Global mortality of snakebite envenoming between 1990 and 2019
GBD 2019 Snakebite Envenomation Collaborators(Cornell University), Nicholas L S Roberts(University of Washington), Emily K. Johnson(University of Washington), Scott Zeng(University of Washington), Erin B Hamilton(University of Washington), Amir Abdoli(Mayo Clinic), Fares Alahdab(Mayo Clinic), Vahid Alipour(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Robert Ancuceanu(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Cătălina Liliana Andrei(Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy), Davood Anvari(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Jalal Arabloo(University of Leicester), Marcel Ausloos(University of Leicester), Atalel Fentahun Awedew(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Ashish Badiye(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Shankar M Bakkannavar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Ashish Bhalla(Government Medical College), Nikha Bhardwaj(Government Medical College), Pankaj Bhardwaj(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Soumyadeep Bhaumik(UNSW Sydney), Ali Bijani(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Archith Boloor(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Tianji Cai(Universidade do Porto), Félix Carvalho(Universidade do Porto), Dinh‐Toi Chu(Universidade do Porto), Rosa A S Couto(Universidade do Porto), Xiaochen Dai(University of Washington), Abebaw Alemayehu Desta(University of Gondar), Hoa Do(University of Washington), Lucas Earl(Moscow State Pedagogical University), Aziz Eftekhari(John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin), Firooz Esmaeilzadeh(University of Maragheh), Farshad Farzadfar(Universidade do Porto), Eduarda Fernandes(Universidade do Porto), Irina Filip(Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center), Masoud Foroutan(Hamedan University of Medical Sciences), Richard C. Franklin(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Abhay Gaidhane(Debre Berhan University), Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis(Debre Berhan University), Berhe Gebremichael(Haramaya University), Ahmad Ghashghaee(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Mahaveer Golechha(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Samer Hamidi(Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University), Syed Emdadul Haque(University of Dhaka), Khezar Hayat(University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences), Claudiu Herţeliu(University of Ibadan), Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi(University of Ibadan), M. Mofizul Islam(La Trobe University), Jagnoor Jagnoor(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Tanuj Kanchan(All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur), Neeti Kapoor(Central Forensic Science Laboratory), Ejaz Ahmad Khan(Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research), Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib(University of Oxford), Roba Khundkar(University of Oxford), Kewal Krishan(Panjab University), G Anil Kumar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Nithin Kumar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Iván Landires(University of Washington), Stephen S Lim(University of Washington), Mohammed Madadin(Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences & Hospital), Venkatesh Maled(University of California, Los Angeles), Navid Manafi(University of California, Los Angeles), Laurie B. Marczak(University of Washington), Ritesh G. Menezes(Helsinki University Hospital), Tuomo J Meretoja(University of Helsinki), Ted R. Miller(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani(Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Ali H. Mokdad(University of Washington), Francis N.P. Monteiro(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Maryam Moradi(Iran University of Medical Sciences), Vinod C Nayak(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Cuong Tat Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Huong Lan Thi Nguyen(Duy Tan University), Virginia Núñez-Samudio(University of Washington), Samuel M Ostroff(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Jagadish Rao Padubidri(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Hai Quang Pham(Universidade do Porto), Marina Pinheiro(Tarbiat Modares University), Majid Pirestani(Tarbiat Modares University), Quazi Syed Zahiruddin(Sharif University of Technology), Navid Rabiee(University of Central Florida), Amir Radfar(University of Central Florida), Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar(Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Sowmya J Rao(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Prateek Rastogi(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), David Laith Rawaf(Royal London Hospital), Salman Rawaf(University of Washington), Robert C. Reiner(Mashhad University of Medical Sciences), Amirhossein Sahebkar(Ain Shams University), Abdallah M Samy(University of North Carolina at Charlotte), Monika Sawhney(University of North Carolina at Charlotte), David C. Schwebel(University of Alabama at Birmingham), Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Masood Ali Shaikh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina(Semnan University of Medical Sciences), Amin Soheili(Deakin University), Mark A. Stokes(Deakin University), Rekha Thapar(Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone(Universidade de São Paulo), Bach Xuan Tran(Hanoi Medical University), Ravensara S. Travillian(Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa), Diana Zuleika Velazquez(Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa), Zhi‐Jiang Zhang(University of Washington), Mohsen Naghavi(University of Washington), Rakhi Dandona(University of Washington), Lalit Dandona(University of Washington), Spencer L James(University of Washington), David M. Pigott(University of Washington), Christopher J L Murray(University of Washington), Simon I Hay(University of Washington), Theo Vos(University of Washington), Kanyin Liane Ong(University of Washington)
Cited by 128Open Access
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is an important cause of preventable death. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal to halve snakebite mortality by 2030. We used verbal autopsy and vital registration data to model the proportion of venomous animal deaths due to snakes by location, age, year, and sex, and applied these proportions to venomous animal contact mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. In 2019, 63,400 people (95% uncertainty interval 38,900-78,600) died globally from snakebites, which was equal to an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of 0.8 deaths (0.5-1.0) per 100,000 and represents a 36% (2-49) decrease in ASMR since 1990. India had the greatest number of deaths in 2019, equal to an ASMR of 4.0 per 100,000 (2.3-5.0). We forecast mortality will continue to decline, but not sufficiently to meet WHO's goals. Improved data collection should be prioritized to help target interventions, improve burden estimation, and monitor progress.
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