ancuceanu(University of Washington), Deanna Anderlini(University of Washington), David Anderson(University of Washington), Pedro Prata Andrade(University of Washington), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(University of Washington), Tudorel Andrei(University of Washington), Colin Angus(University of Washington), Abhishek Anil(University of Washington), Sneha Anil(University of Washington), Amir Anoushiravani(University of Washington), Hossein Ansari(University of Washington), Ansariadi Ansariadi(University of Washington), Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam(University of Washington), Catherine M Antony(University of Washington), Ernoiz Antriyandarti(University of Washington), Davood Anvari(University of Washington), Saeid Anvari(University of Washington), Saleha Anwar(University of Washington), Sumadi Lukman Anwar(University of Washington), Razique Anwer(University of Washington), Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor(University of Washington), Muhammad Aqeel(University of Washington), Juan Pablo Arab(University of Washington), Jalal Arabloo(University of Washington), Mosab Arafat(University of Washington), Aleksandr Y. Aravkin(University of Washington), Demelash Areda(University of Washington), Abdulfatai Aremu(University of Washington), Olatunde Aremu(University of Washington), Hany Ariffin(University of Washington), Mesay Arkew(University of Washington), Benedetta Armocida(University of Washington), Michael B. Arndt(University of Washington), Johan Ärnlöv(University of Washington), Mahwish Arooj(University of Washington), Anton A Artamonov(University of Washington), Judie Arulappan(University of Washington), Raphael Taiwo Aruleba(University of Washington), Ashokan Arumugam(University of Washington), Malke Asaad(University of Washington), Mohsen Asadi-Lari(University of Washington), Akeza Awealom Asgedom(University of Washington), Mona Asghariahmadabad(University of Washington), Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi(University of Washington), Muhammad Ashraf(University of Washington), Armin Aslani(University of Washington), Thomas Astell‐Burt(University of Washington), Mohammad Athar(University of Washington), Seyyed Shamsadin Athari(University of Washington), Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu(University of Washington), Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw(University of Washington), Prince Atorkey(University of Washington), Maha Atout(University of Washington), Alok Atreya(University of Washington), Avinash Aujayeb(University of Washington), Marcel Ausloos(University of Washington), Abolfazl Avan(University of Washington), Atalel Fentahun Awedew(University of Washington), Amlaku Mulat Aweke(University of Washington), Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla(University of Washington), Haleh Ayatollahi(University of Washington), José Luís Ayuso‐Mateos(University of Washington), Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh(University of Washington), Sina Azadnajafabad(University of Washington), Rui Azevedo(University of Washington), Ahmed Y. Azzam(University of Washington), B B Darshan(University of Washington), Abraham Samuel Babu(University of Washington), Muhammad Badar(University of Washington), Ashish Badiye(University of Washington), Soroush Baghdadi(University of Washington), Nasser Bagheri(University of Washington), Sara Bagherieh(University of Washington), Sulaiman Bah(University of Washington), Saeed Bahadorikhalili(University of Washington), Najmeh Bahmanziari(University of Washington), Ruhai Bai(University of Washington), Atif Amin Baig(University of Washington), Jennifer L. Baker(University of Washington), Abdulaziz Bako(University of Washington), Ravleen Kaur Bakshi(University of Washington), Senthilkumar Balakrishnan(University of Washington), M. Balasubramanian(University of Washington), Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu(University of Washington), Kiran Bam(University of Washington), Maciej Banach(University of Washington), Soham Bandyopadhyay(University of Washington), Palash Chandra Banik(University of Washington), Hansi Bansal(University of Washington), Kannu Bansal(University of Washington), Franca Barbic(University of Washington), Martina Barchitta(University of Washington), Mainak Bardhan(University of Washington), Erfan Bardideh(University of Washington), Suzanne Barker‐Collo(University of Washington), Till Bärnighausen(University of Washington), Francesco Barone‐Adesi(University of Washington), Hiba Jawdat Barqawi(University of Washington), Lope H. Barrero(University of Washington), Amadou Barrow(University of Washington), Sandra Barteit(University of Washington), Lingkan Barua(University of Washington), Zarrin Basharat(University of Washington), Azadeh Bashiri(University of Washington), Afisu Basiru(University of Washington), Pritish Baskaran(University of Washington), Buddha Basnyat(University of Washington), Quique Bassat(University of Washington), João Diogo Basso(University of Washington), Ann V L Basting(University of Washington), Sanjay Basu(University of Washington), Kavita Batra(University of Washington), Bernhard T. Baune(University of Washington), Mohsen Bayati(University of Washington), Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn(University of Washington), Thomas Beaney(University of Washington), Neeraj Bedi(University of Washington), Massimiliano Beghi(University of Washington), Emad Behboudi(University of Washington), Priyamadhaba Behera(University of Washington), Amir Hossein Behnoush(University of Washington), Masoud Behzadifar(University of Washington), Maryam Beiranvand(University of Washington), Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramírez, Yannick Béjot(University of Washington), Sefealem Assefa Belay(University of Washington), Chalie Mulu Belete(University of Washington), Michelle L. Bell(University of Washington), Muhammad Bashir Bello(University of Washington), Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello(University of Washington), Luı́s Belo(University of Washington), Apostolos Beloukas(University of Washington), Rose Bender(University of Washington), Isabela M. Benseñor(University of Washington), Azizullah Beran(University of Washington), Zombor Berezvai(University of Washington), Alemshet Yirga Berhie(University of Washington), Bétyna N. Berice(University of Washington), Robert S. Bernstein(University of Washington), Gregory J Bertolacci(University of Washington), Paulo J. G. Bettencourt(University of Washington), Kebede Beyene(University of Washington), Devidas S. Bhagat(University of Washington), Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula(University of Washington), Neeraj Bhala(University of Washington), Ashish Bhalla(University of Washington), Dinesh Bhandari(University of Washington), Kayleigh Bhangdia(University of Washington), Nikha Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Pankaj Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Prarthna V Bhardwaj(University of Washington), Ashish Bhargava(University of Washington), Sonu Bhaskar(University of Washington), Vivek Bhat(University of Washington), Gurjit Kaur Bhatti(University of Washington), Jasvinder Singh Bhatti(University of Washington), Manpreet S. Bhatti(University of Washington), Rajbir Bhatti(University of Washington), Zulfiqar A Bhutta(University of Washington), Boris Bikbov(University of Washington), Jessica Devin Bishai(University of Washington), Catherine Bisignano(University of Washington), Francesca Bisulli(University of Washington), Atanu Biswas(University of Washington), Bijit Biswas(University of Washington), Saeid Bitaraf(University of Washington), Bikes Destaw Bitew(University of Washington), Veera Raghavulu Bitra(University of Washington), Tone Bjørge(University of Washington), Micheal Kofi Boachie(University of Washington), Mary Sefa Boampong(University of Washington), Anca Bobîrcă(University of Washington), Virgínia Bodolica(University of Washington), Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin(University of Washington), Eyob Ketema Bogale(University of Washington), Kassawmar Angaw Bogale(University of Washington), Somayeh Bohlouli(University of Washington), Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa(University of Washington), Archith Boloor(University of Washington), Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Aimé Bonny(University of Washington), Kaustubh Bora(University of Washington), Berrak Bora Başara(University of Washington), Hamed Borhany(University of Washington), Arturo Borzutzky(University of Washington), Souad Bouaoud(University of Washington), Antoine Boustany(University of Washington), C. S. Boxe(University of Washington), Edward J. Boyko(University of Washington), Oliver J. Brady(University of Washington), Dejana Braithwaite(University of Washington), Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant(University of Washington), Michael Bräuer(University of Washington), Alexandra Bražinová(University of Washington), Javier Brazo‐Sayavera(University of Washington), Nicholas J. K. Breitborde(University of Washington), Susanne Breitner(University of Washington), Hermann Brenner(University of Washington), Andrey Briko(University of Washington), Н. И. Брико(University of Washington), Gabrielle B. Britton(University of Washington), Julie Brown(University of Washington), Traolach Brugha(University of Washington), Norma B. Bulamu(University of Washington), Lemma N Bulto(University of Washington), Danilo Buonsenso(University of Washington), Richard A. Burns(University of Washington), Reinhard Busse(University of Washington), Yasser Bustanji(University of Washington), Nadeem Shafique Butt(University of Washington), Zahid A Butt(University of Washington), Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Daniela Călina(University of Washington), Luis Alberto Cámera(University of Washington), Luciana Aparecida Campos(University of Washington), Ismael Campos‐Nonato(University of Washington), Chao Cao(University of Washington), Yin Cao(University of Washington), Angelo Capodici(University of Washington), Rosario Cárdenas(University of Washington), Sinclair Carr(University of Washington), Giulia Carreras(University of Washington), Juan Jesús Carrero(University of Washington), Andrea Carugno(University of Washington), Cristina Gardonyi Carvalheiro(University of Washington), Félix Carvalho(University of Washington), Márcia Carvalho(University of Washington), João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia(University of Washington), Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela(University of Washington), Giulio Castelpietra(University of Washington), Ferrán Catalá-López(University of Washington), Alberico L. Catapano(University of Washington), Maria Sofia Cattaruzza(University of Washington), Christopher R. Cederroth(University of Washington), Luca Cegolon(University of Washington), Francieli Cembranel(University of Washington), Muthia Cenderadewi(University of Washington), Kelly Cercy(University of Washington), Ester Cerin(University of Washington), Müge Çevik(University of Washington), Joshua Chadwick(University of Washington), Yaacoub Chahine(University of Washington), Chiranjib Chakraborty(University of Washington), Promit Ananyo Chakraborty(University of Washington), Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan(University of Washington), Raymond J. Chan(University of Washington), Rama Mohan Chandika(University of Washington), Eeshwar K Chandrasekar(University of Washington), Chin‐Kuo Chang(University of Washington), Jung‐Chen Chang(University of Washington), Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi(University of Washington), Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Angela W Chen, An‐Tian Chen, Catherine S Chen, Haowei Chen, Mengxuan Chen, Simiao Chen, Ching‐Yu Cheng, Esther Cheng, Nicolas Cherbuin, Wondimye Ashenafi Cheru, Ju‐Huei Chien, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R Ching, Jesús Lorenzo Chirinos-Cáceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, William C. Cho(University of Washington), Bryan Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali G Choudhari, Rajiv Chowdhury, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher(University of Washington), Isaac Sunday Chukwu(University of Washington), Eric Lim Teik Chung(University of Washington), Erin Chung(University of Washington), Eunice Chung, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami(University of Washington), Zinhle Cindi, Iolanda Cioffi, Mareli Claassens, Rafael Moreira Claro, Kaleb Coberly, Rebecca M Cogen, Alyssa Columbus, Haley Comfort, João Conde(University of Washington), Samuele Cortese, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Vera Marisa Costa, Simona Costanzo, Ewerton Cousin, Rosa A S Couto, Richard G. Cowden, Kenneth Michael Cramer, Michael H Criqui, Natália Martins, Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernández, Garland T Culbreth, Patricia Cullen, Matthew Cunningham, María Paula Curado, Sriharsha Dadana, Omid Dadras, Siyu Dai, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Lachlan L. Dalli, Giovanni Damiani(University of Washington), Jiregna Darega Gela, Jai K Das(University of Washington), Saswati Das(University of Washington), Subasish Das(University of Washington), Ana Maria Dascălu, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti(University of Washington), Anna Dastiridou(University of Washington), Gail Davey, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kairat Davletov, Diego De Leo, Katie de Luca, Aklilu Tamire Debele, Shayom Debopadhaya, Louisa Degenhardt, Azizallah Dehghan, Lee Deitesfeld(University of Washington), Cristian Del Bo’(University of Washington), Iván Delgado‐Enciso(University of Washington), Berecha Hundessa Demessa, Andreas K. Demetriades, Ke Deng(University of Washington), Xin Deng, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Niloofar Deravi, Nebiyu Dereje, Nikolaos Dervenis, Emina Dervišević, Don C. Des Jarlais, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Rupak Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Sameer Dhingra, Vishal Dhulipala, Diana Dias da Silva(University of Washington), Daniel Díaz(University of Washington), Michael J. Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D Ding, Huanghe Ding, Ricardo Jorge Dinis‐Oliveira, M Ashworth Dirac, Shirin Djalalinia, Thao Huynh Phuong(University of Washington), Camila Bruneli do Prado, Saeid Doaei(University of Washington), Masoud Dodangeh(University of Washington), Milad Dodangeh, Sushil Dohare, Клара Докова, Christiane Dolecek, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Wanyue Dong, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D’Oria(University of Washington), Fariba Dorostkar, E. Ray Dorsey, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Rajkumar Doshi, Leila Doshmangir, Robert Kokou Dowou, Tim Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Viola Savy Dsouza, Mi Du(University of Washington), John Dube, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, André Rodrigues Durães, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Laura Dwyer‐Lindgren, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E’mar, Ejemai Eboreime, Alireza Ebrahimi(University of Washington), Chidiebere Peter Echieh, Hisham Atan Edinur, David Edvardsson(University of Washington), Kristina Edvardsson, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Diyan Ermawan Effendi, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale(University of Washington), Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed(University of Washington), Iffat Elbarazi, Teshome Bekele Elema, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Frank J. Elgar, Islam Y. Elgendy, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El‐Huneidi, Legesse Tesfaye Elilo, Omar El Meligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem(University of Washington), Mohammed Elshaer(University of Washington), Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I. Emeto, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa‐Montero(University of Washington), Habtamu Esubalew, Farshid Etaee, Natalia Fabin, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Aliasghar Fakhri‐Demeshghieh, Luca Falzone(University of Washington), Mohammad Fareed(University of Washington), Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam E. Faris, Pawan Faris, André Faro(University of Washington), Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh(University of Washington), Hamed Fattahi(University of Washington), Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Pooria Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Alireza Feizkhah(University of Washington), Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoru Feng, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Abdullah Feroze, Daniela Ferrante(University of Washington), Alize J Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joanne Flavel, David Flood(University of Washington), Bobirca Teodor Florin, Nataliya A Foigt, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Behzad Foroutan(University of Washington), Masoud Foroutan(University of Washington), Ingeborg Forthun, Daniela Fortuna(University of Washington), Matteo Foschi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Kate Francis, Richard C. Franklin, Alberto Freitas(University of Washington), Joseph H. Friedman(University of Washington), Sara D Friedman, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Blima Fux, Péter Gaál, Muktar A Gadanya, Abhay Gaidhane, Santosh Gaihre, Emmanuela Gakidou, Yaseen Galali, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Mandukhai Ganbat, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo(University of Washington), William M. Gardner, Jalaj Garg, Naval Garg, Rupesh K. Gautam, Semiu O. Gbadamosi, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot(University of Washington), Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Simona Roxana Georgescu, Tamirat Getachew, Peter W. Gething, Molla Getie, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Sulmaz Ghahramani, Khalid Y. Ghailan, Mohammad‐Reza Ghasemi(University of Washington), Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ahmad Ghashghaee(University of Washington), Fariba Ghassemi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Ajnish Ghimire, Sama Ghoba(University of Washington), Maryam Gholamalizadeh(University of Washington), Asadollah Gholamian, Ali Gholamrezanezhad(University of Washington), Nasim Gholizadeh(University of Washington), Mahsa Ghorbani, Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F Gillum, Themba G. Ginindza, Alem Girmay(University of Washington), James Glasbey, E. V. Gnedovskaya, László Göbölös, Myron Anthony Godinho, Amit Goel, Ali Golchin(University of Washington), Mohamad Goldust(University of Washington), Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Philimon Gona, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Anmol Goyal, Ayman Grada(University of Washington), Simon Matthew Graham, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Shi‐Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci(University of Washington), Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Rafael Alves Guimarães(University of Washington), Snigdha Gulati, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Sasidhar Gunturu, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Manoj Kumar Gupta, Mohak Gupta, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Lami Gurmessa, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Parham Habibzadeh, Rasool Haddadi, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi, Nils Haep, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Alemayehu Hailu, Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Esam Halboub, Brian J. Hall(University of Washington), Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi(University of Washington), Erin B Hamilton, Chieh Han(University of Washington), Qiuxia Han(University of Washington), Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Fahad Hanna(University of Washington), Md. Abdul Hannan, Md. Nuruzzaman Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep María Haro(University of Washington), Ahmed I Hasaballah, Ikramul Hasan(University of Washington), M. Tasdik Hasan(University of Washington), Hamidreza Hasani, Mohammad Hasanian(University of Washington), Abdiwahab Hashi, Md Saquib Hasnain, Ikrama Hassan(University of Washington), Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Jiawei He(University of Washington), Jeffrey J. Hébert, Omar E Hegazi, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari(University of Washington), Mahsa Heidari‐Foroozan, Bartosz Helfer, Delia Hendrie, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herţeliu, Hamed Hesami(University of Washington), Kamal Hezam, Catherine Hill, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini, Hassan Hosseinzadeh(University of Washington), Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli(University of Washington), Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mohamed Hsaïri(University of Washington), Vivian Chia‐Rong Hsieh, Rebecca Hsu, Chengxi Hu(University of Washington), Junjie Huang, Michael Hultström(University of Washington), Ayesha Humayun, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Javid Hussain, Muhammad Azhar Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein(University of Washington), Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Khalid S Ibrahim, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Desta Ijo(University of Washington), Adalia I Ikiroma, Kevin S Ikuta, Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Sumant Inamdar, Endang Indriasih, Muhammad Iqhrammullah(University of Washington), Arnaud Iradukunda, Kenneth Iregbu, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie C D Iwu, Ihoghosa Iyamu, Mahalaxmi Iyer, Linda Merin J(University of Washington), Jalil Jaafari, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh, Morteza Jafarinia, Abdollah Jafarzadeh(University of Washington), Khushleen Jaggi, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Abhishek Jaiswal(University of Washington), Elham Jamshidi, Mark Janko, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Rime Jebai, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Anil Kumar Jha, Ravi Prakash Jha, Heng Bo Jiang, Yingzhao Jin, Olatunji Johnson, Mohammad Jokar(University of Washington), Jost B. Jonas, Tamás Joó, Abel Joseph(University of Washington), Nitin Joseph(University of Washington), Charity Ehimwenma Joshua(University of Washington), Grace Joshy, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, K Vaishali(University of Washington), Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir(University of Washington), Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler Hussein Kadir, Rizwan Kalani, Laleh R. Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Feroze Kaliyadan, Sanjay Kalra(University of Washington), Vineet Kumar Kamal, Sivesh K. Kamarajah, Rajesh Kamath, Zahra Kamiab, Naser Kamyari, Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Arun Kanmanthareddy, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Rami S. Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Shama D. Karanth, Reema Karasneh, Ibraheem M. Karaye, André Karch(University of Washington), Asima Karim, Salah Eddin Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Faizan Kashoo, Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani, Hengameh Kasraei, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Molly B Kassel, Joonas H. Kauppila, Navjot Kaur, Norito Kawakami, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Sina Kazemian(University of Washington), Tahseen Kazmi, Getu Mosisa Kebebew, Adera Debella Kebede(University of Washington), Fassikaw Kebede(University of Washington), Tibebeselassie Seyoum Keflie, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Cathleen Keller, Jaimon T. Kelly(University of Washington), John H. Kempen, Jessica A. Kerr(University of Washington), Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot(Sorbonne Université), Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Nauman Khalid(University of Washington), Anees Ahmed Khalil(University of Washington), Alireza Khalilian(University of Washington), Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan(University of Washington), Asaduzzaman Khan(University of Washington), Gulfaraz Khan(University of Washington), Ikramullah Khan(University of Washington), Imteyaz Ahmad Khan(University of Washington), Md Nuruzzaman Khan(University of Washington), Maseer Khan(University of Washington), Mohammad Jobair Khan(University of Washington), Moien AB Khan(University of Washington), Zeeshan Ali Khan(University of Washington), Mahammed Ziauddin Khan suheb, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Fatemeh Khatami, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Armin Khavandegar(University of Washington), Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Elaheh Khodadoust, Mohammad Khorgamphar(University of Washington), Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Ahmad Khosravi(University of Washington), Mohammad Khosravi(University of Washington), Zemene Demelash Kifle, Grace Kim, Jihee Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Kasey E Kinzel, Adnan Kısa(University of Washington), Sezer Kısa, Desmond Klu, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Jonathan Kocarnik, Sonali Kochhar, Timea Kocsis, David Koh, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Kairi Kõlves, Farzad Kompani, Gerbrand Koren, Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Hare Krishna(University of Washington), Varun Krishna(University of Washington), Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Kris J Krohn, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus(University of Washington), Ilari Kuitunen(University of Washington), Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, Akshay Kumar(University of Washington), Ashish Kumar(University of Washington), Harish Kumar(University of Washington), Manasi Kumar(University of Washington), Rakesh Kumar(University of Washington), Madhulata Kumari, Fantahun Tarekegn Kumie, Satyajit Kundu, Om Kurmi, Asep Kusnali, Dian Kusuma(University of Washington), Alexander Kwarteng, Ilias Kyriopoulos, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia(University of Washington), Ben Lacey(University of Washington), Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Abraham K Lagat, Anton Lager, Abdelilah Lahmar, Daphne Teck Ching Lai(University of Washington), Dharmesh Kumar Lal(University of Washington), Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Hilton Y. Lam(University of Washington), Judit Lám(University of Washington), Kelsey R. Landrum, Francesco Lanfranchi(University of Washington), Justin J. Lang, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Bagher Larijani(University of Washington), Anders Larsson(University of Washington), Savita Lasrado, Zohra S Lassi, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Paolo Lauriola, Nhi Huu Hanh Le(University of Washington), Thao T. Le(University of Washington), Trang Diep Thanh Le(University of Washington), Caterina Ledda, Jorge R Ledesma, Munjae Lee(University of Washington), Paul H. Lee(University of Washington), Seung Won Lee(University of Washington), Shaun Wen Huey Lee(University of Washington), Wei‐Chen Lee(University of Washington), Yo Han Lee(University of Washington), Kate E LeGrand, James Leigh(University of Washington), Elvynna Leong, Temesgen Leka Lerango, Ming‐Chieh Li(University of Washington), Wei Li(University of Washington), Xiaopan Li(University of Washington), Li Y(University of Washington), Zhihui Li(University of Washington), Virendra S Ligade, Andrew Likaka, Lee‐Ling Lim(University of Washington), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Megan Lindstrom, Christine Linehan, Chaojie Liu, Gang Liu, Jue Liu(University of Washington), Run-Ben Liu, Shiwei Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Erand Llanaj, Michael J. Loftus, Rubén López‐Bueno, Platon D Lopukhov, Arianna Maever Loreche, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo(University of Washington), Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevičius, Zheng Feei(University of Washington), Kelsey Lynn Maass, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Farzan Madadizadeh, Christian Madsen, Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, Azzam A. Maghazachi(University of Washington), Sandeep Maharaj, Soleiman Mahjoub, Mansour Adam Mahmoud(University of Washington), Alireza Mahmoudi(University of Washington), Elham Mahmoudi, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Irsa Fatima Makhdoom, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Venkatesh Maled, Reza Malekzadeh(University of Washington), Armaan K. Malhotra, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun(University of Washington), Pejman Mansouri, Mohammad Alì Mansournia(University of Washington), LG Mantovani, Sajid Maqsood, Bishnu P. Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C Maravilla, Agustina Marconi, Parham Mardi, Mirko Marino, Abdoljalal Marjani, Gabriel Martínez(University of Washington), Bernardo Alfonso Martínez-Guerra, Ramón Martínez, Daniela Martini(University of Washington), Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Sharmeen Maryam(University of Washington), Roy Rillera Marzo, Anthony Masaka, Awoke Masrie, Stephanie Mathieson, Alexander G. Mathioudakis, Manu Raj Mathur, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Richard Matzopoulos(University of Washington), Richard J. Maude, Andrea Maugeri(University of Washington), Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, Maryam Mazaheri(University of Washington), Mohsen Mazidi(University of Washington), John J. McGrath, Martin McKee(University of Washington), Anna Laura W McKowen, Susan A. McLaughlin(University of Washington), Steven McPhail, Enkeleint A. Mechili, John Robert C. Medina, Rishi P Mediratta, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Rahul Mehra, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Belayneh Mengist, Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Haftu Asmerom, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Abera Mersha, Bezawit Afework Mesfin(University of Washington), Tomislav Meštrović, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Peter Meylakhs(University of Washington), Adquate Mhlanga, Laurette Mhlanga, Tianyue Mi(University of Washington), Tomasz Miazgowski, Georgia Micha(University of Washington), Irmina Maria Michałek, Ted R. Miller, Edward J. Mills, Le Huu Nhat Minh, GK Mini(University of Washington), Pouya Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, Andreea Mirică, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Maryam Mirzaei(University of Washington), Awoke Misganaw, Ashim Mishra, Sanjeev Misra, Philip B. Mitchell, Prasanna Mithra, Chaitanya Mittal, Mohammadreza Mobayen(University of Washington), Madeline E Moberg, Ashraf Mohamadkhani(University of Washington), Jama Mohamed(University of Washington), Mouhand Mohamed(University of Washington), Nouh Saad Mohamed(University of Washington), Sakineh Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(University of Washington), Noushin Mohammadifard, Hassen Mohammed(University of Washington), Hussen Mohammed(University of Washington), Mustapha Mohammed(University of Washington), Salahuddin Mohammed(University of Washington), Shafiu Mohammed(University of Washington), Viswanathan Mohan(University of Washington), Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Amin Mokari(University of Washington), Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh(University of Washington), Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni(University of Washington), AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf(University of Washington), Maryam Moradi(University of Washington), Yousef Moradi(University of Washington), Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Negar Morovatdar, Shane D. Morrison, Jakub Morze, Jonathan F Mosser, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Simin Mouodi, Parsa Mousavi, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah(University of Washington), Emmanuel Mpolya, Matías Mrejen, Sumaira Mubarik, Lorenzo Muccioli, Ulrich Müeller, Faraz Mughal, Sumoni Mukherjee, Francesk Mulita, Kavita Munjal(University of Washington), Efrén Murillo‐Zamora, Fungai Musaigwa, Khaled M. Musallam, Ahmad Mustafa(University of Washington), Ghulam Mustafa, Muthupandian Saravanan, Raman Muthusamy(University of Washington), Muhammad Muzaffar(University of Washington), Woojae Myung, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Pirouz Naghavi(University of Washington), Aliya Naheed, Ganesh R. Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Firzan Nainu, Sanjeev Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Samar Nasehi, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Muhammad Naveed(University of Washington), Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina O. Nduaguba, Hadush Negash, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Șerban Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Chakib Nejjari, Evangelia Nena, Samata Nepal, Marie Ng(University of Washington), Haruna Asura Nggada, Georges Nguefack‐Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Katie R. Nielsen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos Νikolouzakis, Ali Nikoobar(University of Washington), Fatemeh Nikoomanesh, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Mamoona Noreen, Nafise Noroozi, Bo Norrving(University of Washington), Jean Jacques Noubiap, Amanda Novotney, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Virginia Núñez-Samudio(University of Washington), Dieta Nurrika, Jerry John Nutor, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde Obamiro, Mary Aigbiremo Oboh(University of Washington), Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Nkechi Martina Odogwu, Martin O’Donnell, Michael Safo Oduro, Akinyemi O D Ofakunrin, Abiola Ogunkoya(University of Washington), Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In‐Hwan Oh(University of Washington), Hassan Okati‐Aliabad(University of Washington), Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Muideen T. Olaiya, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A. Omar(University of Washington), Ahmed Omar Bali(University of Washington), Goran Latif Omer, Maureene Auma Ondayo, Sokking Ong(University of Washington), Obinna Onwujekwe, Kenneth I. Onyedibe, Michał Ordak, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Verner N. Orish, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Alberto Ortíz(University of Washington), Wael M S Osman, Samuel M Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Oţoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Guoqing Ouyang, Mayowa Owolabi, Yaz Ozten, Mahesh Padukudru P A(University of Washington), Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamás Palicz, Claudia Palladino, Raffaele Palladino, Raúl Felipe Palma-Álvarez, Feng Pan(University of Washington), Hai‐Feng Pan(University of Washington), Adrian Pană, Paramjot Panda, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Georgios D. Panos, Leonidas D Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Pantea Stoian, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Romil R Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Ava Pashaei(University of Washington), Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Hemal M Patel, Jay Patel(University of Washington), Sangram Kishor Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Uttam Paudel, Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi, Spencer A Pease, Amy E. Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Emmanuel Peprah, Prince Peprah(University of Washington), João Perdigão(University of Washington), Marcos Pereira, Mário Fernando Prieto Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Richard G. Pestell, Konrad Pesudovs, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, William A. Petri(University of Washington), Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael Phillips, Daniela Pierannunzio(University of Washington), Manon Pigeolet, David M. Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim(University of Washington), Zahra Zahid Piracha, М. А. Пирадов(University of Washington), Saeed Pirouzpanah(University of Washington), Nishad Plakkal, Evgenii Plotnikov, Vivek Podder(University of Washington), Dimitri Poddighe, Suzanne Polinder(University of Washington), Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Ramesh Poluru, Ville Ponkilainen, Fabio Porru, Maarten J. Postma, Govinda Poudel, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I. Prada, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Thejeswar N Prakasham, Manya Prasad, Akila Prashant(University of Washington), Elton Junio Sady Prates, D Prieto Alhambra(University of Washington), Tina Priscilla(University of Washington), Natalie Pritchett, Bharathi Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Ibrahim Qattea, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Suli Qiu, Maryam Faiz Qureshi, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Amir Radfar(University of Washington), Raghu Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Quinn Rafferty, Alberto Raggi(University of Washington), Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Jillur Rahim, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Sathish Rajaa, Prashant Rajput, Ivo Rakovac, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Kritika Rana(University of Washington), Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rančić, Amey Rane(University of Washington), Chythra R Rao(University of Washington), Indu Ramachandra Rao(University of Washington), Mithun Rao(University of Washington), Sowmya J Rao(University of Washington), Drona Rasali, Davide Rasella, Sina Rashedi(University of Washington), Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani, Azad Rasul(University of Washington), Giridhara R. Babu, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ramin Ravangard, Nakul Ravikumar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf(University of Washington), Lal Rawal(University of Washington), Reza Rawassizadeh(University of Washington), Bharat Rawlley, Rabail Zehra Raza, Christian Razo(University of Washington), Elrashdy M. Redwan, Faizan Ur Rehman, Lennart Reifels, Robert C. Reiner, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Luis Felipe Reyes, Maryam Rezaei(University of Washington), Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian(University of Washington), Taeho Greg Rhee, Mavra A Riaz, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard(University of Washington), Hannah Riva, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Célia F. Rodrigues, Mónica Rodrigues, Leonardo Roever, Emma L B Rogowski, Peter Rohloff(University of Washington), Debby Syahru Romadlon, Esperanza Romero‐Rodríguez, Michele Romoli, Luca Ronfani(University of Washington), Gholamreza Roshandel, Gregory A. Roth(University of Washington), Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Nitai Roy, Priyanka Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Susan F. Rumisha, Tilleye Runghien, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, S N Chandan(University of Washington), Aly M A Saad(University of Washington), Zahra Saadatian, Korosh Saber, Maha Saber-Ayad, Morteza SaberiKamarposhti, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Perminder S. Sachdev, Rajesh Sachdeva, Basema Saddik(University of Washington), Adam Saddler(University of Washington), Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Erfan Sadeghi(University of Washington), Farideh Sadeghian, Mohammad Reza Saeb(University of Washington), Umar Saeed(University of Washington), Fahimeh Safaeinejad, Sher Zaman Safi, Rajesh Sagar, Amene Saghazadeh, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Umakanta Sahoo, Monalisha Sahu, Zahra Saif, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Nasir Salam(University of Washington), Payman Salamati, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Luciane Bresciani Salaroli, Mohamed A. Saleh(University of Washington), Sana Salehi(University of Washington), Marwa Rashad Salem, Mohammed Z Y Salem, Sohrab Salimi(University of Washington), Hossein Samadi Kafil(University of Washington), Sara Samadzadeh(University of Washington), Saad Samargandy(University of Washington), Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria(University of Washington), Francesca Sanna(University of Washington), Damian Santomauro, Itamar S Santos(University of Washington), Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sâo José, Made Ary Sarasmita, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Aswini Saravanan, Babak Saravi, Yaser Sarikhani, T. Sarkar, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Gargi S. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Maheswar Satpathy, Abu Sayeed(University of Washington), Md. Abu Sayeed, Mete Şaylan, Mehdi Sayyah, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Benedikt M. Schaarschmidt, Markus P. Schlaich, Winfried Schlee(University of Washington), María Inês Schmidt, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans(University of Washington), Austin E Schumacher, Aletta E. Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger(University of Washington), David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Mario Šekerija(University of Washington), Siddharthan Selvaraj, Sabyasachi Senapati, Subramanian Senthilkumaran(University of Washington), Sadaf G Sepanlou, Dragoş Şerban, Yashendra Sethi, Feng Sha(University of Washington), Maryam Shabani(University of Washington), Amir Shafaat(University of Washington), Mahan Shafie, Nilay S. Shah(University of Washington), Pritik A Shah(University of Washington), Syed M. Shah(University of Washington), Saeed Shahabi(University of Washington), Ataollah Shahbandi, Izza Shahid(University of Washington), Samiah Shahid(University of Washington), Wajeehah Shahid(University of Washington), Hamid R. Shahsavari, Moyad Shahwan, Ahmed Shaikh(University of Washington), Masood Ali Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri(University of Washington), Ali Shalash, Sunder Sham(University of Washington), Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Hina Shamshad(University of Washington), Mohammad Anas Shamsi, Mohd Shanawaz(University of Washington), Abhishek Shankar(University of Washington), Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan(University of Washington), Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Rajesh Sharma, Saurab Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Rajesh P. Shastry, Amin Shavandi(University of Washington), Maryam Shayan(University of Washington), Amr M. Shehabeldine, Aziz Sheikh(University of Washington), Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jiabin Shen, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Peilin Shi(University of Washington), Kenji Shibuya, Desalegn Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu(University of Washington), Min‐Jeong Shin, Youn Ho Shin, Rahman Shiri(University of Washington), Reza Shirkoohi(University of Washington), Nebiyu Aniley Shitaye, Aminu Shittu(University of Washington), Ivy Shiue, K. M. Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Farhad Shokraneh, Azad Shokri(University of Washington), Sina Shool(University of Washington), Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Kerem Shuval, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, João Pedro Silva, Luís R. Silva, Soraia Silva, Colin R Simpson, Anjali Singal, Abhinav Singh(University of Washington), Balbir Singh(University of Washington), Garima Singh(University of Washington), Jasbir Singh(University of Washington), Narinder Pal Singh(University of Washington), Paramdeep Singh(University of Washington), Surjit Singh(University of Washington), Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Robert Sinto(University of Washington), Md Shahjahan Siraj, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Freddy Sitas, Shravan Sivakumar, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A. Sleet(University of Washington), Bogdan Socea, Anton Sokhan(University of Washington), Ranjan Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Hamidreza Soleimani, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Μichael Spartalis(University of Washington), Sandra Spearman(University of Washington), Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Benjamin Stark, Joseph R. Starnes, А. В. Стародубова, Caroline Stein(University of Washington), Dan J. Stein(University of Washington), Fridolin Steinbeis, Caitlyn Steiner, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Aleksandar Stevanović, Leo Stockfelt, Mark A. Stokes, Stefan Stortecky, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman(University of Washington), Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Abida Sultana(University of Washington), Zhe Sun(University of Washington), Jing Sun(University of Washington), Johan Sundström(University of Washington), David Sunkersing(University of Washington), Katharina S. 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Zar(University of Washington), Iman Zare(University of Washington), Armin Zarrintan(University of Washington), Mohammed G M Zeariya, Zahra Zeinali, Haijun Zhang, Jianrong Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Chenwen Zhong, Juexiao Zhou, Bin Zhu, Lei Zhu(University of Washington), Makan Ziafati, Magdalena Zielińska, Osama A. Zitoun, Mohammad Zoladl(University of Washington), Zhiyong Zou(University of Washington), Liesl Zühlke, Alimuddin Zumla, Elric Zweck, Samer H. Zyoud, Eve E Wool, Christopher J L Murray
Cited by 2,427Open Access
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS: The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION: Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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